Animal Frontiers最新文献

{"title":"European farmers’ experiences with precision livestock farming systems","authors":"J. Hartung, T. Banhazi, E. Vranken, M. Guarino","doi":"10.2527/AF.2017.0107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2527/AF.2017.0107","url":null,"abstract":"With the advent of modern livestock production systems since the 1970s, the numbers of animals per farm increased dramatically, and worldwide livestock production has grown by a factor of four. The production of pig and poultry meat has doubled in the last 30 yr following the demand of a fast-growing world population for food of animal origin (FAO, 2006). The output of the world meat market for cattle, pig, and poultry rose from about 60 million tons in 1961 to about 280 million tons 2010 (FAO, 2006). Chicken meat production worldwide has reached in 2012 clearly more than 100 million tons (FAO, 2014). For 2030, a total meat production of poultry, pork, and cattle of about 350 million tons is expected (FAO, 2006). This enormous increase was only possible by significant breeding progress and the development of specialized farms with modern, intensive, and very often non-grazing production systems where the animals are kept in confined houses at high stocking rates. These systems make best use of the animals’ selected genetic qualities that enable them, under appropriate housing, feeding, hygiene, management, and veterinary control, to reach high growth rates and high feed efficiencies in the shortest possible time. As an example, the efficiency of egg production of laying hens rose from 160 eggs in year 1960 to more than 300 eggs in 2011. Today, about 360 million red meat animals are slaughtered in the European Union (EU) per year along with several billions of chicken. Worldwide, about 60 billion animals are slaughtered for food per year. The number of laying hens in one district of Germany rose between 1960 and 1980 by a factor of nearly 12 from a couple of hundred thousand to 12 million while the number of laying hen farms (with more than 3,000 hens) dropped to a couple of hundred (Klon and Windhorst, 2001; Windhorst, 2006). While the number of animals per farm increased, the number of farms decreased and the number of people making their living as farmers dropped to about 2% in Germany. The 38.5 million laying hens are kept in Germany today on 1,355 farms only (Destatis, 2014). At the same time, the prices of farm animal products stagnated or decreased. From statistical figures, it is known that the relative expenditure of consumers in Germany of their income for food dropped from 57% in 1900 to 14% in 2010 (Statista, 2012). For the first time in human history, Europeans do not need to worry about sufficient food supply (Hartung, 2013). This is not the case in all parts of the world. World population rose by 30% since 1990 and is estimated to reach 9.6 billion people who have to be fed in 2050. It is expected that then 70% of the world population will live in urban areas, which is up from 40% in 1990 and about 50% today (Mottet, unpublished). Not least European farmers’ experiences with precision livestock farming systems","PeriodicalId":48645,"journal":{"name":"Animal Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2527/AF.2017.0107","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68980138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Precision livestock farming for the global livestock sector","authors":"D. Berckmans, M. Guarino","doi":"10.2527/AF.2017.0101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2527/AF.2017.0101","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48645,"journal":{"name":"Animal Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2527/AF.2017.0101","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68979698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The use of performance-enhancing technologies in global livestock production","authors":"A. Dilger, D. Boler","doi":"10.2527/AF.2016-0037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2527/AF.2016-0037","url":null,"abstract":"has been and is expected to continue to increase. However, land available for food production is not increasing and may, in fact, be reduced in the future due to climatic changes. Furthermore, the impact of animal production on natural resources and the environment must be addressed. Thus, to produce more food for more people on less land with fewer resources, production efficiency must be increased. In other words, the performance of meat production systems must be enhanced through the use of technology. However, the use of technologies and even the need and implementation of particular technologies differ throughout the world based on production system, cultural approaches to meat consumption, and the availability of technologies themselves. Previous editions of Animal Frontiers (January and July 2013) focused on the contributions of animal production to global food security, emphasizing both agriculture in developing countries and the application of technologies in animal production. The current issue expands on those ideas with more detail regarding the use of performance-enhancing technologies in the production of meat from cattle, swine, small ruminants, poultry, and fish. This issue also strives to present the diversity of technologies employed globally. While some might find performance-enhancing technologies synonymous with animal pharmaceuticals, technologies used in animal production also encompass genetic and reproductive technologies, feed processing and additives, and animal management and production practices. The contribution of these other technological advancements in production should not be overlooked and continue to be refined. The critical need for performance-enhancing technologies is detailed in the article by Dunshea et al. (2016). They highlight technologies that reduce the amount of inputs (mainly feed) needed to produce meat, increase the amount of meat obtainable from animals, or both. These improvements directly benefit livestock producers by reducing their costs and increasing their revenues. However, consumers of meat benefit from these technologies as well as meat is less expensive and more plentiful. Less apparent, but no less meaningful, is the direct benefit to the environment of these technologies as more meat is produced with less of an environmental impact.","PeriodicalId":48645,"journal":{"name":"Animal Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2527/AF.2016-0037","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68979533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current strategies in lamb production in Mediterranean areas","authors":"M. Campo, L. Mur, C. Fugita, C. Sañudo","doi":"10.2527/AF.2016-0041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2527/AF.2016-0041","url":null,"abstract":"Sheep farming is widespread worldwide. Its characteristics can adapt to areas and resources where other farming sectors could not; therefore, its economic impact should be considered (de Rancourt, 2007). Also, it aids populations in disadvantaged areas and plays an important role preventing soil desertification and maintaining the biological balance. Although in recent years, both census and consumption setbacks in developed countries have been observed, it is necessary to continue studies on lamb production to offer products of recognized quality. In Spain, as in most Mediterranean countries, evolution of the sheep sector has led to a decline in profitability of farms, high generational uncertainty, and concern following the abandonment of farming in some areas (Bernués et al., 2011a). In the Mediterranean area, more than anywhere else, consumers value the type of light lamb fed on concentrates (Beriain et al., 2000), which is considered a high quality product (Boyazoglu and Mohrand-Ferh, 2001). Any deviation in the expected weight has a negative impact on the acceptability, even if there are intraregional variations in preferences (Sañudo et al., 1996). In fact, 76% of the lambs slaughtered in Aragon, a region in northeastern Spain, have carcass weights of less than 13 kg (68% in the whole country) and, therefore, are under the light lamb designation (MAGRAMA, 2016). Current strategies in lamb production in Mediterranean areas","PeriodicalId":48645,"journal":{"name":"Animal Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2527/AF.2016-0041","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68979550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance-enhancing technologies of beef production","authors":"P. Strydom","doi":"10.2527/AF.2016-0040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2527/AF.2016-0040","url":null,"abstract":"The Food and Agriculture Organization predicts that the global population will increase from the current 7 billion people to 9.5 billion by the year 2050 and will need 70% more meat, milk, and eggs (FAO, 2009). While the total and per capita consumption of poultry meat enjoyed the largest growth over the past decades, beef consumption also increased 18% (1990 to 2009). The livestock industry is therefore under pressure to invest in technologies that will increase efficiency, e.g., using fewer resources to produce more meat since competition for available land, water, food from plant origin, and energy intensifies due to the growing population. While technologies in the past mostly focused on improving productivity, e.g., growth rate, feed efficiency, and increased weight of the slaughter unit (Capper, 2011) at all cost (Figure 1), Capper and Hayes (2012) and other studies emphasized the importance of commitment to sustainability, consideration of environmental impact, and animal welfare to maintain the social license in a demand-driven market. When further considering that variability in palatability were the major reasons for decline in beef consumption in Australia and the USA during the 1980s and 1990s (Bindon and Jones, 2001; Howard et al., 2013), careless utilization of technologies that impact negatively on eating quality will influence the consumer’s attitude toward beef. Performance-enhancing technologies may include genetics, feed technologies and feeding strategies, growth-enhancing substances, and management strategies to mention some but not all. We focused on selected technologies that enhance performance, but at the same time, we also considered their relationships to sustainability, animal welfare, and product quality.","PeriodicalId":48645,"journal":{"name":"Animal Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2527/AF.2016-0040","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68979543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing fish performance in aquaculture","authors":"B. Small, R. Hardy, C. Tucker","doi":"10.2527/AF.2016-0043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2527/AF.2016-0043","url":null,"abstract":"The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations defines aquaculture as farming of aquatic organisms including fish, mollusks, crustaceans, and aquatic plants where farming implies some form of intervention in the rearing process and individual or corporate ownership of the stock being cultivated (FAO, 1988). In a recent report, the Food and Agriculture Organization emphasized the importance of enhancing aquaculture production to meet the daunting challenge of feeding a global population expected to reach 9.6 billion people by 2050 (FAO, 2014). At present, increases in fish production globally outpace population growth, largely due to important advances in aquaculture production. As a result, aquaculture now produces more than half of the fish consumed by humans and is projected to increase to 62% by 2030 to meet increasing demand (FAO, 2014). Although various types of technologies have been examined to improve fish growth and performance, productivity largely depends on interactions among genotype, nutrition, and environment. Significant advances in fish genetics, nutrition and feeding, culture systems, and management have cumulatively enhanced fish performance and increased overall global productivity. Technological advancements in these areas that enhance fish performance in aquaculture are discussed in this review.","PeriodicalId":48645,"journal":{"name":"Animal Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2527/AF.2016-0043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68979644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of genetics and breeding on broiler production performance: a look into the past, present, and future of the industry","authors":"M. Tavárez, F. L. D. S. Santos","doi":"10.2527/AF.2016-0042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2527/AF.2016-0042","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48645,"journal":{"name":"Animal Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2527/AF.2016-0042","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68979574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Barriers to global implementation of current and development of new performance-enhancing technologies in meat production","authors":"A. Dilger, A. Schroeder, W. M. Moseley","doi":"10.2527/AF.2016-0044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2527/AF.2016-0044","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48645,"journal":{"name":"Animal Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2527/AF.2016-0044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68979692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance-enhancing technologies in swine production","authors":"M. Tokach, B. Goodband, T. O’Quinn","doi":"10.2527/AF.2016-0039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2527/AF.2016-0039","url":null,"abstract":"Technology adoption has allowed for dramatic improvements in sow productivity, wean-to-finish growth performance, and carcass composition over the last 35 yr. In 1980, the average sow farm in the US marketed 9.2 pigs per sow per year (Table 1). The average market weight was 242 lb with pigs having more than 1 inch of fat at the 10th rib, a loin eye under 5 in2, and a carcass that produced less than 80 lb of lean meats (National Pork Board, 2016). Growth performance records from 1980 are scarce; however, in 1990, pigs grew at 1.27 lb/day and required 3.2 lb of feed per pound of gain from weaning to market (PigChamp, 1990). By comparison, today’s average sow weans 22 pigs per year and its pigs have a wean-to-finish average daily gain of 1.61 lb/day and use 2.6 lb of feed per pound of gain (National Pork Board, 2016). The average market weight is now 283 lb with 0.72 inches of back fat and a loin eye over 8 in2 (National Pork Board, 2016). Thus, the actual feed required per pig has decreased by 4% while market weight has increased by 17% (41 lb) in the last 25 yr. Of the 41-lb increase in live weight, 38 lb (93% of the increase) has been added to the amount of lean muscle provided by each carcass, with today’s pigs producing more than 118 lb of lean meat per animal. This has allowed for a 38% increase in pork production with only a 10% increase in the annual number of animals harvested over the same time period (USDA-NASS, 2015). These values obviously represent significant improvement in swine productivity. Combining increases in sow productivity and market weight, the average US pig farms are producing more than 4,000 lb of live weight per sow per year compared with approximately 1,770 lb in 1980 (Figure 1). Without these improvements in productivity, it would take another 9 million sows (approximately 15 million in total) compared with today’s 6 million sows to achieve the current level of pork produced (Patience, 2015; Figure 2). With global food demands expected to increase by 100% in 2050, technology must continue to be applied to commercial swine production (Tilman et al., 2011). As demonstrated by the swine industry’s record of rapid adoption and embracing new technology, production of safe, wholesome, and nutritious pork will continue to improve and increase while, at the same time, using fewer resources and reducing its impact on the environment. Therefore, our objective is to review the history of technology development and its application in shaping today’s swine industry (Table 2).","PeriodicalId":48645,"journal":{"name":"Animal Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2527/AF.2016-0039","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68979539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolic modifiers as performance-enhancing technologies for livestock production","authors":"F. Dunshea, D. N. D’Souza, H. Channon","doi":"10.2527/AF.2016-0038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2527/AF.2016-0038","url":null,"abstract":"With the current and predicted increase in world population, growing global demand and consumption of food will result in increasing competition for land, water, and energy. In turn, this will severely affect our ability to produce food as will the urgent requirement to reduce the impact of food systems on the environment (Godfray et al., 2010). Globalization has boosted trade in livestock inputs and products and resulted in industry growth, and concurrently livestock production has undergone a complex process of technical and geographical change (Gerber et al., 2007). This has resulted in a challenge to livestock producers; growing demand for their produce with a dwindling supply of resources, with the only solution being a significant increase in efficiency. Also, as incomes increase in the burgeoning economies, so does the demand for high-quality animal proteins such as meat, milk, and eggs; thus the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations suggests that food requirements will increase by 70% by 2050 (Anonymous, 2009). The recent success in developed and emerging technologies suggests that the animal industries are well placed to prosper through these new challenges. To ensure these technologies—such as metabolic modifiers including somatotropin, immunization against gonadotropin-releasing factor, and orally active dietary additives like ractopamine, zilpaterol, cysteamine, chromium, betaine, and dietary neuroleptics—can be effectively utilized throughout the animal industries, further emphasis is required on their acceptance and development. As a result of these technological advancements, producers have benefited because of improved production efficiencies while meat packers have improved processing efficiencies because of increased lean meat yield. Ostensibly, the consumer has also benefited because meat is leaner and less expensive to purchase. However, there have been some concerns that the focus on increasing production efficiency and lean meat yield has been to the detriment of meat quality (Dunshea et al., 2005). It is also interesting that at a time of apparently greater need for these technologies, there are external influences such as market differentiation and trade barriers as well as consumer resistance that challenge the use of technologies. A tenet of this article is that if we are to meet the increased global demand for animal protein, then we must continue to develop and adopt technologies to improve livestock efficiency, but we must be cognizant of the potential barriers affecting acceptance.","PeriodicalId":48645,"journal":{"name":"Animal Frontiers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2527/AF.2016-0038","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68979537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}