Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery最新文献

{"title":"Production of methane from corn wastewater and co-digestion with food waste in a sequencing batch reactor varying hydraulic retention time","authors":"Monserrat Vázquez-López,&nbsp;Marisol Pérez-Rangel,&nbsp;Iván Moreno-Andrade","doi":"10.1007/s13399-026-07219-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-026-07219-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Food waste (FW) digestion is often hindered by acidification caused by volatile fatty acid (VFA) accumulation and limited buffering capacity. In contrast, corn industry wastewater (CornWW) offers inherent alkalinity and high buffering potential, enhancing process stability. This study evaluated methane production from mono- and co-digestion of FW and CornWW using batch assays across diverse mixing ratios, followed by reactor performance evaluation in a sequencing batch reactor operated at varying hydraulic retention times (HRTs). In batch experiments, co-digestion improved methane production compared to mono-digestion, with the highest specific methane yield observed at the 40/60 ratio (207.9 ± 6.5 NmL CH₄/gVS_added), followed by 30/70 (200.8 ± 3.4 NmL CH₄/gVS_added). Although the 10/90 ratio produced a lower specific yield (185.6 ± 6.2 NmL CH₄/gVS_added), it demonstrated favorable operational characteristics, including reduced residual VFA concentrations and increased alkalinity. During SBR operation, mono-digestion, the highest methane productivity was 0.23 NL CH₄/(L·d) at an HRT of 20 d. In contrast, the co-digestion achieved the highest methane productivity of 1.92 NL CH₄/(L·d) at an HRT of 6 d. This improvement is attributed to the higher content of readily biodegradable organic matter in the mixture and initial pH correction through the addition of sodium bicarbonate at the beginning of the cycle. Microbial analysis revealed that co-digestion sustained higher archaeal abundance and diversity across HRTs, supporting efficient substrate conversion. In contrast, mono-digestion led a decline in methanogens and higher VFA accumulation at shorter HRTs. Additionally, CornWW provided alkalinity and functioned as a substitute for tap water. Overall, co-digestion improved methane productivity, microbial resilience, and system sustainability without requiring substrate pretreatment. These findings highlight the potential of FW/CornWW co-digestion as a robust approach for valorizing complex feedstocks and enhancing methane production across variable HRT conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"16 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13399-026-07219-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148614859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sodium alginate–entrapped laccase from solid-state cultures of Aspergillus oryzae as a promising system for asymmetric degradation of synthetic azo dyes","authors":"Hala N. Elghamry,&nbsp;Mohamed G. Seadawy,&nbsp;Abdurrahman S. Masrahi,&nbsp;Samar A. Khashana,&nbsp;Ashraf S. A. El-Sayed","doi":"10.1007/s13399-026-07216-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-026-07216-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Synthetic azo dyes are the commonly utilized colorants in various food products, and textile industries, however, their adverse cytotoxicity and carcinogenicity are the major concern. Laccase is a promising approach for azo dyes degradation, nevertheless, its availability and catalytic versatility is the challenge, thus, purification of this enzyme from the fungi grown on agriculture residues was the objective. <i>Aspergillus oryzae</i> PZ027891, was the highest laccase producer (45 μmol/mg/min), grown on peanut peels under solid state conditions. The enzyme was partially purified from <i>A. oryzae</i> by 1.3 folds by ultracentrifugation and gel-filtration chromatography, with subunit structure 65 kDa. <i>A. oryzae</i> laccase was immobilized on sodium alginate (SA-AoLacc), with immobilization yield 82.5%. At 40 °C, SA-AoLacc composite has a plausible thermal stability by 2 folds increments, compared to native one. From the SEM–EDX analysis, the SA-Aolacc beads surface were extensively heterogeneous, uneven textured, with an obvious increase to the elemental composition of oxygen and copper, ensuring the dispersion and entrapment of this enzyme within the gel beads. The SA-Aolacc composite beads have the ability to de-colorize the azo dye by 94.7%, after 3 h contact time, using the natural lignin oxidative products as intrinsic mediator. From the LC/MS analysis, the intensity of azo dye (327.3 m/z) was strongly reduced by 98.8%, with emergence of molecular fragments of 124.06, 136.1, and 289.1 m<i>/z</i>, ensuring the asymmetric degradation of dye. The SA-Aolacc composite retains 50% of its initial activity by the 5th cycle, ensuring their economical affordability to be a platform for azo dye degradation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"16 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148614874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization, simulation, and techno-economic analysis of keratin extraction from poultry waste using central composite design","authors":"Eman M. Abdel Hamid,&nbsp;Ahmed T. Darwish,&nbsp;Carlos E. Abdo,&nbsp;Hossam M. Mahmoud,&nbsp;Mostafa M. Ahmed,&nbsp;Eman R. Radwan,&nbsp;Youssef A. Mohamed,&nbsp;Hager Mohamed","doi":"10.1007/s13399-026-07212-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-026-07212-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Chicken processing uses feathers as a vital byproduct. A chicken’s feathers weigh 5–7% of its weight. Large amounts of poultry processing waste feathers are hard to recycle. Over several million tons of feather biomass are produced annually, causing chicken cholera and chlorosis, and solid waste management issues. The present work examined the optimization of keratin extraction from chicken feathers and assessed the feasibility of keratin production investment using a techno-economic analysis. Central composite design (CCD) was employed to improve the primary parameters influencing keratin yield. These parameters are temperature (60–80) ℃, extraction time (1–3) h, concentration of sodium hydroxide (0.3-1) M, and liquid-solid ratio (10–30) mL.g^− 1. The maximum keratin yield was found to be 63.1% at a temperature of 65.6℃ and a liquid-solid ratio of 10:1 mL.g^− 1 at an extraction time of 1 h using a sodium hydroxide solution with a concentration of 0.86 M. Different analyses were performed on the extracted keratin, which include FTIR, XRD, TGA, SEM, and SDS Page. The extracted keratin has an average molecular weight of 52 kDa and possesses a relatively high surface area. Keratin extraction was simulated in Aspen Hysys version 14, using the Non-Random Two-Liquid (NRTL) fluid package. According to the simulation results, the production process is viable on an industrial scale. The economics of keratin production were investigated. The entire capital investment was $5.4 million, with an internal rate of return (IRR) of 47.1% and a payback period of 2.12 years, proving that keratin production is viable and profitable.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"16 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148614726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategic blending of agricultural residues for high-performance biomass fuels: multi-parameter evaluation of energy efficiency and emission characteristics","authors":"Pradeep Kumar K,&nbsp;M. Easwaramoorthi,&nbsp;P. Sandhiyadevi","doi":"10.1007/s13399-026-07222-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-026-07222-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nine biomass pellet formulations, four raw agricultural residues (coconut petiole, palm petiole, coconut husk, and sugarcane leaves) and five strategic composite blends, were combustion-tested in a purpose-built top-lit updraft micro-gasifier using the Water Boiling Test protocol to identify high-performance, low-emission solid biofuel options for domestic cooking and agro-processing. Pellets were characterized for proximate, ultimate, and calorific properties, and thermogravimetric kinetics were assessed by the Coats–Redfern integral method. Coconut petiole content was the dominant compositional driver of energy performance (R² = 0.826 for higher heating value; R² = 0.910 for thermal efficiency across composite blends), while the oxygen-to-carbon atomic ratio was the strongest chemical predictor of specific energy (R² = 0.975) across all formulations. The optimal composite blend achieved the highest thermal efficiency (41.09%) and lowest specific fuel consumption (0.137 kg MJ⁻¹), jointly attaining the lowest particulate matter emissions with the high palm petiole formulation. Under all five stakeholder weighting scenarios of the Composite Performance Index, the optimal blend ranked first; the high palm petiole blend demonstrated superior gaseous pollutant profiles and is recommended for indoor air quality priority applications. An evidence-based multi-parameter framework for converting underutilized agricultural residues into high-performance solid biofuels is presented; applicability to turmeric parboiling requires direct field validation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"16 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148614722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilization of kitchen food waste as a substrate for alpha-amylase production by Bacillus subtilis MTCC 441","authors":"Arashdeep Kaur,&nbsp;Anoop Verma,&nbsp;Ranjana Prakash","doi":"10.1007/s13399-026-07217-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-026-07217-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The growing demand for industrial enzymes and waste management challenges have driven research towards sustainable biotechnological solutions that transform waste into value-added products like biofuels, organic acids, and industrial enzymes. This approach addresses both waste reduction and bio-based product generation. In this context, the present study explores the potential of mixed kitchen food waste, a substantial domestic and food industry waste stream, as a substrate for microbial enzyme production. A comprehensive evaluation of growth conditions and enzyme production parameters was conducted using <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> MTCC 441 for α-amylase synthesis via submerged fermentation. The fermentation process yielded peak enzyme production at optimized parameters, including a temperature of 34 °C, neutral pH, 10% (w/v) solid loading, and 3% (v/v) inoculum size after 24 h of fermentation. The extracted enzyme demonstrated exceptional characteristics, with a saccharification efficiency of 39.3% at 50 °C and notable resistance to detergents and surfactants, illustrating how this approach effectively converts waste into valuable industrial enzymes while promoting environmental sustainability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"16 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148614725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of extrusion temperature and glycerol content on mechanical and barrier properties of amaranth flour-based edible films","authors":"Abraham Calderón-Castro,&nbsp;Ernesto Aguilar-Palazuelos,&nbsp;Carlos Iván Delgado-Nieblas,&nbsp;Agustín López-Diaz,&nbsp;Xóchitl Ariadna Ruiz-Armenta,&nbsp;Oscar Daniel Argüelles-López,&nbsp;Evelia María Milán-Noris,&nbsp;Alvaro Montoya-Rodríguez","doi":"10.1007/s13399-026-07218-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-026-07218-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The growing demand for fresh, versatile products with extended shelf life has driven the use and development of edible films (EFs) for fruits and vegetables. These films provide an effective solution for food protection while reducing the need for single-use packaging, thus helping to minimize plastic waste. Starch-based EFs are particularly popular due to their abundance, low cost, and excellent mechanical properties. Amaranth, a pseudocereal containing 50–60% starch by dry weight, is a promising source for biodegradable materials such as EFs. These films can be produced using the extrusion-casting method, which applies high temperatures and short processing times to enhance the starch matrix, resulting in films with improved mechanical and barrier properties. This study aims to develop EFs using a formulation of extruded amaranth flour and glycerol. The amaranth flour was physically modified through extrusion, and the films were produced via casting. The study focused on two key factors: extrusion temperature (ET, 70–130 °C) and glycerol content (GC, 17–30%). The response variables included water solubility (WS), water vapor permeability (WVP), carbon dioxide permeability (CO₂P), tensile strength (σ), elongation (ε), and Young’s modulus (E). The results showed that increasing ET enhanced σ, ε, E, WVP, CO₂P, and WS, while higher GC reduced σ and E but increased ε, WVP, CO₂P, and WS. Optimization analysis identified the optimal conditions as an ET of 100 °C and a GC of 18.90%. These findings highlight the potential of amaranth for producing sustainable and effective EFs, offering an innovative alternative for the food industry.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"16 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148615008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of biomass conversion-based rice husk ash in sustainable brake pad production: a study on tribological performance and synergistic behavior at the brake disc-pad interface","authors":"Hicri Yavuz,&nbsp;Ersan Mertgenç,&nbsp;Hüseyin Bayrakçeken","doi":"10.1007/s13399-026-07227-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-026-07227-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The use of ecologically friendly biomass conversion-based products as well as sustainable and renewable-based products has recently become increasingly important in the development of brake pad materials. Using rice husk ash, a biomass-based material, at 0%, 6%, 12%, and 18% has resulted in four different brake pad compositions. The study also examined the effects of brake pads on brake discs during braking and studies conducted by researchers using this material in the field of brake pads. To quantify this effect, we determined the change in surface roughness of the discs before and after the brake tests. We used a brake testing machine during the tests. The results allowed us to determine whether the produced samples met industrial standards. Based on the data, brake pads produced with rice husk ash met the expected quality values. Specimens containing 12% and 18% rice ash, in particular, produced appropriate roughness on the brake disc. In conclusion, the successful use of biomass conversion-based rice husk ash in brake pad production has been supported academically and industrially.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"16 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148614727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ZnO nanoparticles synthesized from pomegranate peel extract: physicochemical characterization and reproductive toxicity study on female mice","authors":"Samreen Qasim,&nbsp;Asia Iqbal,&nbsp;Shagufta Irshad,&nbsp;Kashif Ali,&nbsp;Ejaz Ahmad Khera,&nbsp;Monika Michalska,&nbsp;Faisal Mukhtar,&nbsp;Rahman Shah Zaib Saleem,&nbsp;Anum Farhan,&nbsp;Wan Izhan Nawawi Wan Ismail","doi":"10.1007/s13399-026-07209-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-026-07209-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The versatile features and increasing demand for biologically synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (bio-ZnO-NPs) make them targeted materials for medical and industrial applications. In this study, bio-ZnO-NPs were synthesized by <i>Punica granatum</i> peel extract as a capping and reducing agent. UV-Vis spectroscopy showed a characteristic absorption peak at 375 nm. With an average crystallite size of 50 ± 6 nm, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis demonstrated a hexagonal crystallite structure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images indicated uniform, hexagonal-shaped nanoparticles, while energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed the elemental composition of ZnO. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy identified functional groups associated with phenolic compounds from <i>P. granatum</i> peel, indicating their role in nanoparticle stabilization. Using the FP-LAPW (full potential-linearized plane wave) technique and Density Functional Theory (DFT), the electronic and optical characters of ZnO were computed. Female mice were orally administered with different doses (50, 150, 250 mg/kg body weight) of bio-ZnO-NPs for 21 days. Histopathological examination revealed dose-dependent alterations in ovarian tissues, including changes in follicular structures and altered estrogen and progesterone levels in treated groups. Hematological parameters were also changed in a dose-dependent manner and reduced body weight was observed. The results indicate that bio-ZnO-NPs may have some positive impact but higher doses can induce histological and physiological changes in the female reproductive system. This study provides insights into the potential effects of bio-ZnO-NPs on reproductive health and highlights the need for further research on their safety and applications. Understanding the dose-dependent effect is essential for optimizing their use in the nanomedicine while minimizing potential health risk.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"16 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148614500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural predictors of lignocellulosic biomass catalytic hydrolysis: roles of crystallinity index and degree of polymerization","authors":"Subhrajit Roy,&nbsp;Sourav Pakrashy,&nbsp;Prakash Biswas,&nbsp;K. K Pant,&nbsp;Sirshendu De","doi":"10.1007/s13399-026-07226-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-026-07226-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study develops and validates quantitative correlations linking cellulose crystallinity index (CrI) and degree of polymerization (DP) to hydrolysis efficiency across five lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks (pine needles, rice husk, wheat straw, sugarcane bagasse, and sunn hemp). Unlike previous studies that qualitatively linked these properties to hydrolysis performance, we establish power-law correlations that allow the glucose yield to be predicted directly from measurable structural characteristics of biomass. A microwave-assisted catalytic hydrolysis method was employed using a protic ionic liquid (PIL) and CuCl₂ catalyst, enabling rapid depolymerization under mild conditions. CrI ranged from 47.8% to 68.5% and DP from 735 to 1430, resulting in glucose yields between 28.6% and 50.8%. Pine needles (CrI 47.8%, DP 735) produced the highest glucose yield (50.8%), whereas sunn hemp (CrI 68.5%, DP 1430) showed the lowest yield (28.6%), confirming the inverse relationship between structural order and hydrolysis efficiency. Power-law relationships were established between glucose yield and CrI and DP, indicating their combined influence on hydrolysis performance. Molecular docking simulations supported these findings, demonstrating that PIL binds more favourably to shorter cellulose chains, with diminished interaction for longer, rigid structures that mimic crystalline domains. These results confirm that high CrI and DP jointly restrict solvent and catalyst accessibility to glycosidic linkages. This study provides mechanistic and quantitative evidence for the usefulness of CrI and DP as indicators of biomass quality, offering valuable direction for feedstock selection and optimization of pretreatment processes in the biofuel industry.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"16 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148552879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From conventional to integrated pyrolysis of biomass: pathways for bio-oil production and refining","authors":"Yuchen Ye,&nbsp;Mian M. Ahson Aslam,&nbsp;Guangquan Chen,&nbsp;Pingyu Qiu,&nbsp;Changsheng Peng","doi":"10.1007/s13399-026-07220-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-026-07220-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Biomass, the world’s fourth-largest energy source, is a renewable and sustainable resource for diversifying the global energy supply. Pyrolysis is a promising thermochemical conversion technology that rapidly transforms biomass into bio-oil, a valuable liquid product capable of yielding high-value chemicals and fuels. Nevertheless, the conventional reactors hinge on their bio-oil production efficiency and high energy costs. We propose a skid-mounted biomass pyrolysis plant designed to overcome these limitations. In addition, the complex and impure nature of crude bio-oil from the conventional conversion of biomass to bio-oil, characterized by a high content of reactive oxygenated compounds, necessitates effective separation and upgrading to enable its practical application. This review also examines the current state of biomass pyrolysis-to-oil technology. It explores advancements in pyrolysis processes and reactor designs, providing a global perspective on their development and scalability. A significant focus is placed on the critical challenge of bio-oil refining, where we present a detailed analysis of the leading separation technologies, including physical and chemical refining and separation techniques, distillation, membrane separation, chromatographic, and supercritical extraction methods. We evaluate their respective advantages, limitations, and potential for industrial implementation. By synthesizing this information, the review provides an assessment of the pathway to commercializing bio-oil. It concludes that while significant progress has been made, strategic integration of separation processes and targeted catalyst development are essential to overcome existing technical and economic barriers, ultimately unlocking the full potential of bio-oil as a sustainable source of fuels and chemicals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"16 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148614328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}