Cognitive Science最新文献_第4页

Why Do Children From Age 4 Fail True Belief Tasks? A Decision Experiment Testing Competence Versus Performance Limitation Accounts 为什么4岁的孩子不能完成真实信念任务？一个测试能力与绩效限制帐户的决策实验

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2025-06-06 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.70069

Lydia Paulin Schidelko, Hannes Rakoczy

{"title":"Why Do Children From Age 4 Fail True Belief Tasks? A Decision Experiment Testing Competence Versus Performance Limitation Accounts","authors":"Lydia Paulin Schidelko, Hannes Rakoczy","doi":"10.1111/cogs.70069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.70069","url":null,"abstract":"The standard view on Theory of Mind (ToM) is that the mastery of the false belief (FB) task around age 4 marks the ontogenetic emergence of full-fledged meta-representational ToM. Recently, a puzzling finding has emerged: Once children master the FB task, they begin to fail true belief (TB) control tasks. This finding threatens the validity of FB tasks and the standard view. Here, we test two prominent attempts to explain the puzzling findings against each other. The perceptual access reasoning account (a competence limitation account) assumes that children at age 4 do not yet engage in meta-representation, but use simpler heuristics (“if an agent has perceptual access, she knows and then acts successfully; otherwise, she acts unsuccessfully”). In contrast, the pragmatics approach (a performance limitation account) suggests that children at age 4 do have meta-representational ToM but are confused by pragmatic task factors of the TB task. The current study tested competing predictions of both accounts in a decision experiment. Results from 165 4- to 7-year-olds reveal that failure in the TB task disappeared once the tasks were modified: children mastered both FB and TB tasks when the latter were adapted in terms of heuristic and pragmatic factors. Importantly, this pattern held in conditions in which the pragmatics account predicts success, but the perceptual access account predicts failure. Overall, the present findings thus corroborate the standard view (children use meta-representational ToM from age 4, at the latest) and suggest that difficulties with TB tasks merely reflect pragmatic performance factors.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"49 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.70069","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144232397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Clockwise Bias in 2D Rotation: A Cognitive Rather Than Sensory Phenomenon 二维旋转中的顺时针偏差：一种认知现象而非感觉现象

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2025-06-06 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.70075

Rong Jiang, Ruo-Si Li, Ming Meng

{"title":"Clockwise Bias in 2D Rotation: A Cognitive Rather Than Sensory Phenomenon","authors":"Rong Jiang, Ruo-Si Li, Ming Meng","doi":"10.1111/cogs.70075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.70075","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies have documented a preference for clockwise (CW) over counterclockwise (CCW) rotation in various visual tasks, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To determine at what stage the CW bias emerges, we tested this preference across multiple visual awareness paradigms using consistent 2D rotation stimuli. In Experiment 1, we found a strong CW bias in apparent motion, with CW dominating perception 1.6 times longer than CCW during long-term presentations and eliciting an average of 74% CW percepts in short-term presentations. By contrast, no CW bias was observed in binocular rivalry, suggesting its absence in low-level perceptual conflict. Experiment 2 employed the breaking continuous flash suppression (b-CFS) paradigm to assess unconscious preferences, revealing no difference in breakthrough times between CW and CCW rotations. Specifically, although apparent motion stimuli showed a higher frequency of CW percepts, breakthrough times for stimuli reported as CW and CCW were similar, indicating that the CW bias occurs after stimuli reach awareness. In Experiment 3, we manipulated the ambiguity of apparent motion stimuli and found significant interactions between the CW bias and input ambiguity, further ruling out a fixed sensory or response bias. These findings suggest that the CW bias in 2D rotation may be driven by higher-level cognitive processes, offering insights into how the visual system resolves perceptual ambiguity.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"49 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144232396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Learning a Novel Number System: The Role of Compositional Rules and Counting Procedures 学习一个新的数字系统：组成规则和计数程序的作用

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2025-06-06 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.70071

Sebastian Holt, David Barner

引用次数: 0

Examining the Relationship Between Early Experience, Selective Attention, and the Formation of Learning Traps 考察早期经验、选择性注意和学习陷阱形成之间的关系

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2025-05-24 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.70070

Yanjun Liu, Ben R. Newell, Jaimie E. Lee, Brett K. Hayes

{"title":"Examining the Relationship Between Early Experience, Selective Attention, and the Formation of Learning Traps","authors":"Yanjun Liu, Ben R. Newell, Jaimie E. Lee, Brett K. Hayes","doi":"10.1111/cogs.70070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.70070","url":null,"abstract":"A simple-rule learning trap occurs when people show suboptimal category learning due to insufficient exploration of the learning environment. By combining experimental methods and computational modeling, the current study investigated the impact of two key factors believed to play essential roles in the development of a simple-rule learning trap: early learning experience and selective attention. Our results showed that, in a learning environment where the true category mapping was determined by conjunctions of two predictive dimensions, the likelihood of falling into a single-dimensional learning trap increased when early learning experience involved a large loss that could be predicted from a single feature dimension. In addition, using a model-based measurement of attention bias, we observed that early experience affected trap formation by narrowing the distribution of attention to exemplar features. These findings provide the first direct empirical evidence of how early learning experience shapes the formation of a simple-rule learning trap, as well as a more granular understanding of the role of selective attention and its interaction with early learning experience in trap formation.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"49 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.70070","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144131606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Discovering Dynamical Laws for Speech Gestures 发现语音手势的动态规律

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2025-05-02 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.70064

Sam Kirkham

{"title":"Discovering Dynamical Laws for Speech Gestures","authors":"Sam Kirkham","doi":"10.1111/cogs.70064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.70064","url":null,"abstract":"A fundamental challenge in the cognitive sciences is discovering the dynamics that govern behavior. Take the example of spoken language, which is characterized by a highly variable and complex set of physical movements that map onto the small set of cognitive units that comprise language. What are the fundamental dynamical principles behind the movements that structure speech production? In this study, we discover models in the form of symbolic equations that govern articulatory gestures during speech. A sparse symbolic regression algorithm is used to discover models from kinematic data on the tongue and lips. We explore these candidate models using analytical techniques and numerical simulations and find that a second-order linear model achieves high levels of accuracy, but a nonlinear force is required to properly model articulatory dynamics in approximately one third of cases. This supports the proposal that an autonomous, nonlinear, second-order differential equation is a viable dynamical law for articulatory gestures in speech. We conclude by identifying future opportunities and obstacles in data-driven model discovery and outline prospects for discovering the dynamical principles that govern language, brain, and behavior.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"49 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.70064","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Least Effort and Alignment in Task-Oriented Communication 任务导向沟通中的最小努力与一致性

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2025-04-24 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.70062

Polyphony Bruna, Christopher Kello

{"title":"Least Effort and Alignment in Task-Oriented Communication","authors":"Polyphony Bruna, Christopher Kello","doi":"10.1111/cogs.70062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.70062","url":null,"abstract":"Conversational partners align the meanings of their words over the course of interaction to coordinate and communicate. One process of alignment is lexical entrainment, whereby partners mirror and abbreviate their word usage to converge on shared terms for referents relevant to the conversation. However, lexical entrainment may result in inefficient mimicry that does not add new information, suggesting that task-oriented communication may favor alignment through other means. The present study investigates the process of alignment in Danish conversations in which dyads learned to categorize unfamiliar “aliens” using trial-and-error feedback. Performance improved as dyad communication became less verbose, measured as a decrease in the entropy of word usage. Word usage also diverged between partners as measured by Jensen−Shannon Divergence, which indicates that alignment was not achieved through lexical entrainment. A computational model of dyadic communication is shown to account for the alien game results in terms of joint least effort. The model shows that alignment of partner referents can increase as a result of minimizing both the joint entropy of dyadic word usage and the conditional entropy of individual referents given the joint signal distribution. We conclude that the principle of least effort, originally proposed to shape language evolution, may also support alignment in task-oriented communication.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"49 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143865828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Simple Explanation for Harmonic Word Order 谐音词序的简单解释

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2025-04-08 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.70056

John Mansfield, Lothar Sebastian Krapp

{"title":"A Simple Explanation for Harmonic Word Order","authors":"John Mansfield, Lothar Sebastian Krapp","doi":"10.1111/cogs.70056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.70056","url":null,"abstract":"Harmonic word order is a well-established tendency in natural languages, which has previously been explained as a single ordering rule for all head-dependent relations. We propose that it can be more parsimoniously explained as an outcome of word-class frequencies, where the purported “head” is the most frequently instantiated word class in a phrasal schema. We show that the most frequent class gravitates spontaneously to an edge position in a phrasal replication process, as long as words of one class may influence the position of words of another class. This avoids the need to posit head-dependent ordering as an innate rule or bias, simplifying our theory of word order. We demonstrate the spontaneous emergence of harmony from word-class frequencies using a simple computational model of phrasal replication, and in further extensions show that the principle remains robust with fuzzy word classes and multiword chunks, can capture competition between harmony and locality, and is compatible with the results of behavioral experiments on harmonic ordering. Our findings support further exploration of syntactic models with nondiscrete word classes.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"49 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.70056","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143801852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Sustained Attention Paradox: A Critical Commentary on the Theoretical Impossibility of Perfect Vigilance 持续注意悖论：对完全警惕理论不可能性的批判

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2025-04-07 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.70061

Benjamin T. Sharpe, Ian Tyndall

{"title":"The Sustained Attention Paradox: A Critical Commentary on the Theoretical Impossibility of Perfect Vigilance","authors":"Benjamin T. Sharpe, Ian Tyndall","doi":"10.1111/cogs.70061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.70061","url":null,"abstract":"The human capacity for sustained attention represents a critical cognitive paradox: while essential for numerous high-stakes tasks, perfect vigilance is fundamentally impossible. This commentary explores the theoretical impossibility of maintaining uninterrupted attention, drawing from extensive interdisciplinary research in cognitive science, neuroscience, and psychology. Multiple converging lines of evidence demonstrate that sustained attention is constrained by neural, biological, and cognitive limitations. Neural mechanisms reveal that attention operates through rhythmic oscillations, with inherent fluctuations in frontoparietal networks and default mode network interactions. Neurochemical systems and cellular adaptation effects further underscore the impossibility of continuous, perfect vigilance. Empirical research across domains—including aviation, healthcare, industrial safety, and security—consistently demonstrates rapid declines in attention performance over time, regardless of individual expertise or motivation. Even elite performers like military personnel and experienced meditators exhibit inevitable attention lapses. This paper presents an argument against traditional approaches that seek to overcome these limitations through training or willpower. Instead, it advocates for designing human–technology systems that work harmoniously with cognitive constraints. This requires developing adaptive automation, understanding individual and cultural attention variations, and creating frameworks that strategically balance human capabilities with technological support.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"49 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.70061","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143793500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Playing With Language in the Manual Modality: Which Motions Do Signers Gradiently Modify? 在手工调式中玩语言：手语者会逐渐修改哪些动作？

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.70051

Casey Ferrara, Jenny C. Lu, Susan Goldin-Meadow

{"title":"Playing With Language in the Manual Modality: Which Motions Do Signers Gradiently Modify?","authors":"Casey Ferrara, Jenny C. Lu, Susan Goldin-Meadow","doi":"10.1111/cogs.70051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.70051","url":null,"abstract":"Language is traditionally characterized as an arbitrary, symbolic system, made up of discrete, categorical forms. But iconicity and gradience are pervasive in communication. For example, in spoken languages, word forms can be “played with” in iconic gradient ways by varying vowel length, pitch, or speed (e.g., “It's been a loooooooong day”). However, little is known about this process in sign languages. Here, we (1) explore gradient modification in three dimensions of motion in American Sign Language (ASL), and (2) ask whether the three dimensions are equally likely to be modified. We asked deaf signers of ASL (n = 11, mean age = 49.3) to describe an event manipulated along speed, direction, or path, and observed their use of gradient modification in lexical and depicting signs. We found that signers alter the forms of both types of signs to enhance meaning. However, the three motion dimensions were not modified equally in lexical signs, suggesting constraints on gradient modification. These constraints may be linguistic in nature, found only in signers. Alternatively, the constraints could reflect difficulties in using the hands to convey particular modifications and, if so, should be found in speakers as well as signers.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"49 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.70051","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143741005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Differentiation and Generic Sentences 辨析与类句

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2025-03-25 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.70057

Patrick Rothermund, Roland Deutsch

{"title":"Differentiation and Generic Sentences","authors":"Patrick Rothermund, Roland Deutsch","doi":"10.1111/cogs.70057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.70057","url":null,"abstract":"Generic sentences such as “Birds lay eggs” are used frequently and effortlessly, but there is no simple quantitative rule that determines whether they are true or false. For instance, while “Birds lay eggs” is considered true, “Birds are female” is considered false, even though there are necessarily fewer birds that lay eggs than birds that are female. In this article, we adopt a cognitive perspective on genericity. Specifically, we draw on learning principles that predict asymmetries in the acquisition of category representations, which in turn might determine the acceptance of generic sentences. Our key hypotheses were that generics are more likely accepted when the attributes they refer to are distinctive (i.e., more prevalent in the category relative to comparison categories) and that this pattern is sensitive to the temporal order in which category information is acquired. We report three preregistered experiments to test these hypotheses. In all experiments, we employed a trait-learning paradigm in which participants received information about exemplars of two fictitious kinds (human-like sea creatures in Experiments 1–3, stones in Experiment 2) in sequential order. We manipulated the prevalence of attributes within kinds, as well as their status as being shared between kinds or distinctive for either the first- or second-learned kind. As hypothesized, generic sentences were more likely accepted when referring to distinctive (vs. shared) attributes, but only for the second-learned kind. We discuss implications for theories of generics as well as stereotype formation and representation.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"49 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.70057","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143698846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0