Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery最新文献

{"title":"Effect of acetate and format inhibitors on the production of Aspergillus niger inulinase and fermentation modeling, sensitivity, and economic analysis","authors":"Hilal Nur Gürler Tufan,&nbsp;Selime Benemir Erkan Ünsal,&nbsp;Muge Canatar,&nbsp;Ercan Yatmaz,&nbsp;Ibrahim Yavuz,&nbsp;Mustafa Germec,&nbsp;Selin Basmak,&nbsp;Irfan Turhan","doi":"10.1007/s13399-025-06512-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-025-06512-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study examines the effect of acetic acid (AA) and formic acid (FA) in different concentrations, on producing inulinase by <i>Aspergillus niger</i> A42 (ATCC 204447) as well as determining the best model for fermentations. The highest inulinase and invertase-type activities were 340.32 and 546.25 U/mL and 398.24 and 608.50 U/mL in the fermentation medias containing 2.5 g/L AA and 12.5 g/L FA, respectively. It was observed that 7 g/L or more AA addition inhibited the inulinase production by <i>A. niger</i>. Indeed, a negative affect was seen in the <i>A. niger</i> inulinase production. When the FA concentrations were less than 3 g/L, the inulinase activities were negatively affected. Conversely, the inulinase activities were surprisingly increased with the concentrations more than 4 g/L, showing an inducing effect. The fermentations that yielded maximum inulinase activity were modeled using ten mathematical models. Inulinase productions were successfully represented by Huang (<i>RMSE</i> = 8.28 U/mL, <i>MAE</i> = 5.03 U/mL, <i>R</i>² = 0.998, <i>BF</i> = 1.08, and <i>AF</i> = 1.11) and Weibull (<i>RMSE</i> = 47.98 U/mL, <i>MAE</i> = 26.83 U/mL, <i>R</i>² = 0.901, <i>BF</i> = 1.08, and <i>AF</i> = 1.31) models. Also as a result of fermentations, the enzyme activity was determined as inulinase type activity since the I/S ratio was greater than 10⁻². In conclusion, optimal inulinase production by <i>A. niger</i> was achieved with specific concentrations of AA and FA, showing distinct inhibitory and inducing effects, and the fermentations were accurately modeled by the Huang and Weibull models.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"15 13","pages":"20079 - 20094"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13399-025-06512-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144861446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Valorization of rice straw xylooligomers for biohydrogen production via cell-free synthetic enzymatic pathway","authors":"Ahmed Ismail Khalil,&nbsp;Maha Mohamed Hassan,&nbsp;Hanan Moustafa Abdallah Moustafa","doi":"10.1007/s13399-025-06491-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-025-06491-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Though first-generation biofuels threaten the world’s food supply, biomass-derived green hydrogen is becoming an alternative to conventional fuels. Rice straw (RS) is a non-edible and a good feedstock for producing hydrogen because it has significant levels of carbohydrates, which are easily converted into fermentable sugars. Xylooligomers (XOS) are the most prevalent oligomers in hemicellulose and can be obtained via the chemical and biological hydrolysis of xylan. In this study, XOS were prepared from rice straw xylan (RS-based xylan) using a modified acid hydrolysis process, and the produced XOS, specifically xylotriose (X₃), was used for green hydrogen production using a cell-free synthetic enzymatic pathway (SythP) compared to commercial X₃. This study reported the first-time green hydrogen production using XOS extracted from RS-based xylan. The results showed a great XOS production pattern from RS-based xylan upon addition of 5 µl of 4% sulfuric acid to 2% RS-based xylan, followed by autoclaving at 121 °C for 30 min. The synthesized XOS were used to generate hydrogen through water splitting at 50 °C via SythP. The hydrogen generation rates were 2.948 and 2.68 mmol/l, respectively, energized by commercial X₃ and prepared X₃, respectively. Accordingly, the hydrogen production rate utilizing the commercial one is slightly higher, which confirms that XOS made from RS-based xylan do not inhibit enzymes and efficiently produce hydrogen. Consequently, using lignocellulosic biomass to synthesize valuable XOS and their further application as an energy carrier is a promising sustainable approach for enzymatic green hydrogen production using the cell-free synthetic enzymatic pathway (SythP).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"15 13","pages":"19931 - 19945"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13399-025-06491-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144861527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of heat-moisture treatment on structural, morphological, thermal, and physicochemical properties of non-conventional palmyra (Borassus flabellifer) starch","authors":"Tamma Medha,&nbsp;Likhitha Yadav Prakruthi,&nbsp;Tapasya Kumari,&nbsp;Hemasundar Alavilli,&nbsp;Challa Surekha,&nbsp;Baojun Xu,&nbsp;Chagam Koteswara Reddy","doi":"10.1007/s13399-025-06514-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-025-06514-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the modification of non-conventional palmyra starch (<i>Borassus flabellifer</i>) through heat-moisture treatment (HMT), and compares the morphological, structural, thermal, and functional properties of HMT-treated starches to native palmyra starch. The starch samples were heated at 110 °C for a period under varying moisture levels (HMT-15%, HMT-20%, and HMT-25%) in a conventional oven. The results revealed a significant increase in amylose content, from 20.65 to 25.21%, with higher moisture levels. HMT treatment also led to a substantial rise in gelatinization temperature, and a decrease in enthalpy values, from 14.98 J/g to 8.27 J/g, with increased moisture content. FT-IR analysis indicated changes in absorption intensities without the formation of new functional groups. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed a type-A crystalline structure with characteristic diffraction peaks at 15.3°, 17.2°, 18.0°, and 23.2° (2<i>θ</i>). Among the treated samples, HMT-20 demonstrated the highest water absorption capacity (1.70 g/g) due to structural modifications. In contrast, HMT-25 exhibited reduced solubility (4.83 g/g) and swelling power (1.88 g/g), which can be attributed to starch retrogradation and increased crystallinity. These findings highlight the potential of non-conventional palmyra starch for applications in the food industry, offering promising routes for future research and development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"15 13","pages":"19879 - 19887"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144861455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovative textile dye treatment using biomass and metal nanoparticles: an eco-luminescent approach","authors":"Nirlipta Saha,&nbsp;S. Dutta Gupta","doi":"10.1007/s13399-024-06479-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-024-06479-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The abatement of environmental hazards through a facile and clean approach using nanoparticles bio-converted from medicinal plants has recently attracted increased amounts of attention. By leveraging LED technology, this study presents an innovative approach for the photocatalytic degradation of textile dyes, viz. methylene blue, methyl orange, and rhodamine B using phytosynthesized silver/gold nanoparticles (Ag/AuNPs) synthesized from aqueous leaf extract of <i>Swertia chirata</i>. The process parameters were optimized for the maximum synthesis of AgNPs using the central composite design of response surface methodology. The ideal conditions for AgNP synthesis obtained were 23.83% leaf extract (LE), 2.92 mM of silver nitrate (AgNO₃), pH 8.31, and a temperature of 44.60 °C. The desirability function validated the accuracy of the model. Phytosynthesis of AuNPs was carried out with the optimized conditions described previously by the present authors following the same modeling approach. The photocatalytic ability of both metal nanoparticles to degrade textile dyes under irradiation of different light-emitting diodes with varying spectral qualities was explored. Differential behavior of photocatalytic activity both in terms of the rate of reaction and degradation efficiency between silver and gold nanoparticles was observed with varying wavebands. The current study is the first to suggest the regulatory role of spectral quality in dye degradation. Monochromatic irradiation of blue LEDs in most cases enhances the photocatalytic performance. A plausible mechanism involving light-specific plasmonic tuning of the LSPR and subsequent transfer of electrons to generate the reactive oxygen species necessary for dye degradation has been proposed. This study explores the photocatalytic degradation of textile dyes using silver/gold nanoparticles (Ag/AuNPs) synthesized from <i>Swertia chirata</i> leaf extract. Optimal conditions for nanoparticle synthesis were determined using response surface methodology, and the photocatalytic performance was evaluated under LED irradiation with varying spectral qualities. Results showed that blue LED light enhances the degradation efficiency, with differential photocatalytic activity observed between AgNPs and AuNPs, linked to plasmonic effects and electron transfer mechanisms.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"15 13","pages":"20265 - 20280"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144861482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Olive (Olea europaea) stone powder as a sustainable biosorbent for methyl violet 2B dye removal: multivariable optimization with desirability functions","authors":"Ali H. Jawad,&nbsp;Raja Razuan Raja Deris,&nbsp;Hasan M. Agha,&nbsp;Ahmad Hapiz,&nbsp;Ruihong Wu,&nbsp;Zeid A. ALOthman","doi":"10.1007/s13399-024-06480-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-024-06480-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Herein, a sustainable and renewable biomass waste namely olive (<i>Olea europaea</i>) stone powder (OSP) was introduced to be a cost-effective biosorbent for removing the methyl violet 2B (MV 2B) dye from aqueous contaminated water. The main features of OSP were analyzed utilizing several methods such as XRD, FSEM-EDX, FTIR, and pH_pzc. The optimization of MV 2B removal was done using the Box-Behnken design (BBD) with three crucial parameters such as OSP dosage (<i>A</i>, 0.02–0.1 g/100 mL), contact time (<i>B</i>, 20–240 min), and solution pH (<i>C</i>, 4–10). The desirability function from the RSM BBD design shows that the highest removal (94.57%) can be achieved under these experimental conditions including an OSP dose of 0.09 g/100 mL, contact time 173.7 min, and solution pH 9.3. The biosorption study including kinetic and isotherm shows that the process of MV 2B dye removal onto OSP closely fits the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Freundlich and Temkin isotherm model, respectively. The Langmuir isotherm reveals that the maximum biosorption capacity of OSP was found to be 72.5 mg/g. The thermodynamic analysis findings show that the MV 2B dye uptake by OSP was a spontaneous and exothermic process. Several mechanisms were predicted to be involved in the biosorption process of MV 2B dye onto OSP including hydrogen bonding, π-π interaction, electrostatic forces, and pore filling. Overall, the findings show that OSP biosorbent has a good capacity to remove organic dye (MV 2B) from contaminated water.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"15 13","pages":"20233 - 20246"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144861481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural and thermal properties of deep eutectic solvent-extracted lignin from oil palm biomass for carbon fiber applications","authors":"Siti Khadijah Amran,&nbsp;Afiqah Liana Sazali,&nbsp;Mohd Razealy Anuar,&nbsp;Khairul Faizal Pa’ee,&nbsp;Tau-Len Kelly Yong","doi":"10.1007/s13399-024-06482-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-024-06482-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study explores the extraction of lignin from oil palm biomass using deep eutectic solvents (DESs), specifically choline chloride (ChCl) and glycerol, to develop a sustainable precursor for carbon fiber applications. Oil palm fronds (OPF) and empty fruit bunches (EFB) were treated with ChCl:Glycerol at various molar ratios (1:3–1:5), reaction times (3–6 h), and temperatures (130–170°C) to extract lignin (DES-L). The DES-L was characterized to determine its phenolic hydroxyl group (PhOH) content, functional group distribution, purity, glass transition temperature (T_g), and average molecular weight (M_w). The findings revealed that OPF-derived lignin exhibited higher phenolic hydroxyl group content (0.738–1.426 mmol/g), indicating superior structural disintegration compared to EFB-derived lignin (0.625–0.639 mmol/g). FTIR analysis revealed the presence of lignin-specific functional groups in DES-L, with peak intensities varying with ChCl:Glycerol molar ratio. The lignin purity ranged from 74.64% to 97.31% and increased with the temperature and reaction time. The T_g (99.96 − 144.15°C) and average M_w (2851 − 3835 g/mol) of DES-L demonstrated good thermal stability, which is suitable for carbon fiber precursors. This study demonstrates the potential of lignin extracted from oil palm biomass using DES as a viable and sustainable precursor for carbon fiber production. Additionally, it contributes to the enhanced utilization and value creation of agricultural waste. Optimizing the extraction parameters has uncovered a pathway for developing high-performance, eco-friendly carbon fibers. This approach addresses both economic and environmental challenges associated with current carbon fiber production methods.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"15 13","pages":"19853 - 19866"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144861385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilization of activated Thysanolaena maxima biomass for the high-performance removal of tetracycline antibiotic from wastewater: experimental optimization and DFT simulation","authors":"Imotila T Longchar,&nbsp;Shisak Sharma,&nbsp;Raplang Steven Umdor,&nbsp;Priyakshi Bora,&nbsp;Dipak Sinha","doi":"10.1007/s13399-024-06462-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-024-06462-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The study focused on the adsorption of tetracycline (TC) using <i>Thysanolaena maxima</i> activated carbon (TMAC) in a batch experiment. TMAC was formed via a chemical activation process involving potassium hydroxide mixed in a 2:1 ratio with carbonized char. Various analytical techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis was performed to characterize the produced carbon. The TMAC possessed specific surface area, total pore volume, and average pore diameter values of 1065.011 m²/g, 0.4443 cm³/g, and 3.036 nm, respectively. The effect of various adsorbent dosage (0.15 g/L), initial TC concentration (20 mg/L), contact time (110 min), temperature (328 K), and pH (2) on TC adsorption was investigated, and the TMAC exhibited a high adsorption efficiency of 97%. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the spontaneous adsorption process was endothermic. The Langmuir (<i>Q</i>_<i>m</i> = 21.317 mg/g) and the pseudo-second-order model (<i>R</i>² = 0.9980) provided the best fit for the adsorption isotherm and kinetic study. The fifth regeneration cycle of the adsorbent was successful, proving its ability to be reused multiple times. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations revealed that the carboxyl group appeared to have a greater impact on the adsorption process than the hydroxyl and carbonyl groups, with an <i>E</i>_adsorp value of − 47.99 kJ/mol. The results indicate that the produced TMAC effectively eliminated TC from aqueous solutions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"15 10","pages":"15311 - 15326"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144108546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards an eco-social circular economy: exploring the feasibility study of pyrolysis on agricultural feedstocks.","authors":"Thomas Allison, Kumar Vijayalakshmi Shivaprasad, Abdullah Malik, Rehman Rafiq, Yaodong Wang, Anthony Paul Roskilly","doi":"10.1007/s13399-024-06361-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-024-06361-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The agricultural sector is challenging to decarbonise due to its reliance on heavy machinery and fossil fuels, which face issues when decarbonising via methods such as electrification. However, agriculture provides opportunities to generate renewable energy via biomass sources due to their abundance within this sector. This feasibility study used a continuous auger pyrolysis system to assess how straw waste from a medium-scale arable farm could convert energy from an external electrical source into usable chemical potential. Wheat, barley, oil seed rape (OSR), and bean straw have all been processed and pyrolysed under different temperatures and auger feed rates. The syngas product was then analysed, considering its composition and the lower heating value. Results indicate that the percentage of carbon monoxide and hydrogen and the total volume of syngas increased with temperature. In addition, the syngas' energy quantity increased despite the product's decreasing heating value. The case study's annual energy demand was equal to 14.4% of the 3900 GJ maximum potential contained within the syngas, and thus it can be concluded that there is potential for the application of this system towards a circular economy. The system's cold gas, net, and electrical conversion efficiency were also assessed with maximum values of 37.1%, 30.1%, and 174.4%, respectively. Furthermore, the statistical analysis confirms high predictability for wheat, barley, bean, and OSR feedstocks, with a general linear model showing high accuracy across all.</p>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"15 12","pages":"18145-18157"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12234612/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144599043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances of coconut waste as a sustainable energy storage solution—a comprehensive review","authors":"Merin Tomy,&nbsp;Anu Mini Aravind,&nbsp;Xavier Thankappan Suryabai","doi":"10.1007/s13399-024-06356-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-024-06356-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Exploiting natural renewable energy resources, especially from the biowaste agriproducts, is one of the hot topics in this era. In this context, coconut waste–derived activated carbon has received worldwide attention in various fields due to its availability, low cost, and complete utilization of waste raw material. Developing biocarbon from natural resources reduces the risk of environmental pollution and opens space for next-generation bio-compatible energy storage devices. In the field of supercapacitor technology, highly efficient, eco-friendly, and readily available electrode materials with high adsorption capacity and fast ion–electron movement are more desirable as potential candidates. In this way, coconut-based carbon derivates are fully encouraged. The current review mainly spotlights the recent advancements in producing activated carbon electrodes using coconut biomass residues for energy storage applications, including supercapacitors. In addition, various impact factors, including activation agent, carbonization conditions, and activation environment on surface area and porosity, thereby capacitive properties, are briefly explained. The current developments and challenges against the fully functional usage of biowastes and the solution for the existing technologies are also trying to be pointed out. It is anticipated that this study will give the reader a thorough understanding of the coconut biomass residues that can be used in energy storage applications and highlight some of the objectives and challenges that still need to be addressed.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"15 10","pages":"14675 - 14695"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144108669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced biomass and lipid production of Chlorella vulgaris through the utilization of municipal wastewater as a nutrient source: A sustainable feedstock for biodiesel production","authors":"Ganesan Ezhumalai,&nbsp;Renganathan Rajkumar","doi":"10.1007/s13399-024-06380-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13399-024-06380-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Municipal wastewater has high nutritional contents of nitrogen and phosphorus that are essential for microalgae growth. In order to reduce the cost of producing biodiesel, microalgae can be cultivated using municipal wastewater as a sustainable source of nutrients. The present investigation aimed to enhance the growth and lipid content of the newly isolated green microalga, <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> by adjusting different culture conditions such as light intensity, temperature, pH, and supplementation of municipal wastewater. <i>C. vulgaris</i> was cultured in different combinations (75:25, 50:50, and 25:75) of municipal wastewater (WWC), diluted with Bold’s Basal Medium (BBM) and reverse osmosis (RO) water separately. In this experiment, about 75% of WWC diluted with 25% BBM supported the maximum production of biomass and lipids. From this experiment, the maximum production of biomass 15.6 g/L and the lipid 5.56 g/L were observed on the 12th day of cultivation. Further, the presence of functional groups was briefly examined in algae biomass samples by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method has been used to analyze the chemical composition of biodiesel. These results confirm the presence of alkyl group protons, methylene (CH₂) group protons, and aromatic protons. Further, the fatty acid methyl esters in biodiesel were confirmed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis. All these results showed the significant lipid composition extracted from the biomass of <i>C. vulgaris</i> cultivated in municipal wastewater for biodiesel production. Lastly, the properties of biodiesel were analyzed and compared with the standard of American Society Testing and Materials (ASTM). Furthermore, utilizing municipal wastewater as a sustainable nutrient source can significantly minimize the production costs thereby this strain can be considered a sustainable feedstock for biodiesel production.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":488,"journal":{"name":"Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery","volume":"15 10","pages":"14853 - 14868"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144108670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}