Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour最新文献

{"title":"Safety and justice conflicts in the age of connected and automated vehicles: perceptions of pedestrians and car drivers","authors":"Laura Martínez-Buelvas ,&nbsp;Andry Rakotonirainy ,&nbsp;Deanna Grant-Smith ,&nbsp;Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios","doi":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.103355","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.103355","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) are an emerging technology expected to improve safety, efficiency, and accessibility outcomes for all road users. However, comprehensive and multi-group analyses of the technology still need to be undertaken by the government, car manufacturers, and researchers, particularly around social aspects such as justice and safety value disparities. This study explores car drivers’ and pedestrians’ perceptions of safety and justice in the current transport system and how the deployment of CAVs might disrupt them. Interviews were conducted with 30 participants in Australia, a car-dependent country. The participants were 18 car drivers and 12 pedestrians aged between 18 and 79. Participants predominantly identified as either pedestrians or car drivers, though some occasionally used the other mode. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, organised, and analysed using a reflexive thematic analysis. Three main themes were identified: (1) independence, (2) the transport system as a safety problem, and (3) the transport system as a justice problem. The analysis indicated that most participants preferred their current mode of transport due to perceived benefits and enjoyment. Car drivers often highlighted flexibility and independence, while pedestrians valued walkability and convenience. However, both groups expressed concerns about safety and justice in the current transport system, particularly regarding limited accessibility for people with disabilities and inadequate public transport. Finally, while both participants broadly supported the introduction of CAVs, many, especially pedestrians, expressed concerns about their potential to exacerbate existing disadvantages for vulnerable road users. This research finds that greater emphasis should be placed on increasing research on and planning for the impact of CAVs to ensure vulnerable groups’ concerns are addressed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48355,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 103355"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144996788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automotive Health: Cardiopulmonary effects of Mindfulness Interventions while Driving","authors":"Lukas Nikolaus Ullmann ,&nbsp;Carsten Starke ,&nbsp;Michael Czaplik ,&nbsp;Carina Barbosa Pereira","doi":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.07.034","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.07.034","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Mindfulness interventions, used to enhance attentional and emotional regulation in clinical settings, may benefit individuals in everyday stressful situations like driving. However, their real-world applicability and objective effectiveness in improving physiological mindfulness-associated measures need further study.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aimed to evaluate the effects of in-drive mindfulness interventions on mean breathing rate (<em>Mean BR</em>), mean heart rate (<em>Mean HR</em>), and the heart rate variability metric of root mean square of successive RR interval differences (<em>RMSSD</em>) throughout various environments.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Eighteen participants performed mindfulness exercises while driving in rural, suburban, and urban environments under naturalistic conditions on public roads. <em>Mean HR</em>, <em>Mean BR</em>, and <em>RMSSD</em> were monitored and compared between control and intervention drives whilst adjusting for breath-altering instructions. Correlational analysis between <em>Mean BR</em> and <em>RMSSD</em> was conducted to investigate respiratory sinus arrhythmia influences.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In rural environments (n = 14), statistically significant decreases in <em>Mean HR</em>, <em>Mean BR</em>, and increases in <em>RMSSD</em> were observed during intervention drives compared to control drives. In suburban environments (n = 15), statistically significant decreases in <em>Mean BR</em> and increases in <em>RMSSD</em> were found. No significant differences were observed in urban environments (n = 11).</div><div>Correlations between <em>Mean BR</em> and <em>RMSSD</em> were found only during control drives in rural and suburban environments. No correlations were found in urban environments.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Mindfulness interventions improved physiological parameters during rural and suburban drives but were ineffective during urban drives. The decorrelation of <em>Mean BR</em> and <em>RMSSD</em> suggests effectiveness beyond mere breathing adjustments influence on <em>RMSSD</em>, indicating parasympathetic dominance during effective interventions. High mental load or stress may cause similar decoupling in urban drives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48355,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 103324"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145099062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing in-vehicle auditory systems: how music and navigation shape driver workload via machine learning","authors":"Zhipeng Peng ,&nbsp;Yihe Huo ,&nbsp;Chenzhu Wang ,&nbsp;Said M. Easa ,&nbsp;Feilong Li ,&nbsp;Shuqi Zhang ,&nbsp;Ziyi Liu ,&nbsp;Hengyan Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.103349","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.103349","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the effects of navigation frequency and music tempo on driver workload and driving behavior using a driving simulator. A total of 74 participants (46 males and 28 females, aged 22–40 years) were recruited. A 2 × 3 × 3 mixed design was employed, involving two navigation frequencies (high vs. low), three music tempo conditions (no music, slow tempo, and fast tempo), and three urban traffic scenarios (regular roads, school zones, and work zones). Subjective workload was evaluated using the NASA-TLX scale, while objective workload was assessed via electrodermal activity (EDA). The results indicated that slow-tempo music and high-frequency navigation prompts were significantly associated with lower workload levels. In contrast, fast-tempo music and low-frequency navigation were linked to increased workload. Notably, the interaction between fast-tempo music and low-frequency navigation significantly intensified workload, particularly in complex traffic environments such as school and work zones. Furthermore, interpretable machine learning (ML) models were developed using XGBoost and SHAP explainer, achieving over 90 % prediction accuracy in workload classification. Key predictors identified by the models included vehicle lateral position relative to the road centerline, mean driving speed, and speed variability. Distinct workload levels can be identified by specific SHAP value thresholds and particular patterns of driving behavior. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing in-vehicle systems and developing real-time workload monitoring frameworks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48355,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 103349"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144996906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental knowledge, attitudes, weather, and motivation as determinants of usage intention for shared micro-mobility services (SMSs): A Norwegian perspective","authors":"Danielle Teh ,&nbsp;Özlem Simsekoglu ,&nbsp;An-Magritt Kummeneje","doi":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.103342","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.103342","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The decarbonization efforts within the transportation industry are growing rapidly and micro-mobility has emerged as a sustainable transportation option that is viable for short distance travelling. More importantly, the collective use of transportation tools can further enhance the effort towards decarbonization, as resources are being shared and utilized more frequently. There is a steady increase in the use of shared micro-mobility services (SMSs) in Norway. However, psychological factors that might influence Norwegians’ intention to use SMSs were scantly examined by previous literature. To contribute towards the gap in research, a survey-based study was conducted, and the data were analyzed using the Partial Least Square – Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) technique. 208 valid respondents were gathered, with 131 users and 77 non-users respectively. Results revealed that unexpectedly, environmental attitude insignificantly impacts behavioral intention to use SMSs, and environmental knowledge itself is insufficient to positively influence behavioral intention to use SMSs. However, intrinsic motivation is effective in mediating the relationship between environmental knowledge and behavioral intention to use SMSs. This indicates that knowledge alone is insufficient, instead promoting user communities through targeted educational initiatives and localized campaigns may foster intrinsic motivation toward SMS adoption. Furthermore, weather conditions portrayed the ability to directly influence behavioral intention to use SMSs. The findings have presented a possibility for stakeholders to focus on avenues to intrinsically motivate Norwegians to use SMSs. Moreover, a robust micro-mobility infrastructure, such as shielded and heated micro-mobility pathways, is essential as weather conditions have proven to impact the usage intention of SMSs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48355,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 103342"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144988506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Riding private or shared e-scooters or both – What influences the uptake decision?","authors":"Fariborz Mansourifar ,&nbsp;Narelle Haworth ,&nbsp;Zohre Ahmadabadi ,&nbsp;Christopher R. Cherry","doi":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.103344","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.103344","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Our understanding of e-scooter use and safety is largely based on research using data from single shared e-scooter operators. Meanwhile, private e-scooters are becoming increasingly popular in many cities, and many riders can choose between private e-scooters and shared e-scooters from multiple providers − or they can ride both. Yet, little is known about the extent to which this occurs, or how shared and private e-scooter riders and their riding patterns differ. This paper uses survey data from Australia to address the gaps identified above, namely (1) the extent to which riders use shared e-scooters from multiple providers; (2) the proportion of riders who use both shared and private e-scooters; and (3) the characteristics of the three groups of riders (private only − PR, shared only − SH, and both − PS) and their mobility patterns. An online survey completed in July 2023 and December to June 2024 provided valid data for 732 adult riders of shared and private e-scooters across Australia. Decision tree analysis using the Exhaustive CHAID algorithm showed that age was the most significant predictor of type of riding (SH younger than PR). Analysis of the riding patterns revealed that the differences between trips are more pronounced than the differences between riders using the same type of e-scooter. PS and PR riders rode more than SH riders. This knowledge could potentially have implications for policies seeking to improve the safety and sustainability of e-scooters as a transportation and leisure mode.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48355,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 103344"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144932534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the impacts of in-vehicle warnings at roundabouts with drivers’ performance and eye movement data","authors":"Chi Tian ,&nbsp;Cong Zhang ,&nbsp;Tianfang Han ,&nbsp;Yunfeng Chen ,&nbsp;Jiansong Zhang ,&nbsp;Yiheng Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.103348","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.103348","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over half of all traffic accidents that result in fatalities and injuries are intersection related. Roundabout, as a special type of unsignalized intersection, is a challenging scenario for human drivers. With the development of intelligent vehicle technology, more vehicles are equipped with sensors that can monitor both traffic environments and drivers’ status and generate real-time warnings to assist drivers in responding to hazardous situations. This study aims to investigate drivers’ reactions to an in-vehicle advanced warning system through a driving simulation study. A real-world roundabout was built and calibrated in the simulator and both driving performance and eye movement data were collected from the experiments. The results indicated that advanced warnings can effectively influence vehicle speed, steering wheel control, and drivers’ attention on different areas of interests (AOIs). It was found that proper warning time was critical to improve drivers’ safety and comfort. Gender differences were also identified from both types of data. Finally, to better facilitate the design of the personalized warning systems, machine learning models were developed to predict drivers’ perceived risk and minimum TTC. The prediction model for minimum TTC achieved 0.111  of mean square error (MSE) and the risk classifier had 83.5% overall accuracy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48355,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 103348"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144922474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the impact of interaction design characteristics on trust in automated vehicles","authors":"Yu Wu ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Yao ,&nbsp;Fenghui Deng ,&nbsp;Xiaofang Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.103352","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.103352","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the primary medium of communication between drivers and automated vehicles, human–machine interaction plays a critical role in shaping user trust. A comprehensive understanding of how cockpit design influences trust is essential for promoting public acceptance of automated driving technologies. This study aims to identify the potential factors influencing trust in automated vehicles and to explore how design characteristics affect trust, alongside the moderating effects of driver characteristics. Literature review and expert panel were conducted to identify relevant design and driver characteristics. An online survey yielded 437 valid responses. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) assessed the reliability and validity of the latent constructs. Structural equation modeling (SEM) examined the relationships between design characteristics and trust, while multigroup analysis (MGA) explored the moderating roles of driver characteristics. The results indicate that information design had the strongest positive effect on trust, with information style exerting the most influence, followed by information type and intensity. Interface design also significantly enhanced trust, particularly through interface layout, interface presentation, and interaction modality. Functional design showed no significant direct effect. The moderating effects of driver characteristics are particularly pronounced in the trust formation process associated with information design, whereas their influence on the relationship between interface design and trust appears comparatively limited. This study offers valuable insights and design implications for enhancing trust-oriented interaction in automated vehicles, thereby promoting public acceptance of automated driving technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48355,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 103352"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144925455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of perceived safety gain, satisfaction, and benefits on autonomous vehicle preferences for long-distance discretionary trips in India","authors":"Nikhil,&nbsp;T.M. Rahul","doi":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.103336","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.103336","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fully autonomous vehicles (FAVs) can have a significant impact on the travel demand for long-distance discretionary travel. With its diverse culture and weather, and numerous tourist destinations, India has a huge potential for long-distance discretionary travel (LDDT). The current study models the respondent’s willingness to travel more and longer for long-distance discretionary trips in FAVs. Integrated Choice Latent Variable (ICLV) models that incorporate psychological constructs are used for estimation. Structural equations that capture the mediating effect of perceived satisfaction on the causal relationship between perceived benefits and willingness are formulated. Consistent with ambiguity aversion and familiarity effect theory, a novel predictor that represents the relative safety perception of FAVs compared with partial autonomous vehicles (PAVs) is introduced in the utility function of the choice model. The data for empirical analysis were obtained from the city of Chandigarh, India. The results elicited a strong indirect effect for perceived benefits on the decision of an individual to travel more and longer in FAVs with perceived satisfaction acting as the mediator variable. Supportive infrastructure, and a clear and well-defined cyber security framework improved the willingness among people to use FAVs for long-distance travel. From an equity perspective, FAVs were found to enhance the mobility of transport disadvantaged groups which included females and older adults.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48355,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 103336"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144912297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"But first let me see: Comparison of light cues after a take-over request in automated driving","authors":"Kerstin Kuhlmann,&nbsp;Vanessa Schmidt,&nbsp;Mark Vollrath","doi":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.103346","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.103346","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With conditional automated driving, drivers can engage in non-driving-related tasks, but they must remain capable of taking over control if the vehicle reaches a system boundary. For a safe take-over, the driver must have sufficient situation awareness. Previous research indicated that drivers often show dysfunctional gaze behavior, an indirect measure of situation awareness. Providing structured guidance for drivers’ gaze may mitigate dysfunctional gaze behavior. This approach could enhance perception, improve situation awareness, and increase safety. To identify the best method for guiding the gaze during a two-step take-over, we conducted a 4 x 2 within-subject experiment using a static driving simulator. We compared four light cue variants and two different sequences. The four variants of light cues were designed using attention-attracting features like size, movement, and blinking. Cues targeted the rear-view mirror, the side mirror, the road ahead, and the speedometer. We assessed gaze behavior, user experience, and driving behavior for <em>N</em> = 26 participants. Two variants were more effective in guiding the gaze: the variant using a big onset and the variant using growing movement. The big onset variant seems inappropriate because of the bad user experience. We propose an adapted variant that combines features of both light cue variants, which may deliver a positive user experience while remaining effective. This adapted variant will be tested in a future study. Furthermore, the light cues’ overall effectiveness regarding driving behavior, gaze behavior, and user experience should be evaluated and compared with that of other support methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48355,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 103346"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144907391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Driving performance is better predicted by unintentional rather than intentional mind-wandering in high density traffic","authors":"Heather E.K. Walker,&nbsp;Lana M. Trick","doi":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.103341","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.103341","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mind-wandering occurs when attention is diverted from a primary task by off-task thoughts. When the primary task is driving, mind-wandering can interfere with driving performance. Some theories consider mind-wandering to be primarily an intentional response to low demand conditions (cognitive underload) while others consider it the result of unintentional attentional lapses. If mind-wandering is primarily intentional, it might be expected to be more prevalent in low demand drives than high. In contrast, if mind-wandering is the result of an unintentional lapse, it might be as likely to occur in low and high demand conditions, and thus more closely related to driver performance than intentional mind-wandering because it occurs more on high demand drives. We used a driving simulator to assess drivers (<em>N =</em> 34), manipulating the amount of traffic to vary the cognitive demands of the drive. We also measured mind-wandering using periodic thought-probes to assess whether or not the drivers were engaged in off-task thought (mind-wandering), and if they were, whether they were doing so intentionally or unintentionally. Overall, there was significantly more mind-wandering on low than high traffic drives, and in particular, more intentional mind-wandering (a marginal effect: <em>p</em> = 0.055). However, reports of intentional mind-wandering were relatively rare. In the low traffic drive, there was 4 times more unintentional than intentional mind-wandering; in the high traffic drive there was 6 times more. Furthermore, unintentional mind-wandering predicted driving performance best, accounting for 14–18 % of the variance in speed variability, steering, and hazard response in the high traffic drive.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48355,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour","volume":"115 ","pages":"Article 103341"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144902935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}