BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation最新文献

{"title":"Acute cardiovascular, autonomic and endocrine responses to a one-hour competitive esports session: a randomized controlled crossover study.","authors":"Markus Soffner, Fabian Tomschi, Udo F Wehmeier, Thomas Hilberg","doi":"10.1186/s13102-026-02159-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-02159-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Competitive esports involve prolonged sedentary behavior combined with high cognitive and emotional demands, potentially influencing acute physiological responses. However, evidence regarding acute cardiovascular, autonomic, and endocrine responses to competitive gaming remains inconsistent and methodologically heterogeneous.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this randomized controlled crossover study, sixteen healthy male EA Sports FC players completed a one-hour competitive gaming session and a control condition (documentary viewing). Heart rate (HR), root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) and standard deviation of NN-intervals (SDNN) for heart rate variability (HRV) were recorded continuously. Peripheral and central blood pressure, pulse wave velocity (PWV) and salivary cortisol were assessed at baseline, post-session, and after 15 min of rest. Linear mixed-effects models examined the effects of condition, time, and their interaction while accounting for period and sequence effects.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>RMSSD (p = 0.005, ηₚ² = 0.13) and SDNN (p = 0.040, ηₚ² = 0.08) showed a significant Condition x Time interaction, with an increase in the control condition, whereas no significant temporal changes were observed during gaming. No significant Condition x Time interactions were observed for HR, PWV, peripheral and central blood pressure. Salivary cortisol decreased over time in both conditions (p < 0.001, ηₚ² = 0.33) without condition-specific effects (p = 0.765).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this laboratory setting, no significant condition specific temporal changes in acute hemodynamic or cortisol responses were detected during competitive gaming compared with passive documentary viewing. The observed differences in cardiac autonomic regulation were primarily driven by an increase in HRV during the control condition, whereas no significant temporal changes in HRV were observed during gaming.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>The study was preregistered in the German Clinical Trials Registry on 05 June 2024 (ID: DRKS00034399).</p>","PeriodicalId":48585,"journal":{"name":"BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13659994/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149185221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blood flow restriction with different loads versus moderate intensity resistive exercises in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a single-blind randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Afaf Mohamed Tahoon, Farah Fouad Gomaa El Gamal, Shaimaa Mohamed Metawee, Noha Khaled, Nasr Awad Abdelkader","doi":"10.1186/s13102-026-02068-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-02068-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a common condition causing pain, muscle weakness, and functional impairment. In addition, many patients cannot tolerate resistance training due to pain. Blood flow restriction (BFR) has been proposed as a low-load alternative strategy to improve muscle function, but the effectiveness of passive BFR application remains unclear in KOA. Therefore, this study compared passive BFR at 50% and 70% limb occlusion pressure (LOP) with moderate-intensity resistance training (MI-RT) in KOA.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A three-arm, parallel groups, single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 75 Patients, aged 45-60 years, diagnosed with KOA. They were randomly assigned to receive 16 sessions (twice weekly for eight weeks) for either the study groups (BFR-50% LOP; BFR-70% LOP) or the control group (MI-RT). The primary outcomes were quadriceps torque and normalized torque. Pain intensity, functional mobility, functional ability, KOA impact, Rate of Perceived Exertion, and global perceived improvement were secondary outcomes. Measures were recorded at baseline, 4, and 8 weeks.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All interventions produced significant improvements over time across all outcomes (p < 0.001). Compared with both BFR groups, MI-RT produced greater increases in quadriceps torque than BFR-50% LOP (MD = 18.57 N.m, p < 0.001) and BFR-70% LOP (MD = 13.81 N.m, p = 0.004) at week 8, with significant increases in perceived exertion, whereas no changes in exertion were observed in either BFR group. The BFR-70% LOP group demonstrated greater improvement in lower-extremity functional ability than MI-RT (MD = 6.8 points, p = 0.02) and BFR-50% LOP (MD = 15.9 points, p < 0.001). However, no significant between-group differences were observed for pain intensity, KOA impact, functional mobility, or perceived improvement.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MI-RT was the most effective intervention for improving quadriceps strength, whereas passive BFR at 70% LOP yielded the greatest improvements in lower-extremity functional ability while requiring less perceived exertion. These findings suggest that passive BFR at 70% LOP may be a feasible rehabilitation option for patients with knee osteoarthritis who cannot tolerate resistive exercise. Passive BFR at 50% LOP produced smaller functional improvements than the other interventions.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (No: NCT06637124) on September 24, 2024. URL: https://share.google/fuSDVPVt2pxG7M1HU .</p>","PeriodicalId":48585,"journal":{"name":"BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13654207/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149168735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 10-week randomized controlled hip-strengthening intervention in healthy, well-trained runners: longitudinal and cross-sectional analyses of frontal-plane running biomechanics across running speeds.","authors":"Sebastian Landauer, Ansgar Schwirtz, Florian Kurt Paternoster","doi":"10.1186/s13102-026-02148-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13102-026-02148-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hip abductor (HABDS) and hip external rotator strength (HERS) are proposed to influence frontal-plane running biomechanics, including characteristics associated with running-related injury risk. Evidence and intervention effects are inconsistent. Sex-specific differences in running biomechanics suggest that the relationship between hip strength and running biomechanics may differ between females and males. Whether relationships or the effects of hip strengthening are consistent across running speeds is unknown. This study aimed to examine the longitudinal effects of isolated hip strengthening on running biomechanics at three speeds and whether hip strength predicted running biomechanics at these speeds, accounting for sex.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty-eight (23 females, 25 males) healthy, well-trained runners underwent baseline hip strength testing (motor-driven dynamometer) and 3D running analysis at three individually prescribed speeds based on 1000-m time: slow (60%), medium (80%), and fast (100%), corresponding to 2.76 ± 0.29, 3.69 ± 0.39, and 4.61 ± 0.49 m/s (mean ± SD). The primary outcome was frontal-plane knee moment, with frontal-plane hip, knee, and pelvis angles as secondary outcomes. Participants were randomized to a 10-week hip-strengthening intervention or a control group. Longitudinal changes were assessed using SPM t-tests of pre-post change scores between groups, conducted separately by sex and running speed. No sex × intervention or speed × intervention interactions were tested. Strength adaptations were evaluated using analysis of covariance. Cross-sectional analyses used SPM general linear models to determine whether hip strength predicted running biomechanics across running speeds, with sex as a covariate.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The intervention increased HABDS by 0.20-0.29 Nm/kg (10.9-16.7%), with significant effects for five of six conditions, and increased left eccentric HERS by 0.05 Nm/kg (5.9%). Biomechanical outcomes did not change. At baseline, greater HABDS was associated with higher knee abduction moments during late stance at slow running speed only. No other associations were significant.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A 10-week hip abductor and external rotator strengthening program improved HABDS but did not alter frontal-plane running biomechanics in healthy, well-trained runners. Although greater HABDS was associated with higher knee abduction moments during slow running, the findings do not support a consistent relationship between hip strength and frontal-plane running biomechanics.</p>","PeriodicalId":48585,"journal":{"name":"BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13647887/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149138267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exercise-related interventions for cardiopulmonary function in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.","authors":"Xiaoquan Weng, Shuo Zhou, Wenrui Huang, Lingyan Yuan","doi":"10.1186/s13102-026-01887-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01887-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare the effects of exercise-related interventions on cardiopulmonary function in adolescents with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We searched PubMed, Embase, other databases, and trial registries for randomized controlled trials that reported cardiopulmonary outcomes in adolescents with AIS. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were used for forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and mean differences (MDs) were used for the 6-minute walk distance (6MWD). Direct and indirect evidence was combined using a random-effects network meta-analysis. Intervention rankings were estimated using the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA). Risk of bias was assessed with the revised Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool, and certainty of evidence was evaluated using Confidence in Network Meta-Analysis. Sensitivity analyses tested the effects of node composition, bracing-related interventions, postoperative or perioperative studies, risk of bias, and alternative assumptions for change-score standard deviations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>24 randomized controlled trials involving 1221 adolescents with AIS were included. Brace combined with exercise training showed the most favourable ranking probability for FVC (SMD 2.87, 95% CI 0.24 to 5.50; SUCRA 93.2; low certainty). Mind-body exercise showed the most favourable ranking probability for FEV1 (SMD 3.28, 95% CI 0.43 to 6.13; SUCRA 92.5; low certainty). For 6MWD, resistance training showed the most favourable ranking probability (MD 143.14 m, 95% CI 110.39 to 175.89; SUCRA 99.3; moderate certainty), followed by aerobic endurance training (MD 121.14 m, 95% CI 93.56 to 148.71; SUCRA 86.7; moderate certainty). Overall, the certainty of evidence ranged from low to moderate. Some findings were limited by heterogeneity, sparse networks, small sample sizes, or possible publication bias.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Exercise-related interventions may improve pulmonary function and walking capacity in adolescents with AIS. However, because most comparative evidence was of low to moderate certainty and some rankings were affected by sparse networks and small-study effects, these findings should be interpreted as exploratory rather than as definitive exercise-prescription recommendations.</p>","PeriodicalId":48585,"journal":{"name":"BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13637409/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149117111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is there a difference in knee biomechanics due to fatigue of the quadriceps versus hamstrings during landing on a single limb? a randomized comparative laboratory study.","authors":"Waleed S Mahmoud, Marwa M Ibrahim, Mohammed Moustafa Hegazy, Saud M Alrawaili, Sahar Mahmoud Hassan, Soheir M Abdel Rahman, Nadia L Radwan","doi":"10.1186/s13102-026-02103-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-02103-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The quadriceps and hamstring muscles play a central role in absorbing impact forces and maintaining dynamic knee stability during landing tasks. Together, these muscle groups also strongly influence knee joint kinematics and kinetics. This study aimed to compare the effects of induced fatigue of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles on the kinematics and kinetics of the knee joint during a single-leg landing in a forward-drop jump task.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Of the 108 athletes (aged 20-25 years) randomized to either the quadriceps or hamstring fatigue group, 93 completed the study and were analyzed. The peak knee flexion angle, vertical ground reaction force (vGRF), anterior tibial shear force, and knee flexion-extension and abduction-adduction moments were measured before and after inducing fatigue in the quadriceps or hamstrings during a forward-drop jump with a single-leg landing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Hamstring fatigue significantly reduced the peak knee flexion angle (p < 0.001) compared with quadriceps fatigue. Also, hamstring fatigue significantly increased the vGRF and anterior tibial shear force (p < 0.001) more than quadriceps fatigue. The peak flexion moment demonstrated a significant Group × Time interaction (p = 0.022), decreasing significantly following hamstring fatigue (p < 0.001). Conversely, the peak extension moment showed a significant Group × Time interaction (p < 0.001), decreasing significantly following quadriceps fatigue (p < 0.001). The knee abduction and adduction moments were significantly affected (p < 0.001) by quadriceps fatigue more than by hamstring fatigue.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Hamstring fatigue was associated with greater changes in knee flexion angle, vertical ground reaction force, anterior tibial shear force, and peak flexion moment, whereas quadriceps fatigue induced more disturbances in knee abduction and adduction moments. These findings highlight distinct, muscle-specific changes in surrogate biomechanical measures that reflect different mechanical pathways associated with ACL loading.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial registration number: </strong>The trial was registered on 5/5/2023, Iranian Registry of Clinical Trial, Identifier: (IRCT20230329057784N1).</p>","PeriodicalId":48585,"journal":{"name":"BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13633636/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149117071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of plyometric training on match running performance in elite U20 male soccer players at moderate altitude.","authors":"Liangzhu Feng, Lee David Mcgarrigal, Xiaolin Bi, Xupeng Zhou, Yishi Guan, Zhongqi Fan, Yuhang Jin, Hao Wu, Hongyou Liu","doi":"10.1186/s13102-026-01772-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13102-026-01772-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The effectiveness of plyometric training for improving isolated physical performance in soccer players is well established; however, its transfer to match running performance, particularly under chronic moderate-altitude conditions (~ 2000 m), remains unclear. This study examined whether supplementing regular soccer training with a structured plyometric training programme would enhance friendly match running performance in elite U20 male soccer players training at moderate altitude.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eighteen elite academy players completed a 16-week quasi-experimental, non-randomized, sequential within-subject intervention consisting of two consecutive 8-week training phases: regular soccer training only (control) followed by regular training supplemented with plyometric training (experimental). Match running performance was assessed during friendly matches using 10-Hz global positioning system technology (Catapult Sports, Australia) before the intervention, after the control phase, and after the plyometric training phase. Distance per minute (DPM), top speed (TS), high-speed running distance (HSR), sprint distance (SD), and explosive accelerations (EA) and decelerations (ED) were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models to account for repeated match observations within players. The fixed sequential design should be considered when interpreting the findings, as potential time-related and seasonal influences cannot be fully excluded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Following the regular soccer training phase, trivial or unclear changes were observed in DPM (ES; ±95%CL: 0.02 ± 0.19), HSR (0.13 ± 0.43), SD (0.01 ± 0.55), EA (0.03 ± 0.34), and ED (0.13 ± 0.37), whereas TS showed a substantial increase (0.63 ± 0.12). Following the phase that included additional plyometric training, substantial increases were observed in DPM (1.66 ± 0.19), TS (1.66 ± 0.12), HSR (1.18 ± 0.40), SD (1.39 ± 0.51), EA (1.03 ± 0.33), and ED (1.15 ± 0.38).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings indicate that adding plyometric training to regular soccer training may provide an additional stimulus associated with enhanced match running performance in elite youth soccer players, even under long-term moderate-altitude conditions. However, the results should be interpreted cautiously given the non-randomized sequential design.</p>","PeriodicalId":48585,"journal":{"name":"BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13602657/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149040698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Half-space involvement in goal-scoring sequences in elite European football: a multi-league spatial analysis.","authors":"Hakan Büyükçelebi, Serkan Düz","doi":"10.1186/s13102-026-02102-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13102-026-02102-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although spatial attacking patterns and goal-scoring areas have received considerable attention in football research, evidence on the role of Half-Space in goal-scoring sequences remains limited, particularly across multiple elite European leagues.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study examined Half-Space involvement in successful goal-scoring sequences, focusing on goals and assists originating from predefined Half-Space zones in the attacking third across five UEFA-affiliated top-tier leagues during the 2021-2022 season.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective observational approach was adopted. The dataset comprised 1,826 matches and 4,647 coded goal-scoring events from the English Premier League, Spanish La Liga, German Bundesliga, Italian Serie A, and French Ligue 1. Match events were coded using a predefined pitch segmentation framework, with Half-Space identified as the vertical channels located between the central and wide areas of the attacking third. Goals and assists were classified according to their zone of origin, pass type, tactical context, and finishing technique. Inter-rater agreement was evaluated using Cohen's kappa. Spatial distributions were summarized descriptively, with channel-adjusted values used to account for differences in the number of vertical channels represented by each spatial category. Relationships among categorical variables were assessed using chi-square tests, with Cramer's V reported as an effect-size measure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Goal and assist involvement varied descriptively across spatial categories. Because the Half-Space and Wide Area categories each comprised two vertical channels whereas the Central category comprised one, channel-adjusted values were also considered when interpreting RQ1. Significant associations were observed among assist origin, goal location, pass type, finishing technique, and tactical context (all p < .001), with effect sizes ranging from moderate to large for several comparisons. Goal-zone distributions did not differ significantly across leagues (p = .316), whereas assist-zone distributions showed a statistically significant but very small league association (p = .005, Cramer's V = 0.045).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results identify descriptive spatial characteristics of successful goal-scoring sequences in elite European football. Given that the analysis was restricted to successful scoring events and did not account for unsuccessful attacks, possession dynamics, or player-tracking data, the findings should be interpreted as descriptive rather than causal. These findings may assist post-match performance analysis and provide a foundation for future research incorporating tracking data and possession-adjusted metrics.</p>","PeriodicalId":48585,"journal":{"name":"BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13675986/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149217197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychological experiences and consequences of classification and reclassification in competitive Para sport: a scoping review.","authors":"Mehmet Aydoğan, Aygül Çağlayan Tunç","doi":"10.1186/s13102-026-02096-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-02096-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Classification determines eligibility and sport class in competitive Para sport, yet its psychological consequences have not been synthesised separately from the technical classification literature. This review mapped athlete experiences and psychological consequences associated with classification, reclassification, declassification, and related classification decisions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A scoping review was conducted in accordance with JBI guidance and reported using PRISMA-ScR. Web of Science Core Collection and Scopus were searched from inception to 26 July 2026; PubMed/MEDLINE, Academic Search Ultimate, and OpenDissertations were searched from inception to 27 July 2026. Two reviewers independently completed title-and-abstract and full-text screening. Data were charted descriptively and synthesised using inductive thematic synthesis. Formal critical appraisal was not undertaken because the review was designed to map a heterogeneous evidence base rather than estimate effects or grade certainty.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The searches identified 2,658 records; 1,289 remained after duplicate removal. Twenty-four reports were sought for full-text retrieval, 22 were assessed, and 17 studies were included. The evidence comprised 10 primarily qualitative studies, four quantitative survey or cross-sectional studies, one mixed-methods study, and two participatory or multi-method evaluations. Seven themes were identified: process knowledge and communication; fairness, trust, and system integrity; uncertainty, control, and emotional consequences; identity, belonging, dignity, and social relations; satisfaction, acceptance, and perceived utility; motivation, self-efficacy, behavioural responses, and performance; and access, burden, and participation. The most disruptive accounts were reported when decisions were poorly explained, perceived as inconsistent, or associated with unexpected reclassification or loss of eligibility. Prospective and longitudinal evidence was scarce, and no included study prospectively evaluated a classification-specific support strategy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Classification was reported as both a technical assessment and an organisational and interpersonal process. Across the mapped evidence, transparent information, respectful communication, sport-specific procedures, credible review routes, and attention to access and transition were associated with trust, acceptance, and well-being. Classification-specific education, support, and referral approaches should be regarded as evidence-informed priorities for prospective evaluation, particularly around reclassification, 'Not Eligible' decisions, protest, appeal, and career transition.</p>","PeriodicalId":48585,"journal":{"name":"BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13660211/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149185316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inter-limb asymmetry characteristics and their impact on bilateral jump performance in elite gymnasts: a comparison across varying mechanical loads.","authors":"Yijie Ma, Kai Xu, Mitchell James Finlay, Rangxi Jin, Chao Chen, Dexin Wang, Chunhua Dong","doi":"10.1186/s13102-026-02112-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13102-026-02112-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated task-specific biomechanical regulation and the impact of inter-limb asymmetry on athletic performance in fourteen elite gymnasts. Participants (sex: 7 males, 7 females; age: 20.14 ± 1.23 years) performed bilateral and unilateral drop jump (DJ) and hopping tasks while kinetic data were collected via force plates to calculate vertical stiffness (Kvert), center of mass (COM) displacement, vertical ground reaction force (vGRF), and inter-limb asymmetry. Compared with hopping, the drop jump task exhibited lower Kvert and vGRF but greater COM displacement (all p < 0.001). COM asymmetry was significantly greater during DJ than during hopping (p < 0.05) and was positively associated only with bilateral hopping reactive strength index (RSI) in the pooled sample (p < 0.05). In contrast, vGRF asymmetry during hopping was negatively associated with RSI in both bilateral hopping and bilateral DJ tasks (p < 0.05). These correlation analyses were exploratory and were not adjusted for multiple comparisons. These findings suggest that different forms of asymmetry may carry distinct functional implications under varying mechanical loading conditions. Furthermore, the self-selected frequency hopping task may represent a candidate approach for assessing inter-limb functional balance in elite gymnasts.</p>","PeriodicalId":48585,"journal":{"name":"BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13675967/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149217160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical activity and oxidative stress biomarkers in humans: a systematic review and quantitative meta-analysis.","authors":"Hassan Rahim Wahib, Roghayyeh Afroundeh, Reza Farzizadeh, Reza Malekzadeh","doi":"10.1186/s13102-026-02059-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13102-026-02059-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The effects of physical activity on oxidative stress biomarkers in humans remain heterogeneous. This systematic review and meta-analysis quantified exercise-induced changes in key redox biomarkers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Following PRISMA 2020 (PROSPERO: CRD420251144711), a systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (2000-2025) identified human studies assessing malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and total antioxidant status (TAS). Random-effects models estimated pooled standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Subgroup analyses, meta-regression, sensitivity analyses, publication bias, and risk-of-bias assessments were fully performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 98 eligible studies (up to 31 meta-analyzed, n = 4,742), physical activity significantly reduced MDA (SMD = -1.02; 95% CI: -1.95 to -0.09; p = 0.032; I² = 94.6%) and increased TAS (SMD = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.38 to 1.15; p < 0.001; I² = 0.0%). GSH showed a non-significant trend toward reduction (SMD = -0.58; p = 0.075; I² = 88.5%), while CAT, SOD, and TAC demonstrated no significant pooled effects. Subgroup analyses identified effect modification by age, BMI, and duration, though meta-regression found no linear relationships with age or duration. Sensitivity analyses confirmed robustness for SOD, GSH, and TAS, while MDA, CAT, and TAC were influenced by influential studies. Publication bias was detected for GSH (Egger's p = 0.006). Heterogeneity was substantial (I² = 87-97%), and most studies were of moderate methodological quality.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Physical activity selectively reduces lipid peroxidation and enhances non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity without uniformly upregulating enzymatic defenses. However, due to substantial heterogeneity, moderate methodological quality, and potential publication bias for GSH, these findings should be interpreted cautiously as exploratory.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>PROSPERO CRD420251144711.</p>","PeriodicalId":48585,"journal":{"name":"BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13587412/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149002665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}