Personality and Individual Differences最新文献

{"title":"Does childhood adversity make adolescents more morally disengaged? The effect of life history strategy and self-compassion","authors":"Huanhuan Zhao,&nbsp;Heyun Zhang,&nbsp;Wen He","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.112900","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.112900","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Childhood adversity may place adolescents at risk for moral disengagement. Drawing on evolutionary life history theory, this study aims to examine the underexplored relationship between childhood adversity and moral disengagement in Chinese adolescents as well as to explore the mediating role of life history strategy and the moderating role of self-compassion in the focal relationship. In Study 1, a total of 5089 adolescents were recruited and they finished a set of questionnaires concerning childhood adversity, life history strategy, self-compassion, and moral disengagement. A positive association was found between childhood adversity and moral disengagement via life history strategy, and this mediation effect was much weaker for adolescents who have high self-compassion. In Study 2, a total of 1890 adolescents initially participated in a three-wave longitudinal survey to validate the model obtained in Study 1. Childhood adversity increased adolescents' subsequent moral disengagement by accelerating their life history strategies, and self-compassion buffered the relatively long-lasting detrimental effects of childhood adversity. This work not only advances our understanding of the significant role of childhood adversity in causing moral disengagement among adolescents but also offers valuable insights into implementing appropriate preventions and interventions to reduce moral disengagement in adolescents and promote their positive development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 112900"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142422954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender swapping in massively multiplayer online role-playing games in China: Relationship to gender nonconformity and gender dysphoria","authors":"Lijun Zheng ,&nbsp;Jialin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.112898","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.112898","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Video games are identified as rich environments for the extension and development of the self. Gender swapping is common in massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs). Drawing on self-discrepancy theory, this study aims to examine whether variables reflecting actual-ideal self-discrepancy in gender-atypical behaviors and gender identity contribute to gender swapping. Specifically, we examine associations between childhood gender nonconformity (CGN), adulthood gender nonconformity (AGN), gender dysphoria, and gender-swapping. An online survey was conducted with 586 players of MMORPGs in China. CGN, AGN, and gender dysphoria were positively associated with gender-swapping. Gender dysphoria fully mediated the associations between CGN and gender swapping. The current findings indicate the effects of gender-atypical behaviors and gender identity on gender swapping among Chinese MMORPGs players.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 112898"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142357611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Like owner, like dog – A systematic review about similarities in dog-human dyads","authors":"Yana Bender ,&nbsp;Franziska Roth ,&nbsp;Stefan Schweinberger ,&nbsp;Simone Witte ,&nbsp;Juliane Bräuer","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.112884","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.112884","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This systematic review examines empirical evidence supporting the anecdotal assumption, that dogs look like and behave like their owners. To this end, we investigated 15 studies with the aim of testing that: (1) Owners and their dogs resemble each other in appearance and (2) owners and their dogs have similar personalities. Aggregation of the results supports evidence for both hypotheses. In terms of external similarities (i.e., appearance), participants were able to correctly match photos of dog-owner pairs, with one study even demonstrating that the eye area of owners and dogs was sufficient for accurate pairings. Further significant attributes included the correlation of weight of dog and owner and the hair/ear length similarity between women and their dogs. The included studies explain this by the owners' choice of a similar looking dog, possibly influenced by psychological mechanisms such as the Mere Exposure Effect or a Preference for Self-Similarity. Regarding internal similarities (i.e., personality), correlation of various personality dimensions was found. Most studies support the existence of similarities on the dimensions of extraversion and neuroticism. Discussion of potential reasons for these findings proposed a development of similarity over time, due to effects such as Emotional Convergence, Co-Regulation, and Reinforcement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 112884"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142357725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Grandiose or vulnerable? Narcissism subtype differentiates materialistic pursuit","authors":"Ankur Jha ,&nbsp;Sujit Sekhar ,&nbsp;Nishant Uppal","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.112896","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.112896","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study sought the unravel the differential materialistic tendencies of narcissists as a function of their grandiosity and vulnerability (GN and VN). We propose that self-esteem lies at core of materialistic behavior and hypothesize that any differential GN/VN and materialism relationship is influenced by the nature of association between self-esteem and GN/VN. Two empirical studies were conducted. Study – 1 examined the mediating role of self – esteem among working managers (<em>n</em> = 327). Further, in Study – 2, the shopping cart of a large group (<em>n</em> = 233) of regular Amazon shoppers was profiled for purchase patterns in an online shopping task. In Study – 1, it was observed that self-esteem significantly mediated the effects of the grandiose and vulnerable narcissism onto materialism. Further, in Study – 2, it was observed that, <em>grandiose</em> (<em>vulnerable</em>) narcissists primarily purchased <em>branded</em> (<em>trendy</em>) products, of <em>higher</em> (<em>lower</em>) average price per product, and spent a <em>larger</em> (<em>smaller</em>) proportion of their money in buying costly products. The research summarizes self-esteem related differences between grandiose and vulnerable narcissists and sheds light on the different motivational basis to this materialistic tendency. The findings further challenge extant ideas concerning the relationship between narcissists and their association with prominent brands.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 112896"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142327959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A psychometric exploration of the specificity of reinforcement sensitivity and social needs","authors":"Morten Christoffersen","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.112847","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.112847","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reinforcement sensitivity theory is often used as a larger framework to explore individual differences in reinforcement sensitivity, but a core assumption—that sensitivity is indifferent to the type of reinforcer—has rarely been considered. Similarly, research into loneliness often neglects a key component: social needs. Despite stating that individuals possess varying social needs, appropriate reinforcement questionnaires are lacking. This study aims to explore both issues, by developing a psychometric measure, the Social Reward Sensitivity Questionnaire (SRSQ), while administering Carver and White's (1994) BIS/BAS scale, and measuring extraversion and sensitivity to food reinforcers. Based on a 1003 representative Danish participants, food and social reinforcement sensitivity appear to be distinct yet related sensitivities. The SRSQ was developed using Item Response Theory to be a broad-trait measure without differential item functioning for both biological gender and age. All data and the R code used for statistical analyses are available in the supplementary material.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 112847"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142357726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-lagged analysis of cyberbullying victimization, school connection, and depression among high school students","authors":"Feng Zhu ,&nbsp;Weilong Xiao ,&nbsp;Xiaolu Wu ,&nbsp;Linyi Zhuang ,&nbsp;Jie Cai ,&nbsp;Ling Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.112892","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.112892","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cyberbullying is a common social problem that has a profound impact on the psychological and emotional state of victims, especially with complex associations between school connection and depression. Research has shown that victims of cyberbullying often feel isolated and lack a sense of belonging in the school environment, which weakens their emotional connection with the school community, namely school connection. Due to the decrease in school connection, victims may be more likely to experience depressive emotions, as schools are a key place for them to receive social support and positive interaction. Meanwhile, the exacerbation of depression may form a vicious cycle, making it more difficult for victims to escape the negative effects of cyberbullying. Therefore, it is necessary for us to explore the relationship and mechanisms between cyberbullying victimization, school connection, and depression. The aim of this study is to adopt a tracking research design and use cross lag analysis to explore the longitudinal relationship between high school students' cyberbullying victimization, school connections, and depression, to further understand the causal relationship among the three factors. And test the lagged effect of cyberbullying victimization on depression, compare data from different time points to determine whether cyberbullying victimization will lead to the onset or exacerbation of depressive symptoms after a period of time. In addition, it can also explore the mediating role of school connections between cyberbullying victimization and depression. The study sample comprised 622 high school students, who participated in a longitudinal assessment (two time points, six months apart). They completed the Cyberbullying and Cyberbullying Victimization Scale, School Contact Scale, and Depression Scale. The results revealed that at T1, cyberbullying victimization negatively predicts school connectivity among high school students. T1 cyberbullying victimization positively predicts T1 depression, and T1 depression, in turn, significantly predicts T2 cyberbullying victimization. There is a reciprocal predictive relationship between school connection and depression. School connection at both T1 and T2 mediates the relationship between cyberbullying victimization and depression. Based on these results, it is indicated that prevention and intervention efforts for depression need to address the phenomenon of cyberbullying victimization and enhance students' school connection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 112892"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142327960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between reasoning, autistic and alexithymic traits in moral judgments","authors":"Sureish Mantchala ,&nbsp;Corentin J. Gosling ,&nbsp;Bastien Trémolière ,&nbsp;Sylvain Moutier","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.112889","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.112889","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present research investigated whether individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) present with specificities of moral reasoning. Some previous exploratory studies have assessed the differences in moral judgment between ASD and control participants, but results were mixed. The present study aimed to quantify such differences using a larger sample and a standard moral task built upon the new CNI (Consequences, Norms and Generalized Inaction) model of moral judgment that resolves multiple confounds in the measurement of moral judgments. A total of 148 adults with ASD and 151 controls completed 24 sacrificial dilemmas from the CNI battery, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale and the Cognitive Reflection Task. We did not find any differences in moral judgments between ASD and control participants, and this pattern was consistent for all the CNI parameters. Equivalence tests revealed that it can be safely excluded that our study missed medium to large differences in moral judgments between ASD and control participants when assessed using sacrificial dilemmas. Additional data quality checks allow to rule out the possibility that the small differences in moral judgments between the groups are due to poor data quality. The implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 112889"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142322627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sense of purpose and social-emotional-behavioral skills during university","authors":"Jennifer F. Beatty ,&nbsp;Patrick L. Hill ,&nbsp;Marion Spengler","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.112870","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.112870","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Past research has demonstrated that university students with a stronger sense of purpose tend to fare better than their peers. However, work is needed to investigate the mechanisms and skills that may underlie these associations. The current studies employed two university student samples (total <em>n</em> = 412) and comprehensively investigated associations between sense of purpose and social-emotional-behavioral skills, using multiple purpose measures. Associations were relatively similar across measures and samples, and results suggested that sense of purpose was most robustly positively associated with self-management skills. Sense of purpose also was associated with better student wellbeing (life satisfaction, college satisfaction, and student connectedness), though it was inconsistently associated with reported likelihood of degree completion. Sense of purpose largely remained a significant correlate of student wellbeing, even when accounting for SEB skill domains, although some associations between purpose and wellbeing were reduced in magnitude.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 112870"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142319524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring differences in social touch: Development and validation of the short Touch Experiences and Attitudes Questionnaire (TEAQ-s)","authors":"Yvonne Friedrich ,&nbsp;Sophia Faresse ,&nbsp;Celine Henning ,&nbsp;Paula D. Trotter ,&nbsp;Rochelle Ackerley ,&nbsp;Ilona Croy","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.112890","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.112890","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interpersonal touch is an essential part of human social life, impacting emotional and physical well-being. Variations in touch behavior and perception can be assessed by the <em>Touch Experiences and Attitudes Questionnaire (TEAQ)</em>. Although comprehensive, the TEAQ appears lengthy with 57 items, limiting its usability for large surveys. Therefore, we developed a refined and shortened version of 16 items, tested in Germany and France. This manuscript presents three studies. In the first, we created the TEAQ-s (<em>n</em> = 313). In the second and third, we validated the TEAQ-s in German (<em>n</em> = 383) and French (<em>n</em> = 327), respectively. The resulting TEAQ-s showed strong reliability (Cronbach's alpha: 0.86 to 0.87; test-retest correlation: <em>r</em> = 0.85) and validity consistent with the original version. Analyses also revealed that being in a relationship, relationship satisfaction, mental health, and body appreciation were positively related to touch experiences and attitudes. A four-factor structure (4 items per scale) was confirmed through factor analysis. Final subscales are <em>attitude to friendly touch</em>, <em>current intimate touch</em>, <em>childhood touch</em>, and <em>attitude to intimate touch</em>. We hope that the TEAQ-s serves as a valuable tool for researchers in the field of touch and beyond, offering well-founded items in an efficient format.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 112890"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142322626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How ‘dark’ are Latino: Implications for nascent entrepreneurship","authors":"Asghar Afshar Jahanshahi ,&nbsp;Valentina Gomes Haensel Schmitt ,&nbsp;Milagros Isabel Rivas-Mendoza ,&nbsp;Bernardo Fernandez-Telleria ,&nbsp;Priscila Rezende da Costa ,&nbsp;Ximena Campos García ,&nbsp;Verónica García Ibarra ,&nbsp;Javier Gonzalez Nuñez ,&nbsp;Silvia Torres Carbonell ,&nbsp;Fausto Ignacio García ,&nbsp;Luis Antonio Paredes Izaguirre ,&nbsp;Arturo Orozco Leyva ,&nbsp;Angelica Pigola ,&nbsp;Victoria Galera","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.112897","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2024.112897","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nascent entrepreneurs, individuals in the initial stages of establishing new business ventures, play a crucial role in both the economy and society. By focusing on personality and workplace dynamics this study analyzes the antecedents of individual's intention to embark on entrepreneurship by using survey data from 1497 employees across nine Latin American countries including Argentina, Peru, Mexico, Chile, Ecuador, Colombia, Bolivia, Cuba, and Brazil. Our cross-cultural results reveal that a higher presence of all three components of Dark Triad traits—Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism—significantly enhances an employee's inclination toward entrepreneurship. Additionally, workers who have higher scores in these three traits perceive themselves as being ostracized or marginalized in the workplace due to their personality characteristics. This perception, in turn, makes them more interested in seeking alternative paths, such as starting their own business. Interestingly, males generally scored higher on Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism compared to females. However, in Cuba, females scored higher than males on all three traits. Geographically, Chilean employees had the highest scores for Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism, while Peruvian employees had the lowest scores for Machiavellianism and narcissism. Cubans scored the lowest in terms of psychopathy. These findings highlight the complex relationship between personality traits and workplace dynamics in influencing entrepreneurial intentions, offering valuable insights into the motivations driving entrepreneurial pursuits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 112897"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142322628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}