Journal of Safety Research最新文献

{"title":"Kinematic characterization of micro-mobility vehicles during evasive maneuvers","authors":"Paolo Terranova ,&nbsp;Shu-Yuan Liu ,&nbsp;Sparsh Jain ,&nbsp;Johan Engström ,&nbsp;Miguel A. Perez","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction</em>: Over the last decade, the increasing popularity of Micromobility Vehicles (MMVs) has led to profound changes in personal mobility, raising concerns about road safety and public health. Therefore, the effective characterization of their kinematic performances and safety boundaries is becoming crucial. Hence, this study aims to: (1) characterize the MMVs kinematic behaviors during emergency maneuvers; (2) examine how various power sources affect their performances; and (3) assess the suitability of a piecewise linear model for modeling their trajectories. <em>Method</em>: We conducted a test track experiment involving 40 frequent riders performing emergency braking and swerving maneuvers on different electric MMVs, their traditional counterparts, and behaving as running pedestrians. A second experiment determined the swerving boundaries of different devices estimating their minimum radius of curvature. <em>Results</em>: Electric MMVs displayed superior braking capabilities compared to their traditional counterparts, while the opposite was observed in terms of swerving performances. Performances significantly varied across MMV-types, with handlebar-based devices (bicycles and scooters) consistently outperforming the handlebar-less MMVs (skateboards and onewheel). The piecewise linear models used for braking profiles well fitted most MMV trajectories, except for skateboards and pedestrians due their foot-ground interaction. <em>Conclusions</em>: This research highlights the influence of MMVs-specific characteristics on their maneuverability, underscoring that steering or braking effectiveness in collisions may vary depending on device type and power source. Piecewise linear models effectively generated parameterized functions for modeling braking trajectories, despite further improvements are suggested given the inapplicability of the single brake-ramp assumption to all the MMVs. <em>Practical applications</em>: The identified similarities and distinctions between MMVs could offer insights to traffic regulators and may assist MMV designers and manufacturers in enhancing the devices users’ safety. The piecewise model results allow traffic events reconstructions and simulations, enabling intelligent driving system to predict MMV riders' evasive actions in critical situations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 342-353"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vehicle-pedestrian interaction analysis for evaluating pedestrian crossing safety at uncontrolled crosswalks − a geospatial approach using multimodal all-traffic trajectories","authors":"Fei Guan ,&nbsp;Trevor Whitley ,&nbsp;Hao Xu ,&nbsp;Ziru Wang ,&nbsp;Zhihui Chen ,&nbsp;Tianwen Hui ,&nbsp;Yuan Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction</em>: Pedestrian crossing safety has gained increased attention due to the high rate of pedestrian fatalities and injuries, especially at uncontrolled crosswalks. <em>Method</em>: In this study, we proposed a novel GIS-based method for detecting motorist yield behaviors using multi-modal trajectory data collected from LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) sensors at uncontrolled crosswalks. The approach classifies diverse types of motorist-pedestrian interactions and calculates motorist compliance rates, enabling us to assess the safety performance of different geometric crossing treatments. The method was applied to four uncontrolled crosswalks in midtown Reno, NV to analyze the impact of different crossing treatments, including curb extensions, pedestrian refuge islands, and Danish Offset, on motorist yield rates. <em>Results</em>: The findings indicated that refuge islands significantly improve driver yield rates, with further improvement observed when implementing Danish Offset designs. Among the four sites, the highest motorist yield rate (78.0%) was observed at Taylor (Danish Offset), followed by St. Lawrence (refuge island) with 71.9%. Martin and LaRue (curb extension only) exhibited lower yield rates of 57.9% and 61.3%, respectively. <em>Practical applications</em>: This study emphasized the importance of considering different directions when evaluating pedestrian safety at crosswalks, an aspect currently not considered in the latest Highway Capacity Manual (HCM). This research also provides valuable insights into applying multimodal all-road-user geospatial trajectory data for initiative-taking traffic safety performance evaluation of pedestrian crossing facilities at uncontrolled crosswalks and can guide future efforts in improving pedestrian safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 326-341"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of integrated takeover request warning with personal portable device on takeover time and post-takeover performance in level 3 driving automation","authors":"Niloy Talukder ,&nbsp;Chris Lee ,&nbsp;Yong Hoon Kim ,&nbsp;Balakumar Balasingam ,&nbsp;Francesco Biondi ,&nbsp;Aditya Subramani Murugan ,&nbsp;Eunsik Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction</em>: Level 3 driving automation defined by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) requests human drivers to drive manually when the vehicle cannot perform the driving task. In this regard, researchers have studied the integrated takeover request (TOR) which provides visual and auditory TOR warning in both vehicle interface (e.g., dashboard, windshield (head-up display) and personal portable device (PPD) (e.g., cell phone, tablet). However, these studies neither used auditory TOR warning in PPD nor examined the effect of use of headphone on takeover. Thus, this study evaluates the effects of the integrated TOR with the use of headphones on the takeover time and the post-takeover performance. <em>Method</em>: The behavior of 60 drivers was observed in the driving simulator experiment. During the experiment, the drivers watched a video on a tablet in automated driving, received the TOR warning, and manually drove in the lane change and pullover scenarios. The survey was also conducted to ask drivers’ experience and preference for TOR warning. <em>Results</em>: The integrated TOR significantly reduced the takeover time compared to the conventional TOR which provides the TOR warning in vehicle interface only. The integrated TOR also improved the post-takeover performance as indicated by more stable steering operation and safer driving behavior after TOR warning. However, the use of headphones did not significantly reduce the takeover time or improve the post-takeover performance for the integrated TOR. The participants generally perceived higher subjective comfort and safety level with the integrated TOR than the conventional TOR. <em>Conclusions</em>: The integrated TOR with auditory warning in PPD can significantly reduce the takeover time and improve the post-takeover performance in both urgent and less urgent conditions. <em>Practical applications</em>: The integrated TOR with auditory warning in PPD can be applied to SAE Level 3 driving automation for safe transition from automated to manual driving.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 314-325"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142418669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of rates of occurrence for hydroplaning events with naturalistic driving data","authors":"Christina Witcher ,&nbsp;Daniel Christ ,&nbsp;Jeremy Sudweeks ,&nbsp;Charles Layman ,&nbsp;Miguel Perez","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> The degree to which hydroplaning occurs in real-world conditions is not entirely known. Naturalistic driving data can be helpful in addressing some of the limitations of existing data sources related to the incidence of hydroplaning. <em>Method:</em> Data from the Second Strategic Highway Research Program Naturalistic Driving Study were leveraged to estimate the incidence of hydroplaning. Two hydroplaning detection algorithms were used for candidate hydroplaning event generation. Hard braking events were also identified and analyzed as normative comparisons to the hydroplaning events. <em>Results:</em> A total of 1,141 hydroplaning events were found in the naturalistic driving data and utilized for analysis, including 650 hydroplaning events that were unnoticeable by the driver based on lack of observable reactions, 13 events that were deemed to be of “critical” severity, and only 3 events that resulted in crash events during more than 30 million miles of driving. Hard braking events occurred nearly four times more often, and at comparatively lower speeds, than hydroplaning events. Observable driver reactions also differed between event types. For example, more drivers changed their posture after a hydroplaning event than after a hard braking event and drivers maintained both hands on the wheel at higher rates after experiencing a hydroplaning event than after a hard braking event. Suspension of secondary tasks during hard braking and hydroplaning events was also observed. <em>Conclusions:</em> Overall, these findings suggest that drivers perceive hydroplaning events as more harmful than hard braking events, despite the large discrepancy and incompatibility in how often these driving situations lead to vehicular crashes. <em>Practical application:</em> The findings of this research will provide vehicle and tire designers with empirical data that quantifies the important tradeoffs they must make in balancing vehicle and tire performance in wet and dry environments, and in tradeoffs related to tire wear performance and grip.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 303-313"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142418668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applying the Health Belief Model to mobile device distracted driving","authors":"Aimee E. Cox,&nbsp;Jessica B. Cicchino,&nbsp;Ian J. Reagan,&nbsp;David S. Zuby","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> The advancement of mobile devices has resulted in constant connectivity, but at the expense of traffic safety. The goal of this study was to apply the Health Belief Model to understand the barriers preventing drivers from driving without manipulating their devices, and what they perceived would motivate them to stop driving distracted. <em>Methods:</em> We conducted a nationwide survey of 2,013 U.S. licensed drivers. Participants indicated how much they agreed with or supported 63 statements and concepts pertaining to the Health Belief Model constructs of threats, barriers, benefits, and cues to action related to manipulating devices while driving. Heath Belief Model constructs were compared between distracted drivers, or those who regularly did (during most or all drives in the previous 30 days) one or more mobile device tasks, and non-distracted drivers. Logistic regression evaluated the relationship between Health Belief Model constructs and distracted driver designation. <em>Results:</em> Those who agreed more with threats (odds ratio [OR], 1.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.27, 2.04) and disagreed more with barriers to stopping (OR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.31, 0.41) were more likely to not drive distracted. We identified distracted drivers’ top barriers to avoiding cellphone distractions, as well as barrier categories that were significantly greater for distracted drivers than non-distracted drivers. Distracted drivers felt most strongly that intrapersonal, interpersonal, and policy cues would motivate behavior termination, and more support of technological countermeasures was associated with regularly driving distracted after controlling for support for policy and organizational countermeasures. <em>Conclusions:</em> Simultaneously increasing threat perceptions, targeting the top barriers identified, and implementing policy-, interpersonal-, and technological-based countermeasures may encourage device-free driving. <em>Practical Applications:</em> When designing interventions or programs, state highway safety offices should find new ways to increase threat perceptions and offer solutions to the barriers most cited by distracted drivers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 294-302"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142359185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fatalities in electrical occupations, unionization, and associated factors","authors":"Oscar Rodriguez-Franco ,&nbsp;Majed Zreiqat ,&nbsp;Jan K. Wachter ,&nbsp;Christopher Janicak","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Objective:</em> To evaluate the association between worker unionization and risk factors linked to fatalities in electrical trades due to contact with electricity. <em>Methods:</em> Layered cross-tabulation was used to assess the association between electrical fatalities and selected accident factors grouped by union status using inspection data from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) between 1998 and 2018. Analyses were examined by the Pearson chi-square test of independence and the Phi correlation coefficient. <em>Results:</em> The odds of electrical fatalities in organizations with representation for electrical workers were significantly less than in non-unionized environments. Electrical fatalities were significantly less probable in unionized environments for both electricians and electrical power installers/repairers. Accident factors such as electrical event, fatality cause, and accident location were negatively correlated with electrical fatalities in unionized environments. <em>Conclusions:</em> Worker representation displays a statistically significant association with a reduction in electrical fatalities. <em>Practical applications:</em> Electrical unions should continue to promote safer working conditions, compliance with safety regulations, and comprehensive training in electrical safety emphasizing the identification of electrical hazards, including the risks of contact with overhead power lines and energized equipment, as well as accident prevention practices that comprise strict adherence to minimum approaching distances, lockout-tagout procedures, and the proper execution of de-energizing, testing, grounding, tagging, and flagging procedures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 283-293"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142327595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An exploration of e-scooter injuries and severity: Impact of restriction policies in Helsinki, Finland","authors":"Samira Dibaj ,&nbsp;Shaghayegh Vosough ,&nbsp;Khashayar Kazemzadeh ,&nbsp;Steve O’Hern ,&nbsp;Miloš N. Mladenović","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> The emergence of shared electric scooter (e-scooter) services has introduced a new mobility option in numerous urban areas worldwide. Safety concerns surrounding e-scooter riding have prompted some cities to impose bans or restrictions on shared e-scooters. This study aims to assess the impact of e-scooter restriction policies, on the spatiotemporal distribution of e-scooter injuries and factors influencing injury severity in Helsinki, Finland, in 2021 and 2022. These restrictions include banning shared e-scooter use from midnight to 5 a.m. on weekends and reducing speeds during certain hours. <em>Method:</em> This study employed an ordered logit model, heatmap analysis of crash locations, and temporal analysis across different time frames to achieve these objectives. <em>Results:</em> The findings indicate a 64% reduction in the number of e-scooter injuries after the restrictions. However, the severity of injuries experienced only a slight decrease. Notably, the trend of injury severity appeared smoother in 2022 compared to 2021, with spikes occurring from Friday to Sunday. The spatial distribution of crashes revealed that, in 2021, most crashes were concentrated in the city center, while in 2022, the crash locations were more scattered, partly due to the increased area serviced by e-scooters. The results also underscored the substantial impact of alcohol intoxication, as it significantly increased the probability of more severe injuries. Furthermore, higher age groups and people using e-scooters from 4 p.m. to 9 p.m. are more likely to experience higher injury severity after the restrictions were implemented. These research outcomes offer valuable insights for other cities, providing lessons on how to tailor policies to effectively reduce the number of e-scooter-related injuries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 271-282"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142318959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of safety effect estimates from propensity scores-potential outcomes framework and empirical Bayes before-after method: Case study of adaptive traffic signal control","authors":"Pengxiang Zhang,&nbsp;Asif Mahmud,&nbsp;Vikash V. Gayah,&nbsp;Eric T. Donnell","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> The main objective of this paper is to compare the safety effectiveness estimates obtained using the empirical Bayes (EB) before-after and propensity scores-potential outcomes (PSPO) methods. <em>Method:</em> The dataset employed in this study consisted of 338 intersections where adaptive traffic signal control (ATSC) technology was deployed in Pennsylvania. <em>Results:</em> The results revealed that the EB and PSPO methods produce Crash Modification Factors (CMFs) that are not statistically different from each other, which suggests that the two methods provide consistent results in the present study. Nevertheless, there are still some minor differences between the CMF values obtained from the EB method and the CMF values obtained using PSPO. These differences may be attributed to the different statistical basis and different methodological focus between the methods. Overall, the CMF values indicate a slightly higher expected crash frequency of various injury severity levels and for different intersection types (3-leg vs. 4-leg) associated with the implementation of ATSC; however, some of these changes were not statistically significant.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 258-270"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142311011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncovering the genome of leading indicators from lagging indicators and normative documents: A proof-of-concept study","authors":"Aya Bayramova ,&nbsp;David J. Edwards ,&nbsp;Chris Roberts ,&nbsp;Iain Rillie","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.08.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.08.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Introduction:</em> This research implements the steps of developing or identifying leading indicators (LIs) delineated in a previously published conceptual model to test its practicality on case study data. Concomitant objectives are (a) to systematically review extant literature of ‘LIs development and identification’ to develop an analytical framework for identifying LIs; and to identify LIs from case study incident reports and normative documents using the framework. <em>Method:</em> To empirically validate the conceptual model, a two staged data analysis process was adopted: (1) a theoretical work stage, where pertinent literature was studied through systematic literature review using Scopus and Web of Science databases and a detailed framework analysis; and (2) practical work stage, where an inductively developed analytical framework and insights gained from the theoretical work stage were applied to real-life case study data and their apposite normative documents. Random sampling was used to select 12 different case studies of accidents from a private database of 97 case studies. In total, 2,423 LIs were identified from extant literature and through framework analysis using the bespoke analytical framework generated, a total of 484 LIs were identified from a combination of selected case study materials and their relevant normative documents. All these 484 newly developed LIs were contrasted with a compilation of the previously published 2,423 LIs in the literature. <em>Results:</em> Consequently, a total of 232 LIs out of 484 were recognized as entirely new and novel. These LIs were then thematically grouped into 19 clusters for brevity. A novel analytical framework for identifying new LIs was inductively developed. The framework enables identification of LIs from a qualitative dataset and classify them into eight types of LIs. <em>Practical Applications:</em> This novel research constitutes the first attempt to identify and validate LIs via the use of an analytical framework and real-life case study data.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 230-244"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022437524001105/pdfft?md5=93944ef69994f0b3d24461fb934f0a62&pid=1-s2.0-S0022437524001105-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142270816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of high energy absorbing passive safe poles in run-off-road crash severity","authors":"Carlos Roque ,&nbsp;João Lourenço Cardoso ,&nbsp;Heike Martensen ,&nbsp;Quentin Lequeux","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.09.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Introduction:</em> This study investigates the mitigating effect of passive safe poles on the severity of run-off-road crashes in Belgium. <em>Method:</em> Run-off-road (ROR) crash data were collected from 2015 to 2020 on sections of roads in Flanders, and multinomial and mixed logit models were estimated using the driver injury and the most severely injured occupant as outcome variables. <em>Results:</em> Our results align with previous findings reported in the literature on ROR crash severity in several distinct settings. Most importantly, findings from this study provide evidence that High Energy absorbing passive safe poles (CEN 12767 HE compliant) contribute towards minor injuries in ROR crashes. The study also indicates the importance of protecting errant vehicles from traditional poles, which are linked to severe injuries. <em>Conclusions:</em> Our findings offer relevant insights for road safety agencies to enhance roadside design policies and implement forgiving roadsides. <em>Practical Applications:</em> Our results support the current Flemish policy concerning the installation of lighting columns and the “forgiving roadside” concept to mitigate ROR crash severity on Belgian roads. Further developments in road inventory systems should provide additional and enhanced data on roadside characteristics and crashes. These data will create the basis for further research, leading to more accurate recommendations on increasing roadside safety most effectively.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"91 ","pages":"Pages 217-229"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142270815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}