Cognitive Science最新文献_第2页

Semantic Content in Face Representation: Essential for Proficient Recognition of Unfamiliar Faces by Good Recognizers 人脸表征中的语义内容：优秀识别器熟练识别不熟悉面孔的必要条件

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.70020

Tong Jiang, Guomei Zhou

{"title":"Semantic Content in Face Representation: Essential for Proficient Recognition of Unfamiliar Faces by Good Recognizers","authors":"Tong Jiang, Guomei Zhou","doi":"10.1111/cogs.70020","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cogs.70020","url":null,"abstract":"Face recognition is adapted to achieve goals of social interactions, which rely on further processing of the semantic information of faces, beyond visual computations. Here, we explored the semantic content of face representation apart from visual component, and tested their relations to face recognition performance. Specifically, we propose that enhanced visual or semantic coding could underlie the advantage of familiar over unfamiliar faces recognition, as well as the superior recognition of skilled face recognizers. We asked participants to freely describe familiar/unfamiliar faces using words or phrases, and converted these descriptions into semantic vectors. Face semantics were transformed into quantifiable face vectors by aggregating these word/phrase vectors. We also extracted visual features from a deep convolutional neural network and obtained the visual representation of familiar/unfamiliar faces. Semantic and visual representations were used to predict perceptual representation generated from a behavior rating task separately in different groups (bad/good face recognizers in familiar-face/unfamiliar-face conditions). Comparisons revealed that although long-term memory facilitated visual feature extraction for familiar faces compared to unfamiliar faces, good recognizers compensated for this disparity by incorporating more semantic information for unfamiliar faces, a strategy not observed in bad recognizers. This study highlights the significance of semantics in recognizing unfamiliar faces.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"48 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142717428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Beyond the Positivity Bias: The Processing and Integration of Self-Relevant Feedback Is Driven by Its Alignment With Pre-Existing Self-Views 超越积极性偏差：自我相关反馈的处理和整合受其与预先存在的自我观点的一致性所驱动

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.70017

Josué García-Arch, Solenn Friedrich, Xiongbo Wu, David Cucurell, Lluís Fuentemilla

{"title":"Beyond the Positivity Bias: The Processing and Integration of Self-Relevant Feedback Is Driven by Its Alignment With Pre-Existing Self-Views","authors":"Josué García-Arch, Solenn Friedrich, Xiongbo Wu, David Cucurell, Lluís Fuentemilla","doi":"10.1111/cogs.70017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.70017","url":null,"abstract":"Our self-concept is constantly faced with self-relevant information. Prevailing research suggests that information's valence plays a central role in shaping our self-views. However, the need for stability within the self-concept structure and the inherent alignment of positive feedback with the pre-existing self-views of healthy individuals might mask valence and congruence effects. In this study (N = 30, undergraduates), we orthogonalized feedback valence and self-congruence effects to examine the behavioral and electrophysiological signatures of self-relevant feedback processing and self-concept updating. We found that participants had a preference for integrating self-congruent and dismissing self-incongruent feedback, regardless of its valence. Consistently, electroencephalography results revealed that feedback congruence, but not feedback valence, is rapidly detected during early processing stages. Our findings diverge from the accepted notion that self-concept updating is based on the selective incorporation of positive information. These findings offer novel insights into self-concept dynamics, with implications for the understanding of psychopathological conditions.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"48 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.70017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142666025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Lay Theories of Moral Progress 道德进步论

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.70018

Casey Lewry, Sana Asifriyaz, Tania Lombrozo

{"title":"Lay Theories of Moral Progress","authors":"Casey Lewry, Sana Asifriyaz, Tania Lombrozo","doi":"10.1111/cogs.70018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.70018","url":null,"abstract":"Many consider the world to be morally better today than it was in the past and expect moral improvement to continue. How do people explain what drives this change? In this paper, we identify two ways people might think about how moral progress occurs: that it is driven by human action (i.e., if people did not actively work to make the world better, moral progress would not occur) or that it is driven by an unspecified mechanism (i.e., that our world is destined to morally improve, but without specifying a role for human action). In Study 1 (N = 147), we find that those who more strongly believe that the mechanism of moral progress is human action are more likely to believe their own intervention is warranted to correct a moral setback. In Study 2 (N = 145), we find that this translates to intended action: those who more strongly believe moral progress is driven by human action report that they would donate more money to correct a moral setback. In Study 3 (N = 297), participants generate their own explanations for why moral progress occurs. We find that participants’ donation intentions are predicted by whether their explanations state that human action drives moral progress. Together, these studies suggest that beliefs about the mechanisms of moral progress have important implications for engaging in social action.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"48 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.70018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142665101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Adults and Children Engage in Subtle and Fine-Grained Action Interpretation and Evaluation in Moral Dilemmas 成人和儿童在道德困境中进行微妙而细致的行动解释和评价。

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.70012

Isa Blomberg, Britta Schünemann, Marina Proft, Hannes Rakoczy

{"title":"Adults and Children Engage in Subtle and Fine-Grained Action Interpretation and Evaluation in Moral Dilemmas","authors":"Isa Blomberg, Britta Schünemann, Marina Proft, Hannes Rakoczy","doi":"10.1111/cogs.70012","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cogs.70012","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the actions of others is fundamental for human social life. It builds on a grasp of the subjective intentionality behind behavior: one action comprises different things simultaneously (e.g., moving their arm, turning on the light) but which of these constitute intentional actions, in contrast to merely foreseen side-effects (e.g., increasing the electricity bill), depends on the description under which the agent represents the acts. She may be acting intentionally only under the description “turning on the light,” but did not turn on the light in order to increase the electricity bill. In preregistered studies (N = 620), we asked how adults and children engage in such complex subjective action interpretation and evaluation in moral dilemmas. To capture the deep structure of subjects' representations of the intentional structures of actions, we derived “act trees” from their response patterns to questions about the acts. Results suggest that people systematically distinguish between intended main and merely foreseen side-effects in their moral and intentionality judgments, even when main and side-effects were closely related and the latter were harmful. Additional experimental conditions suggest that, when given ambiguous information, the majority of subjects assume that agents act with beneficial main intentions. This “good intention prior” was so strong that participants attributed good intentions even when the harmful action was no longer necessary to resolve the dilemma (Study 2). These methods provide promising new ways to investigate in more subtle and fine-grained ways how reasoners parse, interpret, and evaluate complex actions.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"48 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.70012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142630538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Folk Intuitions About Free Will and Moral Responsibility: Evaluating the Combined Effects of Misunderstandings About Determinism and Motivated Cognition 关于自由意志和道德责任的民间直觉：评估对决定论和动机认知的误解的综合影响》（Evaluating the Combined Effects of Misunderstandings About Determinism and Motivated Cognition.

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.70014

Kiichi Inarimori, Yusuke Haruki, Kengo Miyazono

{"title":"Folk Intuitions About Free Will and Moral Responsibility: Evaluating the Combined Effects of Misunderstandings About Determinism and Motivated Cognition","authors":"Kiichi Inarimori, Yusuke Haruki, Kengo Miyazono","doi":"10.1111/cogs.70014","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cogs.70014","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we conducted large-scale experiments with novel descriptions of determinism. Our goal was to investigate the effects of desires for punishment and comprehension errors on people's intuitions about free will and moral responsibility in deterministic scenarios. Previous research has acknowledged the influence of these factors, but their total effect has not been revealed. Using a large-scale survey of Japanese participants, we found that the failure to understand causal determination (intrusion) has limited effects relative to other factors and that the conflation of determinism and epiphenomenalism (bypassing) has a significant influence, even when controlling for other variables. This leads to the increased prevalence of incompatibilist responses. Furthermore, our results demonstrated a close association between the attribution of free will/responsibility and retributive desire. While further research is needed to establish the causal relationship between these factors, this association is consistent with Cory Clark and colleagues’ study that increased desire contributes to increased compatibilist responses and their claim that a definitive intuition about free will may be elusive.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"48 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142607080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

How Likely Is it that I Would Act the Same Way: Modeling Moral Judgment During Uncertainty 我采取相同行动的可能性有多大？不确定情况下的道德判断建模。

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.70010

Paul C. Bogdan, Sanda Dolcos, Florin Dolcos

{"title":"How Likely Is it that I Would Act the Same Way: Modeling Moral Judgment During Uncertainty","authors":"Paul C. Bogdan, Sanda Dolcos, Florin Dolcos","doi":"10.1111/cogs.70010","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cogs.70010","url":null,"abstract":"Moral rules come with exceptions, and moral judgments come with uncertainty. For instance, stealing is wrong and generally punished. Yet, it could be the case that the thief is stealing food for their family. Such information about the thief's context could flip admonishment to praise. To varying degrees, this type of uncertainty regarding the context of another person's behavior is ever-present in moral judgment. Hence, we propose a model of how people evaluate others’ behavior: We argue that individuals principally judge the righteousness of another person's behavior by assessing the likelihood that they would act the same way if they were in the person's shoes. That is, if you see another person steal, you will consider the contexts where you too would steal and assess the likelihood that any of these contexts are true, given the available information. This idea can be formalized as a Bayesian model that treats moral judgment as probabilistic reasoning. We tested this model across four studies (N = 601) involving either fictional moral vignettes or economic games. The studies yielded converging evidence showing that the proposed model better predicts moral judgment under uncertainty than traditional theories that emphasize social norms or perceived harm/utility. Overall, the present studies support a new model of moral judgment with the potential to unite research on social judgment, decision-making, and probabilistic reasoning. Beyond this specific model, the present studies also more generally speak to how individuals parse uncertainty by integrating across different possibilities.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"48 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.70010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142607082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Does Momentary Outcome-Based Reflection Shape Bioethical Views? A Pre-Post Intervention Design 基于瞬间成果的反思会影响生物伦理观吗？前后期干预设计。

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.70009

Carme Isern-Mas, Piotr Bystranowski, John Rueda, Ivar R. Hannikainen

{"title":"Does Momentary Outcome-Based Reflection Shape Bioethical Views? A Pre-Post Intervention Design","authors":"Carme Isern-Mas, Piotr Bystranowski, John Rueda, Ivar R. Hannikainen","doi":"10.1111/cogs.70009","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cogs.70009","url":null,"abstract":"Many bioliberals endorse broadly consequentialist frameworks in normative ethics, implying that a progressive stance on matters of bioethical controversy could stem from outcome-based reasoning. This raises an intriguing empirical prediction: encouraging outcome-based reflection could yield a shift toward bioliberal views among nonexperts as well. To evaluate this hypothesis, we identified empirical premises that underlie moral disagreements on seven divisive issues (e.g., vaccines, abortion, or genetically modified organisms). In exploratory and confirmatory experiments, we assessed whether people spontaneously engage in outcome-based reasoning by asking how their moral views change after momentarily reflecting on the underlying empirical questions. Our findings indicate that momentary reflection had no overall treatment effect on the central tendency or the dispersion in moral attitudes when compared to prereflection measures collected 1 week prior. Autoregressive models provided evidence that participants engaged in consequentialist moral reasoning, but this self-guided reflection produced neither moral “progress” (shifts in the distributions’ central tendency) nor moral “consensus” (reductions in their dispersion). These results imply that flexibility in people's search for empirical answers may limit the potential for outcome-based reflection to foster moral consensus.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"48 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.70009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142607079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Correction to “Evaluation of an Algorithmic-Level Left-Corner Parsing Account of Surprisal Effects” 对 "评估对惊奇效果的算法级左角解析说明 "的更正。

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.70016

引用次数: 0

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.70008

Dasol Jeong, Thomas T. Hills

{"title":"Age-Related Diversification and Specialization in the Mental Lexicon: Comparing Aggregate and Individual-Level Network Approaches","authors":"Dasol Jeong, Thomas T. Hills","doi":"10.1111/cogs.70008","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cogs.70008","url":null,"abstract":"The mental lexicon changes across the lifespan. Prior work, aggregating data among individuals of similar ages, found that the aging lexicon, represented as a network of free associations, becomes more sparse with age: degree and clustering coefficient decrease and average shortest path length increases. However, because this work is based on aggregated data, it remains to be seen whether or not individuals show a similar pattern of age-related lexical change. Here, we demonstrate how an individual-level approach can be used to reveal differences that vary systematically with age. We also directly compare this approach with an aggregate-level approach, to show how these approaches differ. Our individual-level approach follows the logic of many past approaches by comparing individual data as they are situated within population-level data. To do this, we produce a conglomerate network from population-level data and then identify how data from individuals of different ages are situated within that network. Though we find most qualitative patterns are preserved, individuals produce associates that have a higher clustering coefficient in the conglomerate network as they age. Alongside a reduction in degree, this suggests more specialized but clustered knowledge with age. Older individuals also reveal a pattern of increasing distance among the associates they produce in response to a single cue, indicating a more diverse range of associations. We demonstrate these results for three different languages: English, Spanish, and Dutch, which all show the same qualitative patterns of differences between aggregate and individual network approaches. These results reveal how individual-level approaches can be taken with aggregate data and demonstrate new insights into understanding the aging lexicon.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"48 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.70008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142583932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Inverting Cognitive Models With Neural Networks to Infer Preferences From Fixations 利用神经网络反转认知模型，从定点推断偏好。

IF 2.3 2区心理学

Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.70015

Evan M. Russek, Frederick Callaway, Thomas L. Griffiths

{"title":"Inverting Cognitive Models With Neural Networks to Infer Preferences From Fixations","authors":"Evan M. Russek, Frederick Callaway, Thomas L. Griffiths","doi":"10.1111/cogs.70015","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cogs.70015","url":null,"abstract":"Inferring an individual's preferences from their observable behavior is a key step in the development of assistive decision-making technology. Although machine learning models such as neural networks could in principle be deployed toward this inference, a large amount of data is required to train such models. Here, we present an approach in which a cognitive model generates simulated data to augment limited human data. Using these data, we train a neural network to invert the model, making it possible to infer preferences from behavior. We show how this approach can be used to infer the value that people assign to food items from their eye movements when choosing between those items. We demonstrate first that neural networks can infer the latent preferences used by the model to generate simulated fixations, and second that simulated data can be beneficial in pretraining a network for predicting human-reported preferences from real fixations. Compared to inferring preferences from choice alone, this approach confers a slight improvement in predicting preferences and also allows prediction to take place prior to the choice being made. Overall, our results suggest that using a combination of neural networks and model-simulated training data is a promising approach for developing technology that infers human preferences.","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"48 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.70015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142584016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0