Personality and Social Psychology Review最新文献

{"title":"Do Salient Social Norms Moderate Mortality Salience Effects? A (Challenging) Meta-Analysis of Terror Management Studies.","authors":"Simon Schindler,&nbsp;Joe Hilgard,&nbsp;Immo Fritsche,&nbsp;Brian Burke,&nbsp;Stefan Pfattheicher","doi":"10.1177/10888683221107267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10888683221107267","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Terror management theory postulates that mortality salience (MS) increases the motivation to defend one's cultural worldviews. How that motivation is expressed may depend on the social norm that is momentarily salient. Meta-analyses were conducted on studies that manipulated MS and social norm salience. Results based on 64 effect sizes for the hypothesized interaction between MS and norm salience revealed a small-to-medium effect of <i>g</i> = 0.34, 95% confidence interval [0.26, 0.41]. Bias-adjustment techniques suggested the presence of publication bias and/or the exploitation of researcher degrees of freedom and arrived at smaller effect size estimates for the hypothesized interaction, in several cases reducing the effect to nonsignificance (range <i>g</i>_corrected = -0.36 to 0.15). To increase confidence in the idea that MS and norm salience interact to influence behavior, preregistered, high-powered experiments using validated norm salience manipulations are necessary. Concomitantly, more specific theorizing is needed to identify reliable boundary conditions of the effect.</p>","PeriodicalId":48386,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Social Psychology Review","volume":"27 2","pages":"195-225"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10115940/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9516853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Fusion-Secure Base Hypothesis.","authors":"Jack W Klein,&nbsp;Brock Bastian","doi":"10.1177/10888683221100883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10888683221100883","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Identity fusion is traditionally conceptualized as innately parochial, with fused actors motivated to commit acts of violence on out-groups. However, fusion's aggressive outcomes are largely conditional on threat perception, with its effect on benign intergroup relationships underexplored. The present article outlines the <i>fusion-secure base hypothesis</i>, which argues that fusion may engender cooperative relationships with out-groups in the absence of out-group threat. Fusion is characterized by four principles, each of which allows a fused group to function as a secure base in which in-group members feel safe, agentic, and supported. This elicits a secure base schema, which increases the likelihood of fused actors interacting with out-groups and forming cooperative, reciprocal relationships. Out-group threat remains an important moderator, with its presence \"flipping the switch\" in fused actors and promoting a willingness to violently protect the group even at significant personal cost. Suggestions for future research are explored, including pathways to intergroup fusion.</p>","PeriodicalId":48386,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Social Psychology Review","volume":"27 2","pages":"107-127"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9513819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Imagination and Memory Shape the Moral Mind.","authors":"Brendan Bo O'Connor,&nbsp;Zoë Fowler","doi":"10.1177/10888683221114215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10888683221114215","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Interdisciplinary research has proposed a multifaceted view of human cognition and morality, establishing that inputs from multiple cognitive and affective processes guide moral decisions. However, extant work on moral cognition has largely overlooked the contributions of episodic representation. The ability to remember or imagine a specific moment in time plays a broadly influential role in cognition and behavior. Yet, existing research has only begun exploring the influence of episodic representation on moral cognition. Here, we evaluate the theoretical connections between episodic representation and moral cognition, review emerging empirical work revealing how episodic representation affects moral decision-making, and conclude by highlighting gaps in the literature and open questions. We argue that a comprehensive model of moral cognition will require including the episodic memory system, further delineating its direct influence on moral thought, and better understanding its interactions with other mental processes to fundamentally shape our sense of right and wrong.</p>","PeriodicalId":48386,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Social Psychology Review","volume":"27 2","pages":"226-249"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9513837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Value Fulfillment from a Cybernetic Perspective: A New Psychological Theory of Well-Being.","authors":"Colin G DeYoung,&nbsp;Valerie Tiberius","doi":"10.1177/10888683221083777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10888683221083777","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Value Fulfillment Theory (VFT) is a philosophical theory of well-being. Cybernetic Big Five Theory (CB5T) is a psychological theory of personality. Both start with a conception of the person as a goal-seeking (or value-pursuing) organism, and both take goals and the psychological integration of goals to be key to well-being. By joining VFT and CB5T, we produce a <i>cybernetic value fulfillment theory</i> in which we argue that well-being is best conceived as the fulfillment of psychologically integrated values. Well-being is the effective pursuit of a set of nonconflicting values that are emotionally, motivationally, and cognitively suitable to the person. The primary difference in our theory from other psychological theories of well-being is that it does not provide a list of intrinsic goods, instead emphasizing that each person may have their own list of intrinsic goods. We discuss the implications of our theory for measuring, researching, and improving well-being.</p>","PeriodicalId":48386,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Social Psychology Review","volume":"27 1","pages":"3-27"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9082356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sixty Years After Orne's <i>American Psychologist</i> Article: A Conceptual Framework for Subjective Experiences Elicited by Demand Characteristics.","authors":"Olivier Corneille,&nbsp;Peter Lush","doi":"10.1177/10888683221104368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10888683221104368","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Study participants form beliefs based on cues present in a testing situation (demand characteristics). These beliefs can alter study outcomes (demand effects). Neglecting demand effects can threaten the internal and external validity of studies (including their replication). While demand characteristics garnered much attention following Orne's introduction of this notion, consideration of their effects has become sparse in experimental reports. Moreover, the concept remains confusing. Here, we introduce a conceptual framework for subjective experiences elicited by demand characteristics. The model distinguishes between participants' awareness of the hypothesis, their motivation to comply with it, and the strategy they use to meet situational requirements. We stress that demand characteristics can give rise to genuine experiences. To illustrate, we apply the model to Evaluative Conditioning and the Rubber Hand Illusion. In the General Discussion, we discuss risks and opportunities associated with demand characteristics, and we explain that they remain highly relevant to current research.</p>","PeriodicalId":48386,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Social Psychology Review","volume":"27 1","pages":"83-101"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9082775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Manipulating Belief in Free Will and Its Downstream Consequences: A Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Oliver Genschow,&nbsp;Emiel Cracco,&nbsp;Jana Schneider,&nbsp;John Protzko,&nbsp;David Wisniewski,&nbsp;Marcel Brass,&nbsp;Jonathan W Schooler","doi":"10.1177/10888683221087527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10888683221087527","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ever since some scientists and popular media put forward the idea that free will is an illusion, the question has risen what would happen if people stopped believing in free will. Psychological research has investigated this question by testing the consequences of experimentally weakening people's free will beliefs. The results of these investigations have been mixed, with successful experiments and unsuccessful replications. This raises two fundamental questions: Can free will beliefs be manipulated, and do such manipulations have downstream consequences? In a meta-analysis including 145 experiments (95 unpublished), we show that exposing individuals to anti-free will manipulations decreases belief in free will and increases belief in determinism. However, we could not find evidence for downstream consequences. Our findings have important theoretical implications for research on free will beliefs and contribute to the discussion of whether reducing people's belief in free will has societal consequences.</p>","PeriodicalId":48386,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Social Psychology Review","volume":"27 1","pages":"52-82"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9452185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social Movements as Parsimonious Explanations for Implicit and Explicit Attitude Change.","authors":"Jeremy E Sawyer,&nbsp;Anup Gampa","doi":"10.1177/10888683221095697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10888683221095697","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recently, interest in aggregate and population-level implicit and explicit attitudes has opened inquiry into how attitudes relate to sociopolitical phenomenon. This creates an opportunity to examine social movements as dynamic forces with the potential to generate widespread, lasting attitude change. Although collective action remains underexplored as a means of reducing bias, we advance historical and theoretical justifications for doing so. We review recent studies of aggregate attitudes through the lens of social movement theory, proposing movements as a parsimonious explanation for observed patterns. We outline a model for conceptualizing causal pathways between social movements and implicit and explicit attitudes among participants, supporters, bystanders, and opponents. We identify six categories of mechanisms through which movements may transform attitudes: changing society; media representations; intergroup contact and affiliation; empathy, perspective-taking, and reduced intergroup anxiety; social recategorization; and social identification and self-efficacy processes. Generative questions, testable hypotheses, and promising methods for future work are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":48386,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Social Psychology Review","volume":"27 1","pages":"28-51"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9077452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attachment Security Priming: A Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Omri Gillath, Gery C Karantzas, Daniel Romano, Kellie M Karantzas","doi":"10.1177/10888683211054592","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10888683211054592","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Attachment security priming has important theoretical and practical implications. We review security priming theory and research and the recent concerns raised regarding priming. We then report the results of a meta-analysis of 120 studies (<i>N</i> = 18,949) across 97 published and unpublished articles (initial pool was 1,642 articles) investigating the affective, cognitive, and behavioral effects of security priming. A large overall positive effect size (<i>d</i> = .51, <i>p</i> < .001) was found across all affective, cognitive, and behavioral domains. The largest effect was found for affect-related outcomes (<i>d</i> =.62, <i>p</i> < .001), followed by behavioral (<i>d</i> = .44, <i>p</i> < .001), and cognitive (<i>d</i> = .45, <i>p</i> < .001). Trait attachment anxiety and avoidance moderated the effects of subliminal security priming for behavioral outcomes-security priming effects were larger among people higher on attachment anxiety and avoidance. Assessment of publication bias revealed mixed evidence for the possible presence of asymmetry.</p>","PeriodicalId":48386,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Social Psychology Review","volume":"26 3","pages":"183-241"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39957701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiculturalism and Colorblindness as Threats to the Self: A Framework for Understanding Dominant and Non-Dominant Group Members’ Responses to Interethnic Ideologies","authors":"Kimberly Rios","doi":"10.1177/10888683221093130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10888683221093130","url":null,"abstract":"Both multiculturalism (which involves recognizing and appreciating differences) and racial/ethnic colorblindness (which can involve emphasizing similarities or individual characteristics) are intended to promote intergroup harmony. Nevertheless, these ideologies can backfire when salient. Although this work has sometimes been interpreted to suggest that dominant group members may perceive salient multiculturalism, and non-dominant group members may perceive salient colorblindness, as threatening, it is unclear what about these interethnic ideologies poses a threat and why. The present article draws upon theories of the self-concept to introduce a framework of Multiculturalism and Colorblindness as Threats to the Self. Specifically, it is proposed that multiculturalism (colorblindness) is potentially threatening to dominant (non-dominant) group members’ collective, relational, and personal selves. Dispositional and contextual variables that may moderate perceptions of threat among members of dominant and non-dominant groups, alternative interethnic ideologies to multiculturalism and colorblindness, and potential future research directions are discussed.","PeriodicalId":48386,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Social Psychology Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"315 - 341"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88252300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Next Chapter at <i>PSPR</i>.","authors":"Jonathan M Adler","doi":"10.1177/10888683211071122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10888683211071122","url":null,"abstract":"Dear Readers, The story of Personality and Social Psychology Review (PSPR) is one of flourishing. In the quarter century since the Executive Committee of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology (SPSP) decided to launch a theory journal as a companion to its first empirical journal, PSPR’s impact has experienced a meteoric rise. For each year in the past decade, PSPR has held the highest impact factor of more than 60 scholarly journals ranked in its category (according to Clarivate Analytics). For 2020 (the last year for which we have data), the impact factor was 18.46. As we all know, the impact factor is a deeply flawed metric (e.g., M. S. Allen & Iliescu, 2021), but at least it offers one suggestion that the articles that appear in PSPR are shaping the field. The story of PSPR’s ascent has also been one of continuity. The prior incoming editorials published in the journal all comment on the success of the journal and all essentially pledge not to mess with things too much. There have certainly been important refinements, including the adoption of transparency and openness standards that apply to the small number of articles that report the results of quantitative analyses, such as meta-analyses. And the prior editorial teams have been adept stewards of the journal. They have shepherded its continued rise with unfailing attention to quality, allowing the journal to remain a beacon for our field. I want to especially thank Heejung Kim and David Sherman, the outgoing Co-Editors, who have not only been fantastic editors but have also been astoundingly supportive partners in the transition to our editorial term. They are everything I would have wished for in colleagues and I am deeply grateful. With this editorial, I want to both celebrate PSPR’s success and use its solid foundation to galvanize the journal in a somewhat new direction. This is a goal I am deeply familiar with, as it is something Olin College of Engineering, where I work, is actively engaged in pursuing (e.g., Barabino et al., 2021). Olin College has been recognized as the global leader in undergraduate engineering education (R. Graham, 2018), but shortly after taking office last year, Gilda Barabino, our second President, said, “nothing makes you so conservative as having something to conserve.” She did not mean that politically, she meant that once you develop a reputation for something, people expect you to keep doing it, but then you miss out on opportunities for innovation. Like Olin College, PSPR has developed a strong reputation, and like Olin College, it is time for PSPR to lead in a new direction. As you know, our field is in transition. The primary impetus for this transition and the central core of it have focused on how we conduct our work. I am speaking, of course, of the open science revolution. And I am incredibly supportive of the efforts many of our colleagues have taken to do what Brent Roberts, in his Presidential Address at the Association for Research i","PeriodicalId":48386,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Social Psychology Review","volume":"26 2","pages":"87-92"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39956476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}