BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation最新文献

{"title":"Circulating growth hormone, cortisol and testosterone in relation to vitamin D status: influence of lower and upper body wingate anaerobic test in elite artistic gymnasts.","authors":"Jan Mieszkowski, Paulina Brzezińska, Magdalena Kochanowicz, Bartłomiej Niespodziński, Rafał Grad, Piotr Sawicki, Jędrzej Antosiewicz, Andrzej Kochanowicz","doi":"10.1186/s13102-025-01291-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13102-025-01291-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and study aim: </strong>It is well known that professional physical training may be one of the factors modifying s circulating serum level of growth hormone, testosterone and cortisol. However, the effect of high-intensity upper and lower body Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) on the serum hormone levels in association to vitamin D status still remains unspecified. The aim of the current study was to verify hypotheses that a longstanding background in elite gymnastics training induces adaptive changes in hormonal homeostasis during upper- and lower-body WAnT, and that these changes are modulated by muscle group engagement and vitamin D status.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Fifteen elite male artistic gymnasts (21.3 ± 3.4 years-old) and 14 physically active men (the control group, 20.2 ± 1.1) voluntarily participated in this study. Blood was collected using venipuncture procedures (antecubital vein) in tree timepoints: before, immediately and 60 min after WAnT. Hormone measurements consisted of levels of free human growth hormone (hGH), testosterone and cortisol in blood serum. Measurement was made using chemiluminescence method. Vitamin D active metabolites, 25-hydroxyvitamin D₂ [25(OH)D₂] and 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ [25(OH)D₃], as a proportion of the total serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], were analysed using the commercially available Total 25OH Vitamin D ELISA kits.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significantly higher performance during upper-body WAnT were observed in professional gymnasts' groups, for mean power normalized to body mass. Furthermore, gymnasts showed higher serum concentration for hGH, and testosterone immediately after upper-body WAnT. An inverse relationship was observed in cortisol, whose concentration changes were greater in the control group. Additionally, in control group, baseline vitamin D positively correlated with cortisol changes post lower-body WAnT but negatively with testosterone changes immediately after lower-body WAnT.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Gymnastic training affects anaerobic performance and hormonal status by altering the serum concentrations of hGH, cortisol, and testosterone in response to anaerobic exercise. Moreover, hormonal status is associated with vitamin D concentration, and shows its significant regulating properties in post exercises response.</p>","PeriodicalId":48585,"journal":{"name":"BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation","volume":"17 1","pages":"252"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12382115/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144974790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of different exercise interventions on balance and cognitive functions in stroke patients: A network meta-analysis.","authors":"Minghui Du, Longwei Chen, Liang Xia, Yunan Li, Enyi Ma, Zhiwei Hu, Xu Gao","doi":"10.1186/s13102-025-01267-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13102-025-01267-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Exercise interventions are proven to improve functional outcomes in stroke patients, yet the optimal and safest exercise modalities remain uncertain. This network meta-analysis (NMA) aims to systematically compare the effects of various exercise interventions on balance and cognitive functions, providing robust evidence to guide clinical decision-making.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched up to September 2024. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating exercise interventions for balance and cognitive improvements in stroke patients were included. Quality assessment and data extraction were performed, followed by Bayesian NMA using Stata 15.0 and R 4.41.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study ultimately included 40 RCTs with 2,302 patients. Six commonly employed exercise interventions in clinical treatment were covered, including aerobic exercise (AE), core stability exercise (CSE), physical/mental exercise (PME), resistance training (RT), high-intensity interval training (HIIT), and mixed-component exercise (Mixed). According to the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA), Mixed was the most effective intervention for improving Berg balance scale scores (SUCRA = 82.89%). AE was the most effective intervention for improving patients' performance on the timed up and go test (SUCRA = 88.46%). PME exhibited superior effectiveness in improving Montreal cognitive assessment scores (SUCRA = 86.43%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Mixed and AE noticeably improves balance function in stroke patients, while PME and AE notably enhance cognitive function. The efficacy of other forms of exercise requires further validation. For patients whose primary objective is to improve balance, we recommend prioritizing Mixed. In cases of markedly impaired physical function, a single type of exercise should be selected. For patients aiming to enhance cognitive function, we recommend the selection of PME as the preferred option.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>Registration date: 23 September 2024. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42024593741.</p>","PeriodicalId":48585,"journal":{"name":"BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation","volume":"17 1","pages":"250"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12382136/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144974831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Statistical evaluation of body composition and aerobic/anaerobic power in young adults with generalized joint hypermobility: an ANCOVA-based study.","authors":"Ayse Yildiz, Ramazan Yildiz, Onur Camli, Musa Eymir","doi":"10.1186/s13102-025-01257-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13102-025-01257-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Generalized joint hypermobility (GJH) is a highly prevalent condition that affects a person's exercise tolerance and is frequently associated with joint injuries. This study aimed to evaluate body composition and aerobic/ anaerobic power in young adults with asymptomatic GJH.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sixty university students aged 18-25 years (30 with GJH, 30 controls) participated in the study. GJH was defined using a Beighton score ≥ 5. Body composition was assessed using the Tanita BC-601 device. Aerobic power was measured with the shuttle run test, while anaerobic power was calculated using vertical jump height and the Lewis Nomogram formula. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was applied to control for age and gender effects.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ANCOVA results revealed statistically significant differences between groups in mineral percentage (partial η²ₚ = 0.093, p =.020) and aerobic power (partial η²ₚ = 0.256, p <.001) after adjusting for age and gender. No significant group differences were found in other body composition variables or anaerobic power (p >.05). Gender significantly affected lean mass, muscle mass, fat percentage, and aerobic and anaerobic power (p <.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study demonstrated that GJH has a distinct and independent impact on aerobic capacity. Additionally, mineral percentage differences regarding body composition were noted between groups.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial number: </strong>Not applicable.</p>","PeriodicalId":48585,"journal":{"name":"BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation","volume":"17 1","pages":"247"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12379404/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144974825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of progressive core stabilization training on anaerobic performance in elite athletes: a randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Gülşah Başandaç, Gülşah Barğı, Volga Bayrakcı Tunay","doi":"10.1186/s13102-025-01283-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13102-025-01283-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although progressive core stabilization training (PCST) improves sport-specific abilities, the effects of PCST on anaerobic performance and fatigue are still unclear today. Therefore, this prospective, single-blind (blinded: athletes, using placebo intervention), randomized (using random selection method) controlled study aimed to investigate the presence of these effects in elite athletes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Athletes were randomly assigned to intervention (n = 30, 21.70 ± 2.71 years) and control (n = 28, 21.71 ± 2.49 years) groups in this study. While standard core strengthening exercises (SCSE) (3 days/week for a total of 9 weeks) were given to the control group, PCST (3 days/week for a total of 9 weeks) was applied to the intervention group. Anaerobic capacity, anaerobic power, and fatigue index were evaluated using 30-second (s) Wingate Anaerobic Power test and vertical jump tests. The intra-group and inter-group changes in anaerobic power, anaerobic capacity, fatigue index, and jump variables were shown using Paired Sample T Test and Independent-Samples T Test, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After a 9-week training, while intra-group difference (Δ) values before and after interventions for maximum anaerobic power, maximum anaerobic capacity, anaerobic power between 0 and 5 s, anaerobic capacity between 0 and 30 s, anaerobic power values at the 5th (effect size d: 0.67), 10th and 15th sec, and vertical countermovement jump (effect size d: 0.54) increased significantly more in the intervention group compared to control group, Δ values for anaerobic power at the 20th and 25th sec increased significantly in control group compared to intervention group (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found in Δ values for minimum anaerobic power, 30th sec anaerobic power, fatigue index and vertical squat jump between groups (p > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>PCST appears to be more effective than SCSE in enhancing anaerobic capacity and early-phase anaerobic power in elite athletes. While SCSE contributes to improvements in anaerobic power during the later stages of the Wingate test, PCST provides broader and more functionally relevant gains across key performance metrics. Therefore, PCST should be prioritized and integrated into athletic training programs aimed at improving overall anaerobic performance and optimizing athletic potential in elite athletes in taekwondo, weightlifting, volleyball, and badminton.</p><p><strong>Clinical trail trial registration: </strong>This study was retrospectively registered as a clinical trial with registration number NCT06042374 on 30/08/2023.</p>","PeriodicalId":48585,"journal":{"name":"BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation","volume":"17 1","pages":"248"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12382201/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144974801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of ankle injuries on joint range of motion and muscle viscoelasticity in female amateur volleyball athletes.","authors":"Eunsook Sung","doi":"10.1186/s13102-025-01273-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13102-025-01273-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study aimed to compare ankle joint range of motion (ROM) and muscle viscoelastic properties in female amateur volleyball players with a history of ankle sprain (AS group) and without (non-AS group).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty-one female participants were included in the study: 25 in the AS group and 16 in the non-AS group. Ankle ROM was measured for inversion (IV), eversion (EV), plantar flexion (PF), and dorsiflexion (DF). Viscoelastic properties were assessed in the tibialis anterior (TA), medial gastrocnemius (MG), lateral gastrocnemius (LG), and peroneus longus (PL) muscles.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A significant difference in DF ROM was observed between the AS and non-AS groups (p = 0.030). Muscle frequency was significantly higher for TA (p = 0.010), MG (p = 0.008), and LG (p = 0.008) in the AS group. Additionally, muscle stiffness in TA (p = 0.010), MG (p = 0.014), LG (p = 0.021), and PL (p = 0.049) was significantly greater in the AS group. Significant differences in relaxation were found in TA (p = 0.010) and PL (p = 0.032), while creep differences were noted in TA (p = 0.007).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings suggest that ankle sprain may lead to persistent alterations in muscle mechanical properties and joint mobility, highlighting the importance of comprehensive assessment and targeted rehabilitation of all related muscles to prevent recurrent injuries and optimize recovery in female volleyball players.</p>","PeriodicalId":48585,"journal":{"name":"BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation","volume":"17 1","pages":"246"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12374350/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144974818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age- and gender-related differences in explosive leg muscle function with respect to jump tests used: a comparative study.","authors":"Erika Zemková, Gabriela Kotyrová Štefániková","doi":"10.1186/s13102-025-01296-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13102-025-01296-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Various methods and corresponding variables have been used to assess explosive leg strength, but less is known about the extent to which they vary across ages with respect to the jump test used. The interrelationship between jump variables obtained from different tests is also poorly understood. This study sought to determine how different methodological approaches to assessing jump performance manifest in differences between females and males from childhood to adulthood. In this context, we were also interested in the relationship between leg stiffness and the tested jump variables in different age periods.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 447 female and male non-athletes practising sports at a recreational level were divided into three groups as middle and late childhood (7-12 years), early, middle and late adolescence (13-18 years) and emerging adulthood (19-24 years). They performed squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), drop jump (DJ) and 10-s repeated jumps (RJs). SJ and CMJ height (h), pre-stretch augmentation (PSA), eccentric utilization ratio (EUR), Δh (CMJ-SJ height), DJ and RJs reactive strength index (RSI), RJs take-off power, and leg stiffness were analysed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Jump variables increased with increasing age from childhood to adulthood in males, while in females they increased until adolescence, followed by a slight increase towards adulthood. In this regard, significant between-gender differences were found in RSI obtained during DJ and RJs from 11 to 12 years, and in SJ and CMJ height and RJs take-off power from 15 to 16 years. Relative leg stiffness was highly correlated with RSI obtained from DJ and RJs in adolescents (r = 0.875 and r = 0.872; both p < 0.01) and adults (r = 0.911 and r = 0.898; both p < 0.01), whereas there were only low correlations in children. Leg stiffness was also correlated with PSA in adolescents and adults (r = 0.588 and r = 0.576; both p < 0.05), but not in children.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Jump performance differs significantly between genders from early adolescence, depending on the test used. Relative leg stiffness is associated with reactive jump capacity in adolescents and adults, but to a lesser extent with musculotendinous elasticity during jumps.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>This study was not prospectively registered because it did not report outcomes related to health care interventions using human participants.</p>","PeriodicalId":48585,"journal":{"name":"BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation","volume":"17 1","pages":"245"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12374484/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144974777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of direction and gender on lower limb biomechanics during forward lunges in badminton players: a preliminary analysis.","authors":"Li Huang, Yan Zhang, Shunxiang Gao, Junxia Lin, Fei Zheng, Yaodong Gu","doi":"10.1186/s13102-025-01299-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13102-025-01299-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The lunge is a critical movement in badminton, facilitating rapid and efficient court coverage and enabling players to promptly reach the hitting position. While previous studies have examined the influence of lunge direction on lower limb biomechanics, the effects of gender have yet to be explored. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the combined effects of direction and gender on lower limb biomechanics during forehand and backhand forward lunges in amateur badminton players.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>16 male and 16 female amateur players were recruited. Kinematic and kinetic data were measured synchronously using a Vicon motion capture system and a Kistler force plate. A two-way mixed-design ANOVA was used to explore the effects of different lunge directions, gender, and the interaction between the two factors on each parameter. Joint angles during the stance phase were analyzed using the statistical nonparametric mapping method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Interaction effects between gender and direction were observed for the second impact of vertical ground reaction force (VGRF), knee peak external rotation moment, ankle sagittal angles and knee frontal and transverse moments during the stance phase. Compared with the females, the males showed significantly greater loading rate and impulse of VGRF, peak flexion, sagittal range of motion (ROM) and abduction moment of knee joint. The sagittal ROM of hip and knee joint and the knee flexion moment around 84% of the stance phase during backhand lunge was significantly greater than during forehand lunge. In contrast, the sagittal ROM of ankle joint and peak abduction moment of knee joint was significantly lower during backhand lunge.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Gender-specific biomechanical strategies influence knee loading patterns during badminton lunges, contributing to direction-dependent variations in injury risk. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating directional biomechanical demands and sex-specific neuromuscular adaptations into training and injury prevention programs to mitigate injury risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":48585,"journal":{"name":"BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation","volume":"17 1","pages":"244"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12369038/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144974751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Injury fear in mountaineering accidents: a study of Turkish mountaineers' experiences.","authors":"Erdoğan Ekinci, Fatih Mehmet Parlar, Özge Ercan, Nedim Tekin, Begüm Yaşar Sönmez, Ümit Doğan Üstün","doi":"10.1186/s13102-025-01292-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13102-025-01292-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Mountaineering, which involves high levels of risk and challenge, is an extreme sports activity with a deep history, requiring superior physical fitness, mental strength and technical knowledge. The high level of risk inherent in mountaineering also brings with it injuries, which negatively affect athletes' performance and lead to traumatic experiences that cause anxiety. This research aims to examine in depth the injury concerns of licensed mountaineers.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The present research conducted as a qualitative study with the phenomenological approach and the data were obtained through in-depth interviews conducted face-to-face. In the interviews conducted with 12 professional mountaineers selected with the criterion sampling method, an interview form consisting of semi-structured questions developed by the research team based on Lazarus' Cognitive-Motivational-Relational Theory was used. The obtained data were analyzed with the content analysis technique.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The research results reveal that the injury concerns of mountaineers are related to the themes of risk management, psychological resilience, mental strengthening and strategic thinking in the cognitive dimension; amotivation, passion and taking precautions in the motivational dimension; and resistance, environmental support, environmental pressure, developing self-awareness and persuasion in the relational dimension.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results show that the performance of athletes in the Cognitive-Motivational-Relational dimensions is affected by injury fear. Therefore, it shows that injury fear is a critical factor that must be taken into consideration and managed in order to ensure sustainability in mountaineering.</p>","PeriodicalId":48585,"journal":{"name":"BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation","volume":"17 1","pages":"241"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12357472/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144862569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the acute effects of static and dynamic stretching exercises on the balance performance of Turkish wrestlers.","authors":"Erdil Durukan, Gokhan Aydin, Mehmet Goktepe, Guner Cicek, Ferhat Guder, Ozkan Isik","doi":"10.1186/s13102-025-01293-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13102-025-01293-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The importance of dynamic and static stretching exercises on motoric abilities before an athletic performance is well known. However, there is limited information about their effects on balance performance. For this reason, this study aimed to investigate the acute effects of static and dynamic stretching exercises on wrestlers' balance performance and compare wrestlers' balance levels according to their wrestling styles.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A total of 28 wrestlers who performed dynamic stretching (n = 14) and static stretching (n = 14) protocols voluntarily participated in the study. Data were collected using Togu Challenge Disc 2.0. An independent samples t-test was applied to compare the data that were determined to show normal distribution.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>When comparing dynamic balance according to warm-up protocols, it was found that there was a significant difference in favor of wrestlers who performed dynamic stretching (p = 0.023). However, no statistically significant difference was found between static and dynamic stretching groups in terms of static balance (p = 0.238). Additionally, while a significant difference was observed in the wrestlers' dynamic balance scores in both dynamic and static stretching exercises in favor of freestyle wrestlers (p = 0.008; p = 0.022), a significant difference was found in static balance scores in favor of Greco-Roman wrestlers (p = 0.014; p = 0.018).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Dynamic stretching exercises were found to support wrestlers' balance performance more than static stretching. The results showed that the different warm-up protocols applied before training and competition can have different effects on the wrestlers' performance. Therefore, it is suggested that wrestlers should prefer warm-up protocols including dynamic stretching exercises to optimize pre-performance balance outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":48585,"journal":{"name":"BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation","volume":"17 1","pages":"242"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12357431/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144862497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy and moderators of isometric resistance training (IRT) on resting blood pressure among patients with pre- to established hypertension: a multilevel meta-review and regression analysis.","authors":"Chengyu Zhou, Sijia Li, Zengyu Zhang, Jiamin Chen, Jian Song, Yongmin Xie, Zhuolin Tang, Aiguo Zhou","doi":"10.1186/s13102-025-01286-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13102-025-01286-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of isometric resistance training (IRT) in lowering blood pressure through meta-analyses, specifically systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP), in individuals with pre-hypertension to established hypertension. Additionally, it seeks to identify potential moderators that influence the blood pressure-lowering effects of IRT.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic search was conducted in Web of Science (Core Collection), PubMed, Cochrane Library, and CNKI to identify studies employing a between-group design in individuals with pre-hypertension to established hypertension that assessed the effects of IRT on blood pressure. The initial search was performed in February 2024 and updated in May 2025. A multilevel meta-analysis was conducted to pool effect estimates for each outcome, reported as mean difference (MD) and standardized mean difference (SMD). Heterogeneity was examined using subgroup analyses, meta-regression, and sensitivity analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The present meta-review included 30 original studies, and meta- analysis results suggested compared to the control group, IRT significant reductions in SBP by 7.31 mmHg (SMD = -0.76, I² = 75%, moderate certainty of evidence), DBP by 3.90 mmHg (SMD = -0.54, I² = 48%, low certainty of evidence), and MAP by 5.94 mmHg (SMD = -0.92, I² = 53%, moderate certainty of evidence) among individuals with pre-hypertension to established hypertension (p < 0.01 for all). Sensitivity analysis confirmed that the above combined results were stable and there was no risk of publication bias. Subgroup analyses identified region, health status, medication use, training mode, interval duration, and frequency as significant moderators of IRT's effect on SBP, while BMI, interval duration, and frequency significantly moderated its effect on DBP (p < 0.05 for all). Meta-regression showed that SBP reduction was associated with age, female proportion, and training intensity (%MVC), with each 10% MVC increase in intensity linked to a ~ 2 mmHg SBP and ~ 1.3 mmHg MAP reduction in the range 10-60% MVC. For DBP, age was the only significant predictor.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>IRT was efficacious in reducing resting SBP, DBP, and MAP in individuals with pre-hypertension to established hypertension. The antihypertensive effects of IRT may be moderated by factors such as age, sex, medication status, baseline BP, and training variables (e.g., intensity, modality, recovery), underscoring the need for individualized and well-controlled applications in practice and research. A protocol recommends IRT at 30-60% MVC (gradually increase) or wall squat IRT at approximately 85%-95% HRpeak, performed 3-5 sessions per week for 14 min per session (4 × 2 min contractions with 2 min recovery).</p>","PeriodicalId":48585,"journal":{"name":"BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation","volume":"17 1","pages":"243"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12357484/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144862568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}