International Journal of Bioprinting最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of surgical fixation methods for the implantation of melt electrowriting-reinforced hyaluronic acid hydrogel composites in porcine cartilage defects.","authors":"Jonathan H Galarraga, Hannah M Zlotnick, Ryan C Locke, Sachin Gupta, Natalie L Fogarty, Kendall M Masada, Brendan D Stoeckl, Lorielle Laforest, Miguel Castilho, Jos Malda, Riccardo Levato, James L Carey, Robert L Mauck, Jason A Burdick","doi":"10.18063/ijb.775","DOIUrl":"10.18063/ijb.775","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The surgical repair of articular cartilage remains an ongoing challenge in orthopedics. Tissue engineering is a promising approach to treat cartilage defects; however, scaffolds must (i) possess the requisite material properties to support neocartilage formation, (ii) exhibit sufficient mechanical integrity for handling during implantation, and (iii) be reliably fixed within cartilage defects during surgery. In this study, we demonstrate the reinforcement of soft norbornene-modified hyaluronic acid (NorHA) hydrogels via the melt electrowriting (MEW) of polycaprolactone to fabricate composite scaffolds that support encapsulated porcine mesenchymal stromal cell (pMSC, three donors) chondrogenesis and cartilage formation and exhibit mechanical properties suitable for handling during implantation. Thereafter, acellular MEW-NorHA composites or MEW-NorHA composites with encapsulated pMSCs and precultured for 28 days were implanted in full-thickness cartilage defects in porcine knees using either bioresorbable pins or fibrin glue to assess surgical fixation methods. Fixation of composites with either biodegradable pins or fibrin glue ensured implant retention in most cases (80%); however, defects treated with pinned composites exhibited more subchondral bone remodeling and inferior cartilage repair, as evidenced by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and safranin O/fast green staining, respectively, when compared to defects treated with glued composites. Interestingly, no differences in repair tissue were observed between acellular and cellularized implants. Additional work is required to assess the full potential of these scaffolds for cartilage repair. However, these results suggest that future approaches for cartilage repair with MEW-reinforced hydrogels should be carefully evaluated with regard to their fixation approach for construct retention and surrounding cartilage tissue damage.</p>","PeriodicalId":48522,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Bioprinting","volume":"9 5","pages":"775"},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/60/45/IJB-9-5-775.PMC10339416.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9817196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blood-derived biomaterials for tissue graft biofabrication by solvent-based extrusion bioprinting","authors":"C. D. Amo, I. Andia","doi":"10.18063/ijb.762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.762","url":null,"abstract":"This article provides an overview of the different types of blood-derived biomaterials that can be used as solvent additives in the formulation of inks/bioinks for use in solvent extrusion printing/bioprinting. We discuss the properties of various blood sub-products obtained after blood fractionation in terms of their use in tailoring ink/bioink to produce functional constructs designed to improve tissue repair. Blood-derived additives include platelets and/or their secretome, including signaling proteins and microvesicles, which can drive cell migration, inflammation, angiogenesis, and synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins. The contribution of plasma to ink/bioink functionalization relies not only on growth factors, such as hepatocyte growth factor and insulin growth factors, but also on adhesive proteins, such as fibrinogen/fibrin, vitronectin, and fibronectin. We review the current developments and progress in solvent-based extrusion printing/bioprinting with inks/bioinks functionalized with different blood-derived products, leading toward the development of more advanced patient-specific 3D constructs in multiple medical fields, including but not limited to oral tissues and cartilage, bone, skin, liver, and neural tissues. This information will assist researchers in identifying the most suitable blood-derived product for their ink/bioink formulation based on the intended regenerative functionality of the target tissue.","PeriodicalId":48522,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Bioprinting","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80384637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A state-of-the-art guide about the effects of sterilization processes on 3D-printed materials for surgical planning and medical applications: A comparative study.","authors":"Arnau Valls-Esteve, Pamela Lustig-Gainza, Nuria Adell-Gomez, Aitor Tejo-Otero, Marti Englí-Rueda, Estibaliz Julian-Alvarez, Osmeli Navarro-Sureda, Felip Fenollosa-Artés, Josep Rubio-Palau, Lucas Krauel, Josep Munuera","doi":"10.18063/ijb.756","DOIUrl":"10.18063/ijb.756","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Surgeons use different medical devices in the surgery, such as patient-specific anatomical models, cutting and positioning guides, or implants. These devices must be sterilized before being used in the operation room. There are many sterilization processes available, with autoclave, hydrogen peroxide, and ethylene oxide being the most common in hospital settings. Each method has both advantages and disadvantages in terms of mechanics, chemical interaction, and post-treatment accuracy. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the dimensional and mechanical effect of the most commonly used sterilization techniques available in clinical settings, i.e., Autoclave 121, Autoclave 134, and hydrogen peroxide (HPO), on 11 of the most used 3D-printed materials fabricated using additive manufacturing technologies. The results showed that the temperature (depending on the sterilization method) and the exposure time to that temperature influence not only the mechanical behavior but also the original dimensioning planned on the 3D model. Therefore, HPO is a better overall option for most of the materials evaluated. Finally, based on the results of the study, a recommendation guide on sterilization methods per material, technology, and clinical application is presented.</p>","PeriodicalId":48522,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Bioprinting","volume":"9 5","pages":"756"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/b7/0e/IJB-9-5-756.PMC10406103.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9957246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Swelling compensation of engineered vasculature fabricated by additive manufacturing and sacrifice-based technique using thermoresponsive hydrogel.","authors":"Xue Yang, Shuai Li, Xin Sun, Ya Ren, Lei Qiang, Yihao Liu, Jinwu Wang, Kerong Dai","doi":"10.18063/ijb.749","DOIUrl":"10.18063/ijb.749","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Engineered vasculature is widely employed to maintain the cell viability within <i>in vitro</i> tissues. A variety of fabrication techniques for engineered vasculature have been explored, with combination of additive manufacturing with a sacrifice-based technique being the most common approach. However, the size deformation of vasculature caused by the swelling of sacrificial materials remains unaddressed. In this study, Pluronic F-127 (PF-127), the most widely used sacrificial material, was employed to study the deformation of the vasculature. Then, a thermoresponsive hydrogel comprising poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) was used to induce volume shrinkage at 37°C to compensate for the deformation of vasculature caused by the swelling of a three-dimensional (3D)-printed sacrificial template, and to generate vasculature of a smaller size than that after deformation. Our results showed that the vasculature diameter increased after the sacrificial template was removed, whereas it decreased to the designed diameter after the volume shrinkage. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) formed an endothelial monolayer in the engineered vasculature. Osteosarcoma cells (OCs) were loaded into a hierarchical vasculature within the thermoresponsive hydrogel to investigate the interaction between HUVECs and OCs. New blood vessel infiltration was observed within the lumen of the engineered vasculature after <i>in vivo</i> subcutaneous implantation for 4 weeks. In addition, engineered vasculature was implanted in a rat ischemia model to further study the function of engineered vasculature for blood vessel infiltration. This study presents a small method aiming to accurately create engineered vasculature by additive manufacturing and a sacrificebased technique.</p>","PeriodicalId":48522,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Bioprinting","volume":"9 5","pages":"749"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/33/7a/IJB-9-5-749.PMC10339422.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9823678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using 3D-bioprinted models to study pediatric neural crest-derived tumors.","authors":"Colin H Quinn, Andee M Beierle, Janet R Julson, Michael E Erwin, Hasan Alrefai, Hooper R Markert, Jerry E Stewart, Sara Claire Hutchins, Laura V Bownes, Jamie M Aye, Elizabeth Mroczek-Musulman, Patricia H Hicks, Karina J Yoon, Christopher D Willey, Elizabeth A Beierle","doi":"10.18063/ijb.723","DOIUrl":"10.18063/ijb.723","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has remained at the forefront of tissue engineering and has recently been employed for generating bioprinted solid tumors to be used as cancer models to test therapeutics. In pediatrics, neural crest-derived tumors are the most common type of extracranial solid tumors. There are only a few tumor-specific therapies that directly target these tumors, and the lack of new therapies remains detrimental to improving the outcomes for these patients. The absence of more efficacious therapies for pediatric solid tumors, in general, may be due to the inability of the currently employed preclinical models to recapitulate the solid tumor phenotype. In this study, we utilized 3D bioprinting to generate neural crest-derived solid tumors. The bioprinted tumors consisted of cells from established cell lines and patient-derived xenograft tumors mixed with a 6% gelatin/1% sodium alginate bioink. The viability and morphology of the bioprints were analyzed via bioluminescence and immunohisto chemistry, respectively. We compared the bioprints to traditional twodimensional (2D) cell culture under conditions such as hypoxia and therapeutics. We successfully produced viable neural crest-derived tumors that retained the histology and immunostaining characteristics of the original parent tumors. The bioprinted tumors propagated in culture and grew in orthotopic murine models. Furthermore, compared to cells grown in traditional 2D culture, the bioprinted tumors were resistant to hypoxia and chemotherapeutics, suggesting that the bioprints exhibited a phenotype that is consistent with that seen clinically in solid tumors, thus potentially making this model superior to traditional 2D culture for preclinical investigations. Future applications of this technology entail the potential to rapidly print pediatric solid tumors for use in high-throughput drug studies, expediting the identification of novel, individualized therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":48522,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Bioprinting","volume":"9 4","pages":"723"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/bc/be/IJB-9-4-723.PMC10261178.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10411473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional materials of 3D bioprinting for wound dressings and skin tissue engineering applications: A review","authors":"H. Fang, Jie Xu, Hailin Ma, Jiaqi Liu, Erpai Xing, Y. Cheng, Hong Wang, Yi Nie, Bo Pan, Kedong Song","doi":"10.18063/ijb.757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.757","url":null,"abstract":"The skin plays an important role in vitamin D synthesis, humoral balance, temperature regulation, and waste excretion. Due to the complexity of the skin, fluids loss, bacterial infection, and other life-threatening secondary complications caused by skin defects often lead to the damage of skin functions. 3D bioprinting technology, as a customized and precise biomanufacturing platform, can manufacture dressings and tissue engineering scaffolds that accurately simulate tissue structure, which is more conducive to wound healing. In recent years, with the development of emerging technologies, an increasing number of 3D-bioprinted wound dressings and skin tissue engineering scaffolds with multiple functions, such as antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, hemostatic, and antitumor properties, have significantly improved wound healing and skin treatment. In this article, we review the process of wound healing and summarize the classification of 3D bioprinting technology. Following this, we shift our focus on the functional materials for wound dressing and skin tissue engineering, and also highlight the research progress and development direction of 3D-bioprinted multifunctional wound healing materials.","PeriodicalId":48522,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Bioprinting","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83463564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D printing of biomaterials for vascularized and innervated tissue regeneration.","authors":"Hongjian Zhang, Chengtie Wu","doi":"10.18063/ijb.706","DOIUrl":"10.18063/ijb.706","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neurovascular networks play significant roles in the metabolism and regeneration of many tissues and organs in the human body. Blood vessels can transport sufficient oxygen, nutrients, and biological factors, while nerve fibers transmit excitation signals to targeted cells. However, traditional scaffolds cannot satisfy the requirement of stimulating angiogenesis and innervation in a timely manner due to the complexity of host neurovascular networks. Three-dimensional (3D) printing, as a versatile and favorable technique, provides an effective approach to fabricating biological scaffolds with biomimetic architectures and multimaterial compositions, which are capable of regulating multiple cell behaviors. This review paper presents a summary of the current progress in 3D-printed biomaterials for vascularized and innervated tissue regeneration by presenting skin, bone, and skeletal muscle tissues as an example. In addition, we highlight the crucial roles of blood vessels and nerve fibers in the process of tissue regeneration and discuss the future perspectives for engineering novel biomaterials. It is expected that 3D-printed biomaterials with angiogenesis and innervation properties can not only recapitulate the physiological microenvironment of damaged tissues but also rapidly integrate with host neurovascular networks, resulting in accelerated functional tissue regeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":48522,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Bioprinting","volume":"9 3","pages":"706"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/79/7b/IJB-9-3-706.PMC10236343.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9578371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A biocompatible double-crosslinked gelatin/ sodium alginate/dopamine/quaterniazed chitosan hydrogel for wound dressings based on 3D bioprinting technology","authors":"Yueqi Lu, Jie Xu, Ya Su, Huan Fang, Jiaqi Liu, Siyao Lv, Yuen Yee Cheng, Yi Nie, Wenfang Li, Bo Pan, Kedong Song","doi":"10.18063/ijb.689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.689","url":null,"abstract":"Severe skin injuries can cause serious problems, which could affect the patient&amp;rsquo;s normal life, if not dealt properly in a timely and effective manner. It is an urgent requirement to develop personalized wound dressings with excellent antibacterial activity and biocompatibility to match the shape of the wound to facilitate clinical application. In this study, a bioink (GAQ) based on gelatin (Gel)/sodium alginate (SA)/ quaternized chitosan (QCS) was prepared, and GAQ hydrogel dressing grafting with dopamine (GADQ) was fabricated by an extrusion three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. QCS was synthesized by modifying quaternary ammonium group on chitosan, and its structure was successfully characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Our results showed that the GADQ hydrogel dressing that was double-crosslinked by EDC/ NHS and Ca2+ had good tensile strength, considerable swelling ratio, and effective antioxidation properties. It also showed that GADQ1.5% had 93.17% and 91.06% antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively. Furthermore, the relative survival ratios of fibroblast cells seeded on these hydrogels exceeded 350% after cultured for 7 days, which proved the biocompatibility of these hydrogels. Overall, this advanced 3D-printed GADQ1.5% hydrogels with effective antioxidation, excellent antibacterial activity and good biocompatibility had a considerable application potential for wound healing.","PeriodicalId":48522,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Bioprinting","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135081125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance of hybrid gelatin-PVA bioinks integrated with genipin through extrusion-based 3D bioprinting: An <i>in vitro</i> evaluation using human dermal fibroblasts.","authors":"Syafira Masri, Manira Maarof, Izhar Abd Aziz, Ruszymah Idrus, Mh Busra Fauzi","doi":"10.18063/ijb.677","DOIUrl":"10.18063/ijb.677","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>3D bioprinting technology is a well-established and promising advanced fabrication technique that utilizes potential biomaterials as bioinks to replace lost skin and promote new tissue regeneration. Cutaneous regenerative biomaterials are highly commended since they benefit patients with larger wound sizes and irregular wound shapes compared to the painstaking split-skin graft. This study aimed to fabricate biocompatible, biodegradable, and printable bioinks as a cutaneous substitute that leads to newly formed tissue post-transplantation. Briefly, gelatin (GE) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) bioinks were prepared in various concentrations (w/v); GE (6% GE: 0% PVA), GPVA3 (6% GE: 3% PVA), and GPVA5 (6% GE: 5% PVA), followed by 0.1% (w/v) genipin (GNP) crosslinking to achieve optimum printability. According to the results, GPVA5_GNP significantly presented at least 590.93 ± 164.7% of swelling ratio capacity and optimal water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), which is <1500 g/m²/h to maintain the moisture of the wound microenvironment. Besides, GPVA5_GNP is also more durable than other hydrogels with the slowest biodegradation rate of 0.018 ± 0.08 mg/h. The increasing amount of PVA improved the rheological properties of the hydrogels, leading the GPVA5_GNP to have the highest viscosity, around 3.0 ± 0.06 Pa.s. It allows a better performance of bioinks printability via extrusion technique. Moreover, the cross-section of the microstructure hydrogels showed the average pore sizes >100 μm with excellent interconnected porosity. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the hydrogels maintain their amorphous properties and were well-distributed through energy dispersive X-ray after crosslinking. Furthermore, there had no substantial functional group changes, as observed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, after the addition of crosslinker. In addition, GPVA hydrogels were biocompatible to the cells, effectively demonstrating >90% of cell viability. In conclusion, GPVA hydrogels crosslinked with GNP, as prospective bioinks, exhibited the superior properties necessary for wound healing treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":48522,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Bioprinting","volume":"9 3","pages":"677"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/34/de/IJB-9-3-677.PMC10236347.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9950896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioprinting of hydrogel beads to engineer pancreatic tumor-stroma microtissues for drug screening","authors":"Beisi Huang, Xiaoyun Wei, Keke Chen, Ling Wang, Mingen Xu","doi":"10.18063/ijb.v9i3.676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.v9i3.676","url":null,"abstract":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) having features of dense fibrotic stromal and extracellular matrix (ECM) components has poor clinical outcome. In vitro construction of relevant preclinical PDAC models recapitulating the tumor-stroma characteristics is therefore in great need for the development of pancreatic cancer therapy. In this work, a three-dimensional (3D) heterogeneous PDAC microtissue based on a dot extrusion printing (DEP) system is reported. Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel beads encapsulating human pancreatic cancer cells and stromal fibroblasts were printed, which demonstrated the capacity of providing ECM-mimetic microenvironments and thus mimicked the native cell-cell junctions and cell-ECM interactions. Besides, the spherical structure of the generated hydrogel beads, which took the advantage of encapsulating cells in a reduced volume, enabled efficient diffusion of oxygen, nutrients and cell waste, thus allowing the embedded cells to proliferate and eventually form a dense pancreatic tumor-stroma microtissue around hundred microns. Furthermore, a tunable stromal microenvironment was easily achieved by adjusting the density of stromal cells in the hydrogel beads. Based on our results, the produced heterogeneous pancreatic microtissue recapitulated the features of cellular interactions and stromal-like microenvironments, and displayed better anti-cancer drug resistance than mono-cultured pancreatic cancer spheroids. Together, the DEP system possesses the ability to simply and flexibly produce GelMA hydrogel beads, providing a robust manufacturing tool for the pancreatic cancer drug screening platform fabrication. In addition, the engineered pancreatic tumor-stroma microtissue based on bioprinted GelMA hydrogel beads, other than being ECM-biomimetic and stroma-tunable, can be used for observation in situ and may serve as a new drug screening platform.","PeriodicalId":48522,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Bioprinting","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135755200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}