Comparative analysis of external and internal loads in preparation male volleyball and beach volleyball matches.

Background: This study analyzed external and internal load demands in preparation volleyball and beach volleyball matches.

Method: Twelve national-level male players (age = 21.9 ± 2.9 years, height = 188.7 ± 7.7 cm, body mass 83.7 ± 7.7 kg) participated in three beach volleyball and one indoor volleyball sessions. External loads-including total distance covered, movement speed zones, high-intensity accelerations and decelerations, and jump counts by height-were assessed using VXSport (Omni) inertial units.

Results: External loads showed no significant differences except for higher jump counts (< 20 cm) in beach volleyball. However, beach volleyball elicited greater physiological responses, including higher average and peak heart rates, increased time in the 90-100% heart rate maximum zone, and elevated energy consumption.

Conclusion: These findings emphasize the impact of environmental constraints, such as sand surfaces, on amplifying internal workloads. The results highlight the need for tailored training programs addressing the specific demands of each volleyball format. Additionally, this research provides benchmarks for designing targeted exercises, improving real-time monitoring, and enhancing sport-specific conditioning strategies. By exploring biomechanical and physiological distinctions between volleyball and beach volleyball, the study contributes to optimizing athlete performance and guiding sports training methodologies.