Cognitive Science最新文献_第3页

Exploring the Impact of Math Anxiety and Task Difficulty on Pupil Dilation in Adults and Young Children 探索数学焦虑和任务难度对成人和幼儿瞳孔扩张的影响

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13493

Laura Galeano, Gustaf Gredebäck

{"title":"Exploring the Impact of Math Anxiety and Task Difficulty on Pupil Dilation in Adults and Young Children","authors":"Laura Galeano, Gustaf Gredebäck","doi":"10.1111/cogs.13493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13493","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated the relations between self-reported math anxiety, task difficulty, and pupil dilation in adults and very young children during math tasks of varying difficulty levels. While task difficulty significantly influenced pupillary responses in both groups, the association between self-reported math anxiety and pupil dilation differed across age cohorts. The children exhibited resilience to the effects of math anxiety, hinting at additional influential factors such as formal math education experiences shaping their relations to mathematics and their impact on cognitive processes over time. Contrary to expectations, no significant association between self-reported math anxiety and pupil dilation during task anticipation was found in either group. In adults, math anxiety influenced pupil dilation exclusively during the initial phase of task processing indicating heightened cognitive load, but this influence diminished during sustained task processing. Theoretical implications emphasize the need for exploring individual differences, cognitive strategies, and the developmental trajectory of math anxiety in very young children.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.13493","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142234958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Incremental Discourse-Update Constrains Number Agreement Attraction Effect 增量话语更新制约数量协议的吸引力效应

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13497

Sanghee J. Kim, Ming Xiang

{"title":"Incremental Discourse-Update Constrains Number Agreement Attraction Effect","authors":"Sanghee J. Kim, Ming Xiang","doi":"10.1111/cogs.13497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13497","url":null,"abstract":"While a large body of work in sentence comprehension has explored how different types of linguistic information are used to guide syntactic parsing, less is known about the effect of discourse structure. This study investigates this question, focusing on the main and subordinate discourse contrast manifested in the distinction between restrictive relative clauses (RRCs) and appositive relative clauses (ARCs) in American English. In three self-paced reading experiments, we examined whether both RRCs and ARCs interfere with the matrix clause content and give rise to the agreement attraction effect. While the standard attraction effect was consistently observed in the baseline RRC structures, the effect varied in the ARC structures. These results collectively suggest that discourse structure indeed constrains syntactic dependency resolution. Most importantly, we argue that what is at stake is not the static discourse structure properties at the global sentence level. Instead, attention should be given to the incremental update of the discourse structure in terms of which discourse questions are active at any given moment of a discourse. The current findings have implications for understanding the way discourse structure, specifically the active state of discourse questions, constrains memory retrieval.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.13497","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142234959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Latent Relations at Steady-state with Associative Nets 关联网络稳态下的潜在关系

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13494

Kevin D. Shabahang, Hyungwook Yim, Simon J. Dennis

{"title":"Latent Relations at Steady-state with Associative Nets","authors":"Kevin D. Shabahang, Hyungwook Yim, Simon J. Dennis","doi":"10.1111/cogs.13494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13494","url":null,"abstract":"Models of word meaning that exploit patterns of word usage across large text corpora to capture semantic relations, like the topic model and word2vec, condense word-by-context co-occurrence statistics to induce representations that organize words along semantically relevant dimensions (e.g., synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, etc.). However, their reliance on latent representations leaves them vulnerable to interference, makes them slow learners, and commits to a dual-systems account of episodic and semantic memory. We show how it is possible to construct the meaning of words online during retrieval to avoid these limitations. We implement a spreading activation account of word meaning in an associative net, a one-layer highly recurrent network of associations, called a Dynamic-Eigen-Net, that we developed to address the limitations of earlier variants of associative nets when scaling up to deal with unstructured input domains like natural language text. We show that spreading activation using a one-hot coded Dynamic-Eigen-Net outperforms the topic model and reaches similar levels of performance as word2vec when predicting human free associations and word similarity ratings. Latent Semantic Analysis vectors reached similar levels of performance when constructed by applying dimensionality reduction to the Shifted Positive Pointwise Mutual Information but showed poorer predictability for free associations when using an entropy-based normalization. An analysis of the rate at which the Dynamic-Eigen-Net reaches asymptotic performance shows that it learns faster than word2vec. We argue in favor of the Dynamic-Eigen-Net as a fast learner, with a single-store, that is not subject to catastrophic interference. We present it as an alternative to instance models when delegating the induction of latent relationships to process assumptions instead of assumptions about representation.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.13494","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142234815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Does Stimulus Category Coherence Influence Visual Working Memory? A Rational Analysis 刺激类别一致性会影响视觉工作记忆吗？理性分析

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13498

Ruoyang Hu, Robert A. Jacobs

{"title":"Does Stimulus Category Coherence Influence Visual Working Memory? A Rational Analysis","authors":"Ruoyang Hu, Robert A. Jacobs","doi":"10.1111/cogs.13498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13498","url":null,"abstract":"Visual working memory (VWM) refers to the temporary storage and manipulation of visual information. Although visually different, objects we view and remember can share the same higher-level category information, such as an apple, orange, and banana all being classified as fruit. We study the influence of category information on VWM, focusing on the question of whether stimulus category coherence (i.e., whether all to-be-remembered items belong to the same semantic category) influences VWM performance. This question is addressed in two behavioral experiments using a change-detection paradigm and a rational analysis using an ideal observer based on a Bayesian model. Both experimental participants and the ideal observer often, but not always, performed numerically better on coherent trials (i.e., when all stimuli belonged to the same category). We hypothesize that the influence of category coherence information on VWM may be task-dependent and/or stimulus-dependent. In conditions when category coherence information is highly valuable for task performance, as indicated by the ideal observer, then participants tended to make use of it. However, when the ideal observer suggested this information was not crucial to performance, participants did not. In addition, both participants and the ideal observer showed a bias toward responding “same,” and often showed a stronger influence of category coherence on change trials. The consistencies between participant and ideal observer responses suggest participants often behaved as they did because these behaviors are optimal (or approximately so) for maximizing task performance. This may help explain conflicting results reported in the scientific literature.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.13498","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142234960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Kin Cognition and Communication: What Talking, Gesturing, and Drawing About Family Can Tell us About the Way We Think About This Core Social Structure 亲属认知与交流：关于家庭的谈话、手势和绘画能告诉我们关于这一核心社会结构的思考方式。

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13484

Simon Devylder, Jennifer Hinnel, Joost van de Weier, Linea Brink Andersen, Lucie Laporte-Devylder, Heron Ken Tomaki Kulukul

{"title":"Kin Cognition and Communication: What Talking, Gesturing, and Drawing About Family Can Tell us About the Way We Think About This Core Social Structure","authors":"Simon Devylder, Jennifer Hinnel, Joost van de Weier, Linea Brink Andersen, Lucie Laporte-Devylder, Heron Ken Tomaki Kulukul","doi":"10.1111/cogs.13484","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cogs.13484","url":null,"abstract":"When people talk about kinship systems, they often use co-speech gestures and other representations to elaborate. This paper investigates such polysemiotic (spoken, gestured, and drawn) descriptions of kinship relations, to see if they display recurring patterns of conventionalization that capture specific social structures. We present an exploratory hypothesis-generating study of descriptions produced by a lesser-known ethnolinguistic community to the cognitive sciences: the Paamese people of Vanuatu. Forty Paamese speakers were asked to talk about their family in semi-guided kinship interviews. Analyses of the speech, gesture, and drawings produced during these interviews revealed that lineality (i.e., mother's side vs. father's side) is lateralized in the speaker's gesture space. In other words, kinship members of the speaker's matriline are placed on the left side of the speaker's body and those of the patriline are placed on their right side, when they are mentioned in speech. Moreover, we find that the gesture produced by Paamese participants during verbal descriptions of marital relations are performed significantly more often on two diagonal directions of the sagittal axis. We show that these diagonals are also found in the few diagrams that participants drew on the ground to augment their verbo-gestural descriptions of marriage practices with drawing. We interpret this behavior as evidence of a spatial template, which Paamese speakers activate to think and communicate about family relations. We therefore argue that extending investigations of kinship structures beyond kinship terminologies alone can unveil additional key factors that shape kinship cognition and communication and hereby provide further insights into the diversity of social structures.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.13484","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142127040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Understanding the Role of Eye Movement Pattern and Consistency in Isolated English Word Reading Through Hidden Markov Modeling 通过隐马尔可夫模型了解眼动模式和一致性在孤立英语单词阅读中的作用。

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13489

Weiyan Liao, Janet Hui-wen Hsiao

{"title":"Understanding the Role of Eye Movement Pattern and Consistency in Isolated English Word Reading Through Hidden Markov Modeling","authors":"Weiyan Liao, Janet Hui-wen Hsiao","doi":"10.1111/cogs.13489","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cogs.13489","url":null,"abstract":"In isolated English word reading, readers have the optimal performance when their initial eye fixation is directed to the area between the beginning and word center, that is, the optimal viewing position (OVP). Thus, how well readers voluntarily direct eye gaze to this OVP during isolated word reading may be associated with reading performance. Using Eye Movement analysis with Hidden Markov Models, we discovered two representative eye movement patterns during lexical decisions through clustering, which focused at the OVP and the word center, respectively. Higher eye movement similarity to the OVP-focusing pattern predicted faster lexical decision time in addition to cognitive abilities and lexical knowledge. However, the OVP-focusing pattern was associated with longer isolated single letter naming time, suggesting conflicting visual abilities required for identifying isolated letters and multi-letter words. In contrast, in both word and pseudoword naming, although clustering did not reveal an OVP-focused pattern, higher consistency of the first fixation as measured in entropy predicted faster naming time in addition to cognitive abilities and lexical knowledge. Thus, developing a consistent eye movement pattern focusing on the OVP is essential for word orthographic processing and reading fluency. This finding has important implications for interventions for reading difficulties.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.13489","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142127042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Exploring Early Number Abilities With Multimodal Transformers 利用多模式转换器探索早期数字能力

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13492

Alice Hein, Klaus Diepold

{"title":"Exploring Early Number Abilities With Multimodal Transformers","authors":"Alice Hein, Klaus Diepold","doi":"10.1111/cogs.13492","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cogs.13492","url":null,"abstract":"Early number skills represent critical milestones in children's cognitive development and are shaped over years of interacting with quantities and numerals in various contexts. Several connectionist computational models have attempted to emulate how certain number concepts may be learned, represented, and processed in the brain. However, these models mainly used highly simplified inputs and focused on limited tasks. We expand on previous work in two directions: First, we train a model end-to-end on video demonstrations in a synthetic environment with multimodal visual and language inputs. Second, we use a more holistic dataset of 35 tasks, covering enumeration, set comparisons, symbolic digits, and seriation. The order in which the model acquires tasks reflects input length and variability, and the resulting trajectories mostly fit with findings from educational psychology. The trained model also displays symbolic and non-symbolic size and distance effects. Using techniques from interpretability research, we investigate how our attention-based model integrates cross-modal representations and binds them into context-specific associative networks to solve different tasks. We compare models trained with and without symbolic inputs and find that the purely non-symbolic model employs more processing-intensive strategies to determine set size.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.13492","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142127039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Neural Dynamic Principles for an Intentional Embodied Agent 意念化代理的神经动态原理

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13491

Jan Tekülve, Gregor Schöner

引用次数: 0

Reasoning From Quantified Modal Premises 从量化模态前提推理。

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13485

Ana Cristina Quelhas, Célia Rasga, P. N. Johnson-Laird

{"title":"Reasoning From Quantified Modal Premises","authors":"Ana Cristina Quelhas, Célia Rasga, P. N. Johnson-Laird","doi":"10.1111/cogs.13485","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cogs.13485","url":null,"abstract":"Quantified modal inferences interest logicians, linguists, and computer scientists, but no previous psychological study of them appears to be in the literature. Here is an example of one:\u0000\u0000 People tend to conclude: Paulo is possibly a businessman (Experiment 1). It seems plausible, and it follows from an intuitive mental model in which Paulo is one of a set of artists who are businessmen. Further deliberation can yield a model of an alternative possibility in which Paulo is not one of the artists, which confirms that the conclusion is only a possibility. The snag is that standard modal logics, which deal with possibilities, cannot yield a particular conclusion to any premises: Infinitely many follow validly (from any premises) but they do not include the present conclusion. Yet, further experiments corroborated a new mental model theory's predictions for various inferences (Experiment 2), for the occurrence of factual conclusions drawn from premises about possibilities (Experiment 3) and for inferences from premises of modal syllogisms (Experiment 4). The theory is therefore plausible, but we explore the feasibility of a cognitive theory based on modifications to modal logic.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142005591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Partner-Specific Adaptation in Disfluency Processing 流畅性处理中的伙伴特定适应性

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13490

Si On Yoon, Sarah Brown-Schmidt

{"title":"Partner-Specific Adaptation in Disfluency Processing","authors":"Si On Yoon, Sarah Brown-Schmidt","doi":"10.1111/cogs.13490","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cogs.13490","url":null,"abstract":"Speakers tend to produce disfluencies when naming unexpected or complex items; in turn, when perceiving disfluency, listeners tend to expect upcoming reference to items that are unexpected or complex to name. In two experiments, we examined if these disfluency-based expectations are routine, or instead, if they adapt to the way the speaker uses disfluency in the current context in a talker-specific manner. Participants listened to instructions to look at objects in contexts with several images, some of which lacked conventional names. We manipulated the co-occurrence of disfluency and reference to novel versus familiar objects in a single talker situation (Experiment 1) and in a multi-talker situation (Experiment 2). In the predictive condition, disfluent expressions referred to novel objects, and fluent expressions referred to familiar objects. In the nonpredictive condition, fluent and disfluent trials referred to either familiar or novel objects. Participants’ gaze revealed that listeners more readily predicted familiar images for fluent trials and novel images for disfluent trials in the predictive condition than in the nonpredictive condition. In sum, listeners adapted their expectations about upcoming words based on recent experience with disfluency. Disfluency is not invariably processed, but instead a cue that is flexibly interpreted depending on the local context even in a multi-talker setting.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142005590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0