Cognitive Science最新文献_第4页

A Simple Computational Model of Semantic Priming in 18-Month-Olds 18 个月大儿童语义引申的简单计算模型

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13499

Valentina Gliozzi

引用次数: 0

Grammar and Expectation in Active Dependency Resolution: Experimental and Modeling Evidence From Norwegian 主动依存关系解析中的语法和期望：挪威语的实验和建模证据

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13501

Anastasia Kobzeva, Dave Kush

{"title":"Grammar and Expectation in Active Dependency Resolution: Experimental and Modeling Evidence From Norwegian","authors":"Anastasia Kobzeva, Dave Kush","doi":"10.1111/cogs.13501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13501","url":null,"abstract":"Filler-gap dependency resolution is often characterized as an active process. We probed the mechanisms that determine where and why comprehenders posit gaps during incremental processing using Norwegian as our test language. First, we investigated why active filler-gap dependency resolution is suspended inside island domains like embedded questions in some languages. Processing-based accounts hold that resource limitations prevent gap-filling in embedded questions across languages, while grammar-based accounts predict that active gap-filling is only blocked in languages where embedded questions are grammatical islands. In a self-paced reading study, we find that Norwegian participants exhibit filled-gap effects inside embedded questions, which are not islands in the language. The findings are consistent with grammar-based, but not processing, accounts. Second, we asked if active filler-gap processing can be understood as a special case of probabilistic ambiguity resolution within an expectation-based framework. To do so, we tested whether word-by-word surprisal values from a neural language model could predict the location and magnitude of filled-gap effects in our behavioral data. We find that surprisal accurately tracks the location of filled-gap effects but severely underestimates their magnitude. This suggests either that mechanisms above and beyond probabilistic ambiguity resolution are required to fully explain active gap-filling behavior or that surprisal values derived from long-short term memory are not good proxies for humans' incremental expectations during filler-gap resolution.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"48 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.13501","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142435429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluation of an Algorithmic-Level Left-Corner Parsing Account of Surprisal Effects 评估对惊奇效果的算法级左角解析解释

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13500

William Schuler, Shizen Yue

引用次数: 0

Allow Me to Explain: Benefits of Explaining Extend to Distal Academic Performance 请允许我解释：解释的益处延伸到远端学习成绩

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13496

Anahid S. Modrek, Tania Lombrozo

{"title":"Allow Me to Explain: Benefits of Explaining Extend to Distal Academic Performance","authors":"Anahid S. Modrek, Tania Lombrozo","doi":"10.1111/cogs.13496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13496","url":null,"abstract":"How does the act of explaining influence learning? Prior work has studied effects of explaining through a predominantly proximal lens, measuring short-term outcomes or manipulations within lab settings. Here, we ask whether the benefits of explaining extend to academic performance over time. Specifically, does the quality and frequency of student explanations predict students’ later performance on standardized tests of math and English? In Study 1 (N = 127 5th−6th graders), participants completed a causal learning activity during which their explanation quality was evaluated. Controlling for prior test scores, explanation quality directly predicted both math and English standardized test scores the following year. In Study 2 (N = 20,384 10th graders), participants reported aspects of teachers’ explanations and their own. Controlling for prior test scores, students’ own explanations predicted both math and English state standardized test scores, and teacher explanations were linked to test performance through students’ own explanations. Taken together, these findings suggest that benefits of explaining may result in part from the development of a metacognitive explanatory skill that transfers across domains and over time. Implications for cognitive science, pedagogy, and education are discussed.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"48 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.13496","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142244758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Adults Adapt to Child Speech in Causative Semantics 成人在因果语义学中适应儿童语音

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13495

Guanghao You, Moritz M. Daum, Sabine Stoll

{"title":"Adults Adapt to Child Speech in Causative Semantics","authors":"Guanghao You, Moritz M. Daum, Sabine Stoll","doi":"10.1111/cogs.13495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13495","url":null,"abstract":"Causation is a core feature of human cognition and language. How children learn about intricate causal meanings is yet unresolved. Here, we focus on how children learn verbs that express causation. Such verbs, known as lexical causatives (e.g., break and raise), lack explicit morphosyntactic markers indicating causation, thus requiring that the child generalizes the causal meaning from the context. The language addressed to children presumably plays a crucial role in this learning process. Hence, we tested whether adults adapt their use of lexical causatives to children when talking to them in day-to-day interactions. We analyzed naturalistic longitudinal data from 12 children in the Manchester corpus (spanning from 20 to 36 months of age). To detect semantic generalization, we employed a network approach with semantics learned from cross-situational contexts. Our results show an increasing trend in the expansion of causative semantics, observable in both child speech and child-directed speech. Adults consistently maintain somewhat more intricate causative semantic networks compared to children. However, both groups display evolving patterns. Around 28–30 months of age, children undergo a reduction in the degree of causative generalization, followed by a slightly time-lagged adjustment by adults in their speech directed to children. These findings substantiate adults' adaptation in child-directed speech, extending to semantics. They highlight child-directed speech as a highly adaptive and subconscious teaching tool that facilitates the dynamic processes of language acquisition.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"48 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.13495","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142234957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Exploring the Impact of Math Anxiety and Task Difficulty on Pupil Dilation in Adults and Young Children 探索数学焦虑和任务难度对成人和幼儿瞳孔扩张的影响

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13493

Laura Galeano, Gustaf Gredebäck

{"title":"Exploring the Impact of Math Anxiety and Task Difficulty on Pupil Dilation in Adults and Young Children","authors":"Laura Galeano, Gustaf Gredebäck","doi":"10.1111/cogs.13493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13493","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated the relations between self-reported math anxiety, task difficulty, and pupil dilation in adults and very young children during math tasks of varying difficulty levels. While task difficulty significantly influenced pupillary responses in both groups, the association between self-reported math anxiety and pupil dilation differed across age cohorts. The children exhibited resilience to the effects of math anxiety, hinting at additional influential factors such as formal math education experiences shaping their relations to mathematics and their impact on cognitive processes over time. Contrary to expectations, no significant association between self-reported math anxiety and pupil dilation during task anticipation was found in either group. In adults, math anxiety influenced pupil dilation exclusively during the initial phase of task processing indicating heightened cognitive load, but this influence diminished during sustained task processing. Theoretical implications emphasize the need for exploring individual differences, cognitive strategies, and the developmental trajectory of math anxiety in very young children.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"48 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.13493","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142234958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Latent Relations at Steady-state with Associative Nets 关联网络稳态下的潜在关系

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13494

Kevin D. Shabahang, Hyungwook Yim, Simon J. Dennis

{"title":"Latent Relations at Steady-state with Associative Nets","authors":"Kevin D. Shabahang, Hyungwook Yim, Simon J. Dennis","doi":"10.1111/cogs.13494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13494","url":null,"abstract":"Models of word meaning that exploit patterns of word usage across large text corpora to capture semantic relations, like the topic model and word2vec, condense word-by-context co-occurrence statistics to induce representations that organize words along semantically relevant dimensions (e.g., synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, etc.). However, their reliance on latent representations leaves them vulnerable to interference, makes them slow learners, and commits to a dual-systems account of episodic and semantic memory. We show how it is possible to construct the meaning of words online during retrieval to avoid these limitations. We implement a spreading activation account of word meaning in an associative net, a one-layer highly recurrent network of associations, called a Dynamic-Eigen-Net, that we developed to address the limitations of earlier variants of associative nets when scaling up to deal with unstructured input domains like natural language text. We show that spreading activation using a one-hot coded Dynamic-Eigen-Net outperforms the topic model and reaches similar levels of performance as word2vec when predicting human free associations and word similarity ratings. Latent Semantic Analysis vectors reached similar levels of performance when constructed by applying dimensionality reduction to the Shifted Positive Pointwise Mutual Information but showed poorer predictability for free associations when using an entropy-based normalization. An analysis of the rate at which the Dynamic-Eigen-Net reaches asymptotic performance shows that it learns faster than word2vec. We argue in favor of the Dynamic-Eigen-Net as a fast learner, with a single-store, that is not subject to catastrophic interference. We present it as an alternative to instance models when delegating the induction of latent relationships to process assumptions instead of assumptions about representation.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"48 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.13494","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142234815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Incremental Discourse-Update Constrains Number Agreement Attraction Effect 增量话语更新制约数量协议的吸引力效应

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13497

Sanghee J. Kim, Ming Xiang

{"title":"Incremental Discourse-Update Constrains Number Agreement Attraction Effect","authors":"Sanghee J. Kim, Ming Xiang","doi":"10.1111/cogs.13497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13497","url":null,"abstract":"While a large body of work in sentence comprehension has explored how different types of linguistic information are used to guide syntactic parsing, less is known about the effect of discourse structure. This study investigates this question, focusing on the main and subordinate discourse contrast manifested in the distinction between restrictive relative clauses (RRCs) and appositive relative clauses (ARCs) in American English. In three self-paced reading experiments, we examined whether both RRCs and ARCs interfere with the matrix clause content and give rise to the agreement attraction effect. While the standard attraction effect was consistently observed in the baseline RRC structures, the effect varied in the ARC structures. These results collectively suggest that discourse structure indeed constrains syntactic dependency resolution. Most importantly, we argue that what is at stake is not the static discourse structure properties at the global sentence level. Instead, attention should be given to the incremental update of the discourse structure in terms of which discourse questions are active at any given moment of a discourse. The current findings have implications for understanding the way discourse structure, specifically the active state of discourse questions, constrains memory retrieval.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"48 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.13497","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142234959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Does Stimulus Category Coherence Influence Visual Working Memory? A Rational Analysis 刺激类别一致性会影响视觉工作记忆吗？理性分析

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13498

Ruoyang Hu, Robert A. Jacobs

{"title":"Does Stimulus Category Coherence Influence Visual Working Memory? A Rational Analysis","authors":"Ruoyang Hu, Robert A. Jacobs","doi":"10.1111/cogs.13498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13498","url":null,"abstract":"Visual working memory (VWM) refers to the temporary storage and manipulation of visual information. Although visually different, objects we view and remember can share the same higher-level category information, such as an apple, orange, and banana all being classified as fruit. We study the influence of category information on VWM, focusing on the question of whether stimulus category coherence (i.e., whether all to-be-remembered items belong to the same semantic category) influences VWM performance. This question is addressed in two behavioral experiments using a change-detection paradigm and a rational analysis using an ideal observer based on a Bayesian model. Both experimental participants and the ideal observer often, but not always, performed numerically better on coherent trials (i.e., when all stimuli belonged to the same category). We hypothesize that the influence of category coherence information on VWM may be task-dependent and/or stimulus-dependent. In conditions when category coherence information is highly valuable for task performance, as indicated by the ideal observer, then participants tended to make use of it. However, when the ideal observer suggested this information was not crucial to performance, participants did not. In addition, both participants and the ideal observer showed a bias toward responding “same,” and often showed a stronger influence of category coherence on change trials. The consistencies between participant and ideal observer responses suggest participants often behaved as they did because these behaviors are optimal (or approximately so) for maximizing task performance. This may help explain conflicting results reported in the scientific literature.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"48 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.13498","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142234960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Kin Cognition and Communication: What Talking, Gesturing, and Drawing About Family Can Tell us About the Way We Think About This Core Social Structure 亲属认知与交流：关于家庭的谈话、手势和绘画能告诉我们关于这一核心社会结构的思考方式。

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13484

Simon Devylder, Jennifer Hinnel, Joost van de Weier, Linea Brink Andersen, Lucie Laporte-Devylder, Heron Ken Tomaki Kulukul

{"title":"Kin Cognition and Communication: What Talking, Gesturing, and Drawing About Family Can Tell us About the Way We Think About This Core Social Structure","authors":"Simon Devylder, Jennifer Hinnel, Joost van de Weier, Linea Brink Andersen, Lucie Laporte-Devylder, Heron Ken Tomaki Kulukul","doi":"10.1111/cogs.13484","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cogs.13484","url":null,"abstract":"When people talk about kinship systems, they often use co-speech gestures and other representations to elaborate. This paper investigates such polysemiotic (spoken, gestured, and drawn) descriptions of kinship relations, to see if they display recurring patterns of conventionalization that capture specific social structures. We present an exploratory hypothesis-generating study of descriptions produced by a lesser-known ethnolinguistic community to the cognitive sciences: the Paamese people of Vanuatu. Forty Paamese speakers were asked to talk about their family in semi-guided kinship interviews. Analyses of the speech, gesture, and drawings produced during these interviews revealed that lineality (i.e., mother's side vs. father's side) is lateralized in the speaker's gesture space. In other words, kinship members of the speaker's matriline are placed on the left side of the speaker's body and those of the patriline are placed on their right side, when they are mentioned in speech. Moreover, we find that the gesture produced by Paamese participants during verbal descriptions of marital relations are performed significantly more often on two diagonal directions of the sagittal axis. We show that these diagonals are also found in the few diagrams that participants drew on the ground to augment their verbo-gestural descriptions of marriage practices with drawing. We interpret this behavior as evidence of a spatial template, which Paamese speakers activate to think and communicate about family relations. We therefore argue that extending investigations of kinship structures beyond kinship terminologies alone can unveil additional key factors that shape kinship cognition and communication and hereby provide further insights into the diversity of social structures.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"48 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.13484","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142127040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0