Cognitive Science最新文献

{"title":"Effects of Statistical Learning on Target Detection Speed Can Reflect Prediction","authors":"Laura J. Batterink,&nbsp;Daniela Herrera-Chaves,&nbsp;Stefan Köhler","doi":"10.1111/cogs.70264","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cogs.70264","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In a recent study in <i>Cognitive Science</i>, Sheinenson, Kleiman, and Siegelman found that statistical learning of visual pairs produces response time facilitation during target detection that is driven exclusively by the predictive value of the preceding shape rather than by the predictability of the target itself. These intriguing results suggest that facilitation effects in the target detection task may reflect attentional modulation by statistical structure, whereby greater attention is allocated to temporal segments of greater certainty rather than the prediction of specific upcoming items. Here, we highlight an important divergent finding that suggests that Sheinenson and colleagues’ framework may not generalize across all statistical learning studies using the target detection task. Using a speech-based statistical learning paradigm with a conceptually similar design, we recently showed that facilitation during target detection depends entirely on whether the target itself is specifically predicted by the preceding syllable and not on whether the preceding syllable is predictive, as suggested by Sheinenson and colleagues. We suggest that the relative stability of the statistical environment and the domain of statistical learning may be important factors that critically shape whether prediction is invoked during target detection. The target detection task can index learning of specific regularities, at least in the speech domain when violations of learned structure are rare. Identifying the precise boundary conditions under which prediction does and does not operate in statistical learning will be an important goal of future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"50 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13575295/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148971691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bidirectional Interactions Between Language and Music in a Dual Task Experiment Without Syntactic Violations","authors":"Aura A. L. Cruz Heredia,&nbsp;Micah Alan Johnson,&nbsp;David Cremins,&nbsp;Thomas McGee,&nbsp;Jade L. Elliott,&nbsp;Jeffrey N. Chiang,&nbsp;Martin M. Monti","doi":"10.1111/cogs.70257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.70257","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To investigate potentially shared syntactic mechanisms between language and music, we conducted a novel adaptation of the dual task paradigm without syntactic violations to assess the degree of bidirectional interaction between the two domains. Participants listened to music progressions while reading natural language sentences, and were then asked to provide, in randomized order, music closure judgments and language comprehension answers. We manipulated both language and music stimuli in terms of their syntactic structural complexity and syntactic working memory demands based on nonlocal dependencies between words or chords. We discovered a bidirectional yet unbalanced pattern of cross-domain interaction whereby language exerted relatively more influences over music than vice versa, apparently resulting mostly from syntactic structural complexity instead of syntactic working memory demands, although we discuss the possibility that alternative heuristic strategies may have been employed during concurrent, resource-demanding processes. We also found that cross-domain interactions were often most prominent when syntactically critical words and keys temporally coincided across sequences. These results provide new evidence in support of theoretical models of shared resources between language and music.</p>","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"50 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.70257","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Re-Evaluating the Role of Statistical Learning: Domain-General Predictors of Language in Typical and Atypical Development","authors":"Krisztina Sára Lukics,&nbsp;Dorottya Dobó,&nbsp;Péter Rácz,&nbsp;Ágnes Lukács","doi":"10.1111/cogs.70261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.70261","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The ability to detect statistical regularities in the input is widely assumed to support language acquisition, but its unique contribution to individual differences in language outcomes remains uncertain, especially in neurodevelopmental conditions. This study tested whether statistical learning predicts expressive vocabulary and grammatical skills in children with typical development and in groups with developmental language disorder, autism spectrum disorder or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. A total of 102 Hungarian-speaking children aged 8 to 15 years completed tasks assessing statistical learning, auditory and visual perceptual speed, short-term and working memory, sentence repetition, and expressive vocabulary. Statistical learning showed modest associations with language measures, but the effects of perceptual speed and working memory were stronger. Verbal working memory consistently emerged as the strongest predictor of vocabulary and sentence repetition across all groups. At the same time, the relatively low reliability of the statistical learning measures may have attenuated the observed associations, potentially leading to an underestimation of the strength of their relationship with language. The pattern of associations did not differ systematically between diagnostic groups, consistent with the idea that variation in language outcomes reflects general cognitive differences that cut across traditional diagnostic categories. This finding is consistent with dimensional accounts of neurodevelopment, which propose that differences between conditions arise through quantitative rather than qualitative variation in core cognitive processes. However, the various dimensions were hard to disentangle at this sample size. By demonstrating this pattern for language abilities, the present study extends the dimensional perspective to the domain of language development and highlights the importance of accounting for shared cognitive mechanisms when studying typical and atypical language variation.</p>","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"50 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.70261","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148910004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantity Estimation by Repeated Comparative Judgments","authors":"Eivind Kaspersen,&nbsp;Trygve Solstad,&nbsp;Silvester Sabathiel,&nbsp;Jeremy Hodgen","doi":"10.1111/cogs.70256","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cogs.70256","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Many species can discriminate nonsymbolic quantities, but only humans transform such perceptual magnitudes into symbolic numbers and mathematics. The process by which this transformation occurs remains debated. Here, we propose a computational model of human quantity estimation which synthesizes four general concepts established over the history of cognitive science: (1) nonsymbolic quantity representations; (2) a general capacity for comparative judgment; (3) associative memory; and (4) an anchoring-and-adjustment mechanism. We tested model predictions in preregistered experiments where participants estimated briefly displayed dot arrays. The model reproduced key psychophysical signatures of human quantity estimation across stimulus durations (100, 500, and 1000 ms) and replicated human calibration effects induced by exposure to veridical reference quantities. The results suggest that the psychophysics of symbolic estimation observed in humans can be explained by an extension of the evolutionarily ancient capacity for quantity discrimination.</p>","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"50 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148841376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conative Dissonance","authors":"Bence Nanay","doi":"10.1111/cogs.70258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.70258","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cognitive dissonance was originally defined as a “nonfitting relation between cognitions,” which gives rise to an unpleasant feeling. And this unpleasant feeling leads to a behavioral change. My aim in this paper is to argue that many phenomena that are standardly explained in terms of cognitive dissonance are in fact examples of what I call “conative dissonance:” conflict or “nonfitting relation” not between two cognitive states but between a cognitive and a conative state. I argue that explanations in terms of conative dissonance have significant benefits over explanations in terms of cognitive dissonance.</p>","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"50 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.70258","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148785071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shared Principles of Individuation Underpin Object–Event Correspondences Cross-Linguistically","authors":"Sarah Hye-yeon Lee,&nbsp;Anna Papafragou","doi":"10.1111/cogs.70248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.70248","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Entities in both the spatial and the temporal domains are characterized by a shared notion of individuation. Within the spatial domain, <i>objects</i> (e.g., table, ball) are discrete, countable mental individuals, and are distinct from unindividuated <i>substances</i> (e.g., sand, water). Within the temporal domain, <i>bounded events</i> (e.g., pile up a deck of cards) are mental individuals: They are internally structured in terms of distinct temporal stages and a well-defined endpoint; as such, they differ from <i>unbounded events</i> (e.g., shuffle a deck of cards) that lack such features. A key question left open by previous studies (conducted with English speakers) is whether the principles of mental individuation across the spatial and temporal domains are universal or shaped by one's native language. Here, we address this issue by comparing English and Mandarin speakers. Our results highlight shared signatures of individuation that underpin object–event correspondences across languages and are potentially universal.</p>","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"50 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.70248","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148784404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dependency-Distance Effects Are Not Evidence Against Grammatical Theories With Empty Categories: When Psycholinguistic Data Are Not Diagnostic","authors":"Hiroki Fujita","doi":"10.1111/cogs.70255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.70255","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A long-standing question in cognitive science is whether psycholinguistic evidence can adjudicate among grammatical theories. This question arises in debates over the representation of linguistic dependencies: whether they are mediated by unpronounced elements (empty categories; ECs) or established without them. Some psycholinguistic research has taken dependency-distance effects—the observation that longer dependencies impose greater processing cost—as evidence in favor of EC-free over EC-mediated accounts, and this claim has recently been revived. In this letter, I argue that this conclusion is unwarranted. Once the incremental, real-time nature of sentence processing is taken into account, dependency-distance effects are expected under EC-mediated accounts as well. I show how EC-mediated accounts can explain these effects and review findings consistent with this view. Dependency-distance effects are, therefore, not diagnostic of whether dependencies involve ECs. More broadly, psycholinguistic data can be misleading when used to draw inferences about grammatical theories without reference to the real-time, incremental processes that give rise to those data.</p>","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"50 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cogs.70255","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148784964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intellectual Humility and Probabilistic Belief","authors":"Logan Nelson,&nbsp;Kathryn McGregor,&nbsp;Tania Lombrozo","doi":"10.1111/cogs.70250","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cogs.70250","url":null,"abstract":"<p>It is natural to express some beliefs in binary terms (<i>P</i> is either believed or not, e.g., “bribery is immoral”), and others in terms of a subjective probability (<i>P</i> has some probability of being true, e.g., “there's an 80% chance a Democrat will win the next election”). Construing a belief in probabilistic terms (other than 0% or 100%) implicitly conveys a recognition of uncertainty (one's ignorance) and the possibility of being wrong (one's fallibility), which are key characteristics of intellectual humility (IH). Across two studies, we explore the hypothesis that probabilistic belief is associated with greater IH. Although we fail to find this association <i>across</i> participants, comparing their trait-level IH, in either a student sample (Study 1, <i>N</i> = 279) or two nationally representative samples (Study 2a, <i>N</i> = 269; Study 2b, <i>N</i> = 270), we do find the predicted association <i>within</i> participants, analyzing belief-specific IH (Studies 2a and 2b): political and moral beliefs that are classified as probabilistic rather than binary are associated with a more intellectually humble attitude toward those beliefs, even controlling for the extremity of belief. These findings support the psychological reality of a distinction between binary and probabilistic belief, and further raise the possibility that promoting probabilistic belief could foster greater IH, including in consequential domains such as politics and morality.</p>","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"50 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13446413/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148680528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Falling Tone That Rolls Down the Hill and Gets Slumped: Vertical Mapping of Lexical Tones with Motion and Valence","authors":"Feier Gao,&nbsp;Chun Hau Ngai,&nbsp;He Zhou","doi":"10.1111/cogs.70253","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cogs.70253","url":null,"abstract":"<p>While a growing body of research has identified the crossmodal correspondences between nonlinguistic pitch and vertical space, little is known about the non-arbitrariness of linguistic tones within the language domain. This study investigates the vertical mappings of Cantonese lexical tones (high rising vs. low falling) in two crossmodal domains: (1) spatial motions (upward vs. downward) and (2) emotional valence (positive vs. negative). Results showed that Cantonese speakers could reliably map tones based on pitch and motion trajectories (i.e., rising contour is upward, and falling contour is downward), but the vertical mapping between tones and valence (i.e., rising contour is positive, and falling contour is negative) was much weaker and modulated by vowels. In general, these findings suggest that lexical tones can be conceptualized and understood in the vertical dimension, even in the language where speakers do not talk about tones using spatially relevant terms. In addition, tonal iconicity, and sound symbolism in general, is differentiated according to the mechanisms in which they are grounded. Specifically, sound symbolism that relies on a direct structural parallel produces a more consistent mapping, whereas correspondence grounded in metaphorical mediation is more easily influenced by other linguistic factors. Thus, this research provides evidence for the sound symbolic nature of lexical tones, suggesting their conceptual mapping in tonal languages.</p>","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"50 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148680547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feedforward Processing in Early Visual Cortex Underlies the Ebbinghaus Illusion","authors":"Song Zhao,&nbsp;Yi Fang,&nbsp;Mengdie Zhai,&nbsp;Chengzhi Feng,&nbsp;Wenfeng Feng","doi":"10.1111/cogs.70251","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cogs.70251","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Low-level occipital regions, including the primary visual cortex (V1), are known to play a pivotal role in generating the Ebbinghaus size illusion, in which a circle surrounded by small inducers looks larger than an identical circle surrounded by large inducers. However, a definitive answer is still lacking as to whether the low-level visual cortex plays its role at the feedforward stage of processing. To resolve this issue, we measured event-related potentials (ERPs) evoked by two equal-size circles flashed on the left and right sides of human participants, with one side constantly displaying large surrounding inducers and the other side small inducers. Experiment 1 unveiled a significant lateralization in the evoked C1 component, a well-established ERP index of afferent V1 activity, only when the circle within small inducers was perceived as larger but not when the circle within large inducers was perceived as larger. This illusion-specific C1 lateralization, which closely resembled the C1 modulation evoked by physical differences in size, was further replicated in Experiment 2 even when the attentional bias toward small inducers was invalidated as an alternative account. Furthermore, Granger causality analysis revealed a one-way transfer of information from V1-representative electrodes to extrastriate-representative electrodes during the C1 lateralization. Together, these findings offer the strongest evidence to date that the Ebbinghaus illusion begins at the feedforward stage of cortical visual processing, consistent with the prediction of the contour interaction theory.</p>","PeriodicalId":48349,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Science","volume":"50 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148664806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}