Journal of Safety Research最新文献

{"title":"Does having a certified occupational health and safety management system lead to a greater injury rate reduction? An evaluation of the Certificate of Recognition program in Ontario, Canada","authors":"Robert A Macpherson,&nbsp;Christopher B McLeod","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2026.01.017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2026.01.017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> Occupational health and safety management system (OHSMS) programs are designed to create safer workplaces. However, research on their effectiveness is limited in terms of representation and rigor. This study evaluates whether firms that obtained an OHSMS certification via the Certificate of Recognition (COR) program experienced greater injury rate reductions than similar non-certified firms in Ontario, Canada. <em>Method:</em> Using firm and claim-level data from the Workplace Safety and Insurance Board and COR registration data from the Infrastructure Health and Safety Association, the effect of becoming certified on firm-level injury rates was assessed using a matched difference-in-differences study design with population averaged negative binomial regression models. <em>Results:</em> A total of 346 certified firms were matched with 310 non-certified firms during the years 2009 to 2020. Firms that became certified were associated with a greater reduction in the lost time injury rate (incidence rate ratio (IRR): 0.72; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.63–0.84), high-impact injury rate (IRR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.66–0.97) and no reduction in the no lost time injury rate (IRR: 1.00, 95% CI: 0.92–1.08) relative to the change in similar non-certified firms. The effectiveness of certification was strongest in firms that were recently certified, larger, and in the construction sector. <em>Conclusions:</em> The findings suggest that COR can be an effective program in reducing injury rates in construction firms, and among larger and more recently certified firms. It is less effective in smaller and earlier certified firms, and not effective in non-construction firms. Furthermore, the effectiveness in construction firms may be subject to unmeasured selection bias. <em>Practical Applications:</em> OHSMS program evaluations can inform decision-makers on when, and under what circumstances programs work and where improvements can be made. In particular, the COR program appears most effective for large construction firms whereas small construction firms may benefit from other tools.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"97 ","pages":"Pages 1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146102894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of electric bicycle riders’ visual strategies and riding performances when using a mobile phone","authors":"Weili Wang ,&nbsp;Hui Zhou ,&nbsp;Jacqueline T.Y. Lo","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2026.02.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2026.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction</em>: Electric bicycles have emerged as a prevalent mode of urban transportation. However, safety concerns remain prevalent due to riders’ engagement in distracting activities such as answering calls, checking messages, and texting while riding. <em>Method</em>: This study conducted a controlled experiment on a university campus roadway with 30 participants to investigate the combined impacts of mobile phone-related distractions and environmental obstacles on electric bicycle rider safety. A multimodal data acquisition framework was implemented, integrating fixed cameras for trajectory analysis and eye-tracking devices to quantify visual attention patterns. <em>Results</em>: Distracted riding induces significant alterations in both visual strategies and riding performance. Participants engaged in distracting tasks spent less time observing the forward roadway, evidenced by a decrease in fixation duration. Additionally, distraction resulted in reduced riding stability, characterized by decreased speed, increased acceleration variability, and a higher frequency of deflection angle changes compared to free riding conditions. Environmental obstacles further amplified these effects. <em>Conclusions</em>: Interactive phone tasks, particularly texting, pose significantly higher safety risks than passive tasks, especially in the presence of obstacles. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to mitigate such risks. <em>Practical Applications</em>: To enhance electric bicycle rider safety, recommended measures include implementing targeted educational programs emphasizing the dangers of distracted riding, especially for high-risk groups like young riders, and improving cycling infrastructure to minimize environmental hazards.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"97 ","pages":"Pages 40-51"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146192011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the role of metacognitive awareness in the self-regulation of driving among older adults","authors":"Steven Love,&nbsp;Kayla B. Stefanidis","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2026.01.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2026.01.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction</em>: Metacognitive awareness, the ability to be aware of and regulate one’s internal processes, may play a role in how effectively older drivers both manage their attention and assess their driving capabilities. <em>Method:</em> This study investigated the links between self-reported metacognitive awareness, subjective changes in driving skills, driving inattention, and driving regulation in a sample (<em>N</em> = 713) of Australian drivers aged 60 years and older. <em>Results:</em> The results showed that most participants reported minimal change in their driving skills over the past few years, with higher proportions reporting improvements rather than decline. Comparative analyses indicated that participants who rated their cognitive-motor skills as improved scored higher in metacognitive evaluation, metacognitive awareness of driving attention, and driving quantity, but lower in driving inattention, regulation, and age. Bivariate correlations revealed significant associations between metacognitive evaluation, metacognitive awareness whilst driving, subjective changes in driving skills, driving inattention, and the regulation of driving. However, follow-up path analysis suggested the interrelationships between these constructs were complex. Where greater metacognitive evaluation and awareness of attention were linked with improved driving attention and a decreased tendency to regulate driving, metacognitive evaluation and awareness of thoughts and feelings were tied with greater subjective safety-behavior skills and an increased tendency to regulate driving. <em>Practical applications:</em> The findings suggest that metacognitive awareness may support safer driving behaviors among older adults by encouraging appropriate regulation of driving and enhancing attention management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"97 ","pages":"Pages 19-28"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"School zone speed compliance in the ACT, Australia: Risks, findings and recommendations for improved safety","authors":"Martin Elsegood,&nbsp;James Thompson,&nbsp;Giulio Ponte","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2026.01.020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2026.01.020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction</em>: Children are among the most vulnerable road users, with pedestrian injuries being a leading contributor to serious trauma and death among children. Due to their smaller physical size, less developed cognitive and perceptual skills, limited road awareness, and unpredictable behavior, children are at heightened risk in traffic environments, even in dedicated school zones with reduced speed limits. <em>Method:</em> This study analyzed vehicle speed distributions and compliance with posted speed limits across school zone sites near 59 schools in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), exploring how default speed limits, road features, vehicle class, and school characteristics influenced motorist behavior. <em>Results:</em> School zones effectively reduced mean vehicle speeds during active periods (8 a.m. to 4 p.m. in the ACT). However, non-compliance remains a concern: 36% of vehicles exceeded the 40 <!--> <!-->km/h limit during active school zone times, with speeding more prevalent on roads with higher default limits (e.g., 60 <!--> <!-->km/h) and among light vehicles. School zones with traffic-calming infrastructure, such as narrowed lanes, pedestrian crossings, and speed humps, improved speed compliance. The study also highlights inconsistencies in school zone policies across Australian jurisdictions, particularly regarding active school zone periods and reduced speed limits. International and domestic literature informed several recommendations to improve school zone safety in the ACT, including adopting lower speed limits (ideally 30 <!--> <!-->km/h or less), extending active school zone periods to reflect child pedestrian presence, expanding traffic-calming treatments, and leveraging automated enforcement technologies. <em>Conclusions:</em> Current ACT school-zone settings reduce speeds but do not reliably achieve safe operating conditions for child pedestrians. Enhancements to limits, design, and enforcement are needed to better support Safe System objectives. <em>Practical applications:</em> Implementing lower speed limits, harmonizing operating periods, increasing traffic-calming treatments, and applying automated enforcement can feasibly and substantially improve child safety around schools.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"97 ","pages":"Pages 9-18"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How have the associations between crash risks and roadway, speed, and the built environment changed after COVID-19?","authors":"Xiaoxia Dong,&nbsp;Erick Guerra,&nbsp;Jasmine Siyu Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2026.01.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2026.01.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> Several U.S. cities saw significant increases in traffic fatalities after the COVID-19 pandemic. What remains unclear is what factors are associated with the rise in traffic crash risks post-COVID, and how these associations are different from those pre-COVID. This inadequate understanding presents an obstacle to optimizing resource allocation and prioritizing safety enhancement strategies post-COVID. <em>Method:</em> We used multilevel negative binomial logit models to examine the associations between motor-vehicle crashes and fatal crashes that occurred on roadways and at intersections in the Philadelphia region and a series of road configuration, speed, built environment, and socioeconomic factors. We compared these associations between pre-COVID (2017–2019) and post-COVID (2021–2023) periods to identify notable differences. <em>Results:</em> We found that roads and intersections in the study area became deadlier post-COVID amid an overall decline in total traffic crashes. Fast local roads and arterials had the most drastic increases in fatal crash risks post-COVID. COVID widened the disparity in fatal crashes between neighborhoods with higher and lower poverty rates. <em>Conclusions and practical applications:</em> By comparing the relationship between crashes, roadway characteristics, socioeconomic conditions, and the built environment, our study enables targeted recommendations for roadway design, street network planning, and speed management to enhance safety post-COVID.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"97 ","pages":"Pages 29-39"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146192009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the predictors and experiences of hangover driving in young adults","authors":"Michelle Nicolls,&nbsp;Lisa Buckley","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.12.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.12.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Aims:</em> Driving with a hangover can have significant impacts on driving ability. It has been identified that young adults experience more frequent and severe hangover symptoms compared to older adults. Given young adults have less driving experience, this may present a concern for road safety if this group of drivers engage in hangover driving. The paper involved two studies exploring young adults’ experiences with hangover driving. <em>Methods and Results:</em> In Study 1, 23 young adults (ranging 18–23 years; 52% female) were interviewed. Following template analyses, two themes were identified. The first theme (awareness and strategies) identified young adults understand the impacts of hangover driving on their concentration and attention, yet the risks associated with hangover driving were rarely described. The second theme (justification) identified the reasoning young adults described for hangover driving, such as they had to get home, it was only a short drive, and the behavior is not as risky as drink driving. In Study 2, 252 young adults (ranging 18–25 years; 75% female) were surveyed. Regression results revealed being male, living in non-metropolitan locations, holding an open license, experiencing hangover symptoms yearly, and having one or more hangovers in the previous month increased the likelihood of hangover driving. <em>Conclusions:</em> Findings provide insight into young adults’ hangover driving, yet further understanding may be required to identify ways to discourage this behavior. <em>Practical Applications:</em> Findings have provided directions for further research, with the aim of identifying potential ways to prevent hangover driving among young adults.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"96 ","pages":"Pages 239-243"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing driving under the influence arrest detection, 2002–2023","authors":"James Macinko ,&nbsp;Mia Ann Xu ,&nbsp;Diana Silver","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2026.01.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2026.01.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Background</em>: Driving under the influence of alcohol is a serious threat to public health. While U.S. states have employed a range of measures to curb drink driving, the majority of those who engage in this behavior go undetected. <em>Methods</em>: Secondary analysis of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) 2002–2023. Multivariable Poisson regression of self-reported drinking and driving, self-reported DUI arrests, and those who report drinking and driving but were not apprehended (undetected DUI) controlling for demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral factors across each survey period. <em>Results:</em> Self-reported drink driving rates were 15% in 2002–2014 and 8.5% in 2021–2023. The highest drink driving rates observed were among White populations at about 41% in 2002–2014, and about 21% in 2021–2023. Among drink drivers, approximately 4.6% reported a DUI arrest in the past year with little change over time. Women, younger populations, non-White race, and ethnic groups and those who do not report binge drinking were less likely to report drinking and driving than their respective reference groups in all periods. For those who report drink driving in the past year, there was a 95% chance of reporting no DUI arrest in the same year. Being female, having higher income, and being White or Asian/Pacific Islander were associated with higher rates of undetected DUIs. <em>Conclusions:</em> While self-reported drinking and driving has declined, the majority of those who drink and drive are not detected by law enforcement. New, more effective strategies will be needed to address this significant public health problem.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"96 ","pages":"Pages 277-284"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of chronotype on e-bike riders’ alertness: Evidence based on behavior and fNIRS","authors":"Lvqing Miao ,&nbsp;Yunxin Chang ,&nbsp;Xinke Jiang ,&nbsp;David C. Schwebel ,&nbsp;Lichun He ,&nbsp;Yongjiang Shen ,&nbsp;Huarong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2026.01.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2026.01.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Objectives:</em> Physiology, personality, and cognitive ability are all associated with safe behavior in traffic. Chronotype, an individual’s inclination to feel most alert at particular time of day, is an underexplored factor that may also affect safety. This study explores the effects of chronotype on e-bike riders’ alertness from the perspectives of behavior and hemodynamic response to cortex activation. <em>Methods:</em> A total of 64 Chinese riders, 34 morning-type and 30 evening-type, were recruited based on their score on the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire. A mixed experimental 2 (chronotype: morning-type group vs. evening-type group) * 2 (test time: a.m. vs. p.m.) design was conducted, with riders’ performance on an alertness task while engaged and cerebral cortex activation serving as outcome measures. <em>Results:</em> Morning-type riders had a faster response than evening-type riders when testing in the morning and evening-type riders reacted faster in the afternoon. More broadly, all riders showed greater accuracy on the alertness task in the morning. Hemodynamic response to cortex activation varied across riders and test times, with significant differences in activation of multiple channels in the primary visual cortex (PVC). Specifically, the morning-type riders showed positive activation in the morning and negative activation in the afternoon, while the evening-type riders showed negative activation at both testing times, with higher activation in the morning. The alertness of the riders demonstrates the synchronicity of brain – behavior, the activation state of some channels (CH1, CH3, CH5, CH8) in the PFC region was significantly correlated with riders’ alertness behavior. <em>Conclusion:</em> Chronotype affects e-bike riders’ alertness, as evidenced both by behavioral and brain activation pattern outcomes. The impact varies depending on riding time, with morning-type riders exhibiting better riding alertness in the morning and evening-type riders showing advantages in the afternoon.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"96 ","pages":"Pages 292-299"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numeracy and format influences comprehension of car seat recommendations","authors":"Brittany Shoots-Reinhard ,&nbsp;Julie A. Mansfield ,&nbsp;Maya Nintcheff ,&nbsp;Ujin Bayarbadrakh ,&nbsp;Gretchen H. Baker","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2026.01.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2026.01.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction</em>: Child restraint systems (CRS) save lives in motor-vehicle crashes (MVCs) but incorrect use of CRS is common. One example is inappropriate transition between modes (e.g., rear-facing, forward-facing, and/or booster). Understanding manufacturer guidelines is therefore critical, but guidelines exceed consumer reading levels. The goal of this research is to examine the role of numeracy (i.e., math ability) in comprehension of CRS guidelines, which are highly numeric (e.g., relying on height, weight, age). <em>Method:</em> In an online experiment, 400 participants (who had previously completed an adaptive measure of numeracy) were shown one of six CRS usage diagrams based on major manufacturer’s guidelines and answered questions about the appropriateness of CRS mode depending on child’s height, weight, and age. We created two comprehension indices, one that allowed for two correct answers if both were appropriate and another with only the more conservative answer counting as correct. Participants also indicated perceived comprehension of the diagrams, knowledge of current CRS best practices, and prior CRS experience. <em>Results:</em> Average performance on CRS comprehension was 73% and 80% for the less and more conservative indices, respectively. Controlling for knowledge of CRS best practices and prior CRS experience, those higher in numeracy performed better in both perceived and actual comprehension. Perceived and actual comprehension also depended on diagram. <em>Conclusions:</em> Our results suggest that CRS diagrams currently used by manufacturers are somewhat well-understood by consumers, but that there is room for improvement. The results for numeracy and the differences across diagrams suggest that reducing text and visual aids could improve comprehension. Although visualizations can help under certain circumstances, they were not shown to aid comprehension here. <em>Practical applications:</em> Taken together, our results suggest that current manufacturer guidelines can be improved. They should be simplified by streamlining text and removing unnecessary visual aids, such as number lines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"96 ","pages":"Pages 259-267"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of driver characteristics and traffic-calming measures on speed","authors":"Santiago Martín-Castresana,&nbsp;María Jesús García-García,&nbsp;Concepción González-García,&nbsp;María Castro","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.12.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.12.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> Moderating traffic speed is essential for pedestrian safety, particularly in areas where there are crossroads. Identifying how driver characteristics influence the effectiveness of traffic-calming measures can support more targeted interventions. This study examines the impact of driver characteristics (such as driving exposure, age and gender) on speed reduction achieved through various traffic-calming measures. <em>Method:</em> The research was conducted at a simulated crosswalk near a school on a rural road in the community of Madrid, Spain. Four road markings (green longitudinal line, dragon’s teeth, red median, and broken edge line) were evaluated against a base scenario (no traffic-calming measures) using a driving simulator. A general linear model (GLM) was applied, along with analyses of mean, low, and high speeds. <em>Results:</em> Men drove faster than women, and younger drivers were the fastest group. Those with more driving exposure (annual kilometers driven) also tended to drive faster but responded more strongly to certain markings. The broken edge line was the most effective road marking. <em>Conclusions:</em> Driver characteristics influence the effectiveness of traffic-calming markings. Designing interventions that consider specific user profiles (such as age, gender, or driving exposure) may enhance road safety near pedestrian crossings. The findings highlight the importance of considering demographic and behavioral factors when designing interventions. <em>Practical applications:</em> The broken edge line was the most effective measure, reducing average speed by up to around 10 km/h in some groups (e.g., drivers under 50 years old).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"96 ","pages":"Pages 138-147"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145796663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}