Cognitive Science最新文献_第5页

Understanding the Role of Eye Movement Pattern and Consistency in Isolated English Word Reading Through Hidden Markov Modeling 通过隐马尔可夫模型了解眼动模式和一致性在孤立英语单词阅读中的作用。

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13489

Weiyan Liao, Janet Hui-wen Hsiao

{"title":"Understanding the Role of Eye Movement Pattern and Consistency in Isolated English Word Reading Through Hidden Markov Modeling","authors":"Weiyan Liao, Janet Hui-wen Hsiao","doi":"10.1111/cogs.13489","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cogs.13489","url":null,"abstract":"In isolated English word reading, readers have the optimal performance when their initial eye fixation is directed to the area between the beginning and word center, that is, the optimal viewing position (OVP). Thus, how well readers voluntarily direct eye gaze to this OVP during isolated word reading may be associated with reading performance. Using Eye Movement analysis with Hidden Markov Models, we discovered two representative eye movement patterns during lexical decisions through clustering, which focused at the OVP and the word center, respectively. Higher eye movement similarity to the OVP-focusing pattern predicted faster lexical decision time in addition to cognitive abilities and lexical knowledge. However, the OVP-focusing pattern was associated with longer isolated single letter naming time, suggesting conflicting visual abilities required for identifying isolated letters and multi-letter words. In contrast, in both word and pseudoword naming, although clustering did not reveal an OVP-focused pattern, higher consistency of the first fixation as measured in entropy predicted faster naming time in addition to cognitive abilities and lexical knowledge. Thus, developing a consistent eye movement pattern focusing on the OVP is essential for word orthographic processing and reading fluency. This finding has important implications for interventions for reading difficulties.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"48 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.13489","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142127042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Exploring Early Number Abilities With Multimodal Transformers 利用多模式转换器探索早期数字能力

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13492

Alice Hein, Klaus Diepold

{"title":"Exploring Early Number Abilities With Multimodal Transformers","authors":"Alice Hein, Klaus Diepold","doi":"10.1111/cogs.13492","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cogs.13492","url":null,"abstract":"Early number skills represent critical milestones in children's cognitive development and are shaped over years of interacting with quantities and numerals in various contexts. Several connectionist computational models have attempted to emulate how certain number concepts may be learned, represented, and processed in the brain. However, these models mainly used highly simplified inputs and focused on limited tasks. We expand on previous work in two directions: First, we train a model end-to-end on video demonstrations in a synthetic environment with multimodal visual and language inputs. Second, we use a more holistic dataset of 35 tasks, covering enumeration, set comparisons, symbolic digits, and seriation. The order in which the model acquires tasks reflects input length and variability, and the resulting trajectories mostly fit with findings from educational psychology. The trained model also displays symbolic and non-symbolic size and distance effects. Using techniques from interpretability research, we investigate how our attention-based model integrates cross-modal representations and binds them into context-specific associative networks to solve different tasks. We compare models trained with and without symbolic inputs and find that the purely non-symbolic model employs more processing-intensive strategies to determine set size.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"48 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.13492","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142127039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Neural Dynamic Principles for an Intentional Embodied Agent 意念化代理的神经动态原理

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13491

Jan Tekülve, Gregor Schöner

引用次数: 0

Reasoning From Quantified Modal Premises 从量化模态前提推理。

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13485

Ana Cristina Quelhas, Célia Rasga, P. N. Johnson-Laird

{"title":"Reasoning From Quantified Modal Premises","authors":"Ana Cristina Quelhas, Célia Rasga, P. N. Johnson-Laird","doi":"10.1111/cogs.13485","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cogs.13485","url":null,"abstract":"Quantified modal inferences interest logicians, linguists, and computer scientists, but no previous psychological study of them appears to be in the literature. Here is an example of one:\u0000\u0000 People tend to conclude: Paulo is possibly a businessman (Experiment 1). It seems plausible, and it follows from an intuitive mental model in which Paulo is one of a set of artists who are businessmen. Further deliberation can yield a model of an alternative possibility in which Paulo is not one of the artists, which confirms that the conclusion is only a possibility. The snag is that standard modal logics, which deal with possibilities, cannot yield a particular conclusion to any premises: Infinitely many follow validly (from any premises) but they do not include the present conclusion. Yet, further experiments corroborated a new mental model theory's predictions for various inferences (Experiment 2), for the occurrence of factual conclusions drawn from premises about possibilities (Experiment 3) and for inferences from premises of modal syllogisms (Experiment 4). The theory is therefore plausible, but we explore the feasibility of a cognitive theory based on modifications to modal logic.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"48 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142005591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Partner-Specific Adaptation in Disfluency Processing 流畅性处理中的伙伴特定适应性

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13490

Si On Yoon, Sarah Brown-Schmidt

{"title":"Partner-Specific Adaptation in Disfluency Processing","authors":"Si On Yoon, Sarah Brown-Schmidt","doi":"10.1111/cogs.13490","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cogs.13490","url":null,"abstract":"Speakers tend to produce disfluencies when naming unexpected or complex items; in turn, when perceiving disfluency, listeners tend to expect upcoming reference to items that are unexpected or complex to name. In two experiments, we examined if these disfluency-based expectations are routine, or instead, if they adapt to the way the speaker uses disfluency in the current context in a talker-specific manner. Participants listened to instructions to look at objects in contexts with several images, some of which lacked conventional names. We manipulated the co-occurrence of disfluency and reference to novel versus familiar objects in a single talker situation (Experiment 1) and in a multi-talker situation (Experiment 2). In the predictive condition, disfluent expressions referred to novel objects, and fluent expressions referred to familiar objects. In the nonpredictive condition, fluent and disfluent trials referred to either familiar or novel objects. Participants’ gaze revealed that listeners more readily predicted familiar images for fluent trials and novel images for disfluent trials in the predictive condition than in the nonpredictive condition. In sum, listeners adapted their expectations about upcoming words based on recent experience with disfluency. Disfluency is not invariably processed, but instead a cue that is flexibly interpreted depending on the local context even in a multi-talker setting.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"48 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142005590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

High-Pitched Sound is Open and Low-Pitched Sound is Closed: Representing the Spatial Meaning of Pitch Height 高音是开放的，低音是封闭的：表现音高的空间意义。

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-08-18 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13486

Lari Vainio, Ida-Lotta Myllylä, Alexandra Wikström, Martti Vainio

{"title":"High-Pitched Sound is Open and Low-Pitched Sound is Closed: Representing the Spatial Meaning of Pitch Height","authors":"Lari Vainio, Ida-Lotta Myllylä, Alexandra Wikström, Martti Vainio","doi":"10.1111/cogs.13486","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cogs.13486","url":null,"abstract":"Research shows that high- and low-pitch sounds can be associated with various meanings. For example, high-pitch sounds are associated with small concepts, whereas low-pitch sounds are associated with large concepts. This study presents three experiments revealing that high-pitch sounds are also associated with open concepts and opening hand actions, while low-pitch sounds are associated with closed concepts and closing hand actions. In Experiment 1, this sound-meaning correspondence effect was shown using the two-alternative forced-choice task, while Experiments 2 and 3 used reaction time tasks to show this interaction. In Experiment 2, high-pitch vocalizations were found to facilitate opening hand gestures, and low-pitch vocalizations were found to facilitate closing hand gestures, when performed simultaneously. In Experiment 3, high-pitched vocalizations were produced particularly rapidly when the visual target stimulus presented an open object, and low-pitched vocalizations were produced particularly rapidly when the target presented a closed object. These findings are discussed concerning the meaning of intonational cues. They are suggested to be based on cross-modally representing conceptual spatial knowledge in sensory, motor, and affective systems. Additionally, this pitch-opening effect might share cognitive processes with other pitch-meaning effects.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"48 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.13486","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142001072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Exploring How Generating Metaphor Via Insight Versus Analysis Affects Metaphor Quality and Learning Outcomes 探索通过洞察和分析产生隐喻如何影响隐喻质量和学习效果。

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-08-18 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13488

Yuhua Yu, Lindsay Krebs, Mark Beeman, Vicky T. Lai

{"title":"Exploring How Generating Metaphor Via Insight Versus Analysis Affects Metaphor Quality and Learning Outcomes","authors":"Yuhua Yu, Lindsay Krebs, Mark Beeman, Vicky T. Lai","doi":"10.1111/cogs.13488","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cogs.13488","url":null,"abstract":"Metaphor generation is both a creative act and a means of learning. When learning a new concept, people often create a metaphor to connect the new concept to existing knowledge. Does the manner in which people generate a metaphor, via sudden insight (Aha! moment) or deliberate analysis, influence the quality of generation and subsequent learning outcomes? According to some research, deliberate processing enhances knowledge retention; hence, generation via analysis likely leads to better concept learning. However, other research has shown that solutions generated via insight are better remembered. In the current study, participants were presented with science concepts and descriptions, then generated metaphors for the concepts. They also indicated how they generated each metaphor and rated their metaphor for novelty and aptness. We assessed participants’ learning outcomes with a memory test and evaluated the creative quality of the metaphors based on self- and crowd-sourced ratings. Consistent with the deliberate processing benefit, participants became more familiar with the target science concept if they previously generated a metaphor for the concept via analysis compared to via insight. We also found that metaphors generated via analysis did not differ from metaphors generated via insight in quality (aptness or novelty) nor in how well they were remembered. However, participants’ self-evaluations of metaphors generated via insight showed more agreement with independent raters, suggesting the role of insight in modulating the creative ideation process. These preliminary findings have implications for understanding the nature of insight during idea generation and its impact on learning.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"48 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.13488","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142001071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Can Large Language Models Counter the Recent Decline in Literacy Levels? An Important Role for Cognitive Science 大型语言模型能否应对近期识字水平的下降？认知科学的重要作用。

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-08-18 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13487

Falk Huettig, Morten H. Christiansen

引用次数: 0

Lexical and Social Effects on the Learning and Integration of Inflectional Morphology 词汇和社会对学习和整合词法的影响

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-07-30 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13483

Péter Rácz, Ágnes Lukács

{"title":"Lexical and Social Effects on the Learning and Integration of Inflectional Morphology","authors":"Péter Rácz, Ágnes Lukács","doi":"10.1111/cogs.13483","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cogs.13483","url":null,"abstract":"People learn language variation through exposure to linguistic interactions. The way we take part in these interactions is shaped by our lexical representations, the mechanisms of language processing, and the social context. Existing work has looked at how we learn and store variation in the ambient language. How this is mediated by the social context is less understood.We report on the results of an innovative experimental battery designed to test how learning variation is affected by a variable's social indexicality. Hungarian native speakers played a co-operative game involving verb nonwords. These were built on existing inflectional variation in Hungarian. Participant behavior shifted in response to an automated co-player's preferences, and this reflected a change in the overall lexical patterns of the players, affected by the particular verbs introduced by the co-player. Patterns persisted in subsequent testing. Learning was similar for variables with or without social meaning.Results show that participants can learn and retain a range of variable morphological patterns in a simulated interaction. Participants seem to have equal capacity to pick up variables with and without social meaning. This suggests that the social meaning of a pattern does not clearly constrain learning morphological variation and becomes relevant downstream in learning.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"48 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.13483","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141856845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Surface Cues Explain the Logic-Liking Effect in Disjunctions 表面线索解释了分词中的逻辑喜好效应

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13482

Constantin G. Meyer-Grant, Dorothea Poggel, Karl Christoph Klauer

{"title":"Surface Cues Explain the Logic-Liking Effect in Disjunctions","authors":"Constantin G. Meyer-Grant, Dorothea Poggel, Karl Christoph Klauer","doi":"10.1111/cogs.13482","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cogs.13482","url":null,"abstract":"The finding that people tend to prefer logically valid conclusions over invalid ones is known in the literature as the logic-liking effect and has traditionally been interpreted as evidence for the notion of so-called logical intuitions. Results of more recent empirical studies investigating conditional and categorical syllogisms suggest, however, that previous instances of the logic-liking effect can be accounted for by a confound in terms of surface-feature atmosphere. But the true nature of this atmosphere effect has so far remained largely elusive. Here, we address this issue and introduce two variants of disjunctive syllogisms that enable us to deconfound validity, possibility of the conclusion, and surface-feature atmosphere, which has been impossible with simple disjunctive syllogisms used in earlier studies. Three experiments, in which participants were asked to provide liking and logic ratings for these arguments, revealed that the logic-liking effect in disjunctive syllogisms can be explained by an atmosphere confound in combination with implied demand to consider logicality when judging likability. We also observed a strong atmosphere effect in logic ratings over and above an effect of logical validity per se. Furthermore, atmosphere effects appear to be induced only by specific surface features, namely those that are ecologically valid, if fallible, predictors for logicality. We conclude that acquired atmosphere heuristics provide proxies for logical validity that reasoners often take at face value. A comparison of the present results with previous findings from experiments that focused on conditional and categorical syllogisms additionally indicates that these atmosphere heuristics are used irrespective of an argument's complexity.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"48 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.13482","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141724795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0