Journal of Safety Research最新文献

{"title":"Improving children’s traffic safety from a safety literacy perspective: A randomized trial","authors":"Huarong Wang ,&nbsp;Yang Chen ,&nbsp;Anni Wang ,&nbsp;Wenjing Liu ,&nbsp;Zhan Gao ,&nbsp;David C. Schwebel","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.027","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.027","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Objective:</em> Road traffic injuries are a leading cause of child death. This study evaluated the effectiveness of an integrated intervention comprised of adult guidance of peer discussion in response to traffic safety videos eliciting emotions of fear and threat, plus and engagement in a virtual reality (VR) pedestrian environment to improve children’s traffic safety literacy, including skills to negotiate traffic safely. <em>Methods:</em> Following screening, 120 children aged 9 to 13 years who scored high or low in traffic safety literacy were randomly assigned to a control (N = 60) or intervention (N = 60) group, stratified by traffic safety literacy and gender. All children completed baseline and post-intervention assessments to assess traffic safety literacy and street-crossing behaviors in a VR environment. Between assessments, children in the intervention group received adult-guided peer discussion training to improve traffic safety knowledge and attitudes, and also engaged in VR-based street-crossing behavioral training once a week for four weeks. Children in the control group received routine safety education in school. <em>Results:</em> Three primary results emerged: (a) children in the intervention group with low baseline traffic safety literacy demonstrated significantly greater improvement in all aspects of traffic safety literacy (traffic knowledge, traffic safety attitudes, traffic behaviors, and traffic safety self-efficacy) compared to children in the intervention group with high baseline traffic safety literacy and all children in the control group; (b) all children in the intervention group demonstrated safer and more efficient traffic behavior in the VR following training compared with children in the control group; (c) children in the intervention group demonstrated improved traffic behavior throughout their training despite a methodological challenge emerging with a two-week delay between the third training and the fourth training due to COVID-19 restrictions. <em>Conclusions:</em> The intervention effectively improved children’s traffic safety literacy, especially among those children with low literacy at baseline.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"93 ","pages":"Pages 255-265"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143548570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the impact of safety warning system on road user behaviors using vision-based tracking algorithm","authors":"Jae-Hong Kwon,&nbsp;Gi-Hyoug Cho","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> This study utilizes a non-intrusive before-and-after approach, employing a vision-based tracking algorithm to examine dynamic traffic data collection and monitor the complex behaviors of road users in relation to safety-related environmental modifications.</div><div><em>Method:</em> The proposed methodological framework is employed to assess the effectiveness of a smart crosswalk system integrated with in-pavement LED signal lights, visual and sound warning systems, and electronic billboards in influencing behavioral adjustments among road users and reducing their potential crash risk. We conducted a thorough analysis of road user trajectories extracted from video recordings captured before and after the installation of the smart crosswalk system.</div><div><em>Results:</em> Our findings provide compelling evidence that the implementation of these innovative interventions significantly enhances pedestrians' situational awareness, thereby improving overall pedestrian safety. However, our models indicate a potential increase in vehicle speed following the physical modifications.</div><div><em>Conclusions and practical applications:</em> Based on these findings, we propose practical guidelines for the appropriate installation of smart crosswalks to achieve the dual objectives of promoting safe crossing and enhancing the perceived convenience for road users.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"93 ","pages":"Pages 241-254"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143529122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How an institutional setting shape and limit the mitigation of accidents in complex work settings","authors":"Johan M. Sanne ,&nbsp;Colin J. Pilbeam","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction:</h3><div>Research suggests that accidents due to failed coordination arising from the disruption of everyday activity can be mitigated by empowered employees through sensemaking activities: observing or recognizing cues, voicing concern, and considering alternative perspectives. Unfortunately, the literature also observes limits to such activities due to the influence from technology, power, and language. However, there is negligible understanding of the mutual influence of these phenomena on (the failure of) sensemaking to prevent escalation.</div></div><div><h3>Method:</h3><div>Using an institutional and sociomaterial approach to sensemaking, we integrate the influence of technology, power, and language to investigate accident commission data (e.g., talk between different actors and interviews), from a railway accident in Sweden in 1987, showing how a minor disruption in everyday work escalated into a situation that exceeded the limits for effective sensemaking.</div></div><div><h3>Results:</h3><div>Technology, power, and language in institutional settings, expressed through actors’ habitual repertoire, influence sensemaking and its outcomes. The findings indicate that actors’ habits encourage the continuation of immanent sensemaking and that it takes strong, specific, cues to shift to deliberative sensemaking. Moreover, also deliberative sensemaking is influenced by actor’s habitual repertoire, limiting its quality.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions:</h3><div>The efforts to mitigate the escalation to tragedy in this case failed because of the mutual influences of technology, power and language operating within an institutionalized and heavily regulated work environment. This resulted in fragmented or minimal sensemaking that, in hindsight, did not match the complexity in the accident and the response that would have been required.</div></div><div><h3>Practical Applications:</h3><div>To enable sufficient articulation of concerns and collaborative problem-solving in complex safety–critical systems, there is a need to break with hierarchical relations, to create a shared language, and employees should be made aware of the potential misleading signals from technologies designed to ensure safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"93 ","pages":"Pages 229-240"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143527470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How safety leadership styles impact safety performance: A case study","authors":"Michelle Payne,&nbsp;Dwayne Roache,&nbsp;Jessel Subero,&nbsp;G.Peter Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction</em>: Job-related injuries continue to be a salient problem facing many organizations. Prior research has examined the role of leadership in influencing and improving workplace safety. However, studies of safety leadership have focused on the styles or behaviors of leaders without taking into account the influence of context on leader activities or practices. Therefore, there is a need for examining how leadership styles impact safety performance within a specific context. Specifically, our research setting is an Indonesian manufacturing facility of a large consumer products company with an impeccable safety performance. <em>Method</em>: In this paper, we conduct a case study with an in-depth analysis on how different leadership styles impact safety performance. We adopt the LEAD model as a theoretical framework that unifies different theories of leadership for safety management. <em>Results</em>: We find evidence that effective safety leadership entails multiple leadership styles such as transformational, transactional, and leader-member exchange depending on the situation. Our findings support a multi-faceted situational approach for safety leadership and management advocated by the LEAD model. <em>Practical Applications</em>: Because a multi-faceted leadership approach is most effective, leaders should not focus on one fixed leadership approach in managing safety. In addition, multiple leadership styles contribute to safety behaviors in different ways across different work situations. Future workplace safety performance interventions would be more effective if management is aware of the situation in which specific leadership styles or practices should be applied.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"93 ","pages":"Pages 214-228"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparative anthropometric analysis of U.S. female firefighters versus the general female population","authors":"Josephine Bolaji ,&nbsp;Ziwen Qiu ,&nbsp;Meredith McQuerry ,&nbsp;Cassandra Kwon","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction.</em> Female firefighters face a heightened risk of injury due in part to ill-fitting personal protective clothing (PPC), which is often designed based on general population data. This issue of poor fitting PPC for women in the structural and wildland fire service is largely due to a lack of available anthropometric data specific to the female firefighter population in the United States. This study consists of a comparative anthropometric analysis to investigate whether female firefighters in the United States are significantly different from the general female population, with the aim of enhancing the design and fit of female firefighting PPC. <em>Methods:</em> Utilizing mobile-app-based 3D body scanning technology, body measurements from 187 female firefighters were collected across the United States. These data were compared to the USA Size North America survey. Key measurements such as bust, height, waist, hip, and other circumferential and vertical dimensions were analyzed. Descriptive data for these measurements are presented and significant differences between the two databases were statistically tested. Additionally, the distribution and correlations among the key body measurements were evaluated to inform sizing recommendations for female firefighter PPC. <em>Results:</em> Female firefighters are generally taller than the U.S. female population by 6.7 cm, on average, and possess wider waists and hips, suggesting a more uniform upper body shape. Significant differences in secondary measures, such as leg inseam length and center back waist length, highlight the necessity of developing a female-firefighter-specific sizing system. <em>Conclusions:</em> This study underscores the limitations of PPC designed utilizing general population data alone, which fails to capture the unique anthropometric needs of female firefighters. This research advocates for a specialized approach to PPC design and sizing to improve the fit, performance, and safety of female firefighters. Additional research with larger sample sizes is recommended to validate these findings and refine the sizing system. <em>Practical application:</em> The comparative anthropometric analyses in this study will aid personal protective equipment (PPE) manufacturers in designing patterns for women’s firefighting PPC. Sufficient, but not excessive length coverage, should be considered when referring to the general female population’s sizing system. The next step in expanding the female firefighter body scan database will provide a unique and updated resource for designing better fitting and appropriately sized protective clothing for female firefighters in the United States.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"93 ","pages":"Pages 206-213"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143488251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Daylight saving time and fatal crashes: The impact of changing light conditions","authors":"Amber N. Woods,&nbsp;Rebecca A. Weast,&nbsp;Samuel S. Monfort","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction</em>: Time changes in the fall and spring result in different light conditions in the morning and afternoon, which may impact U.S. roadway safety. <em>Methods:</em> We investigated the number of fatal crashes in the contiguous United States from 2010 to 2019 in the 5-weeks before and after biannual time changes focusing on crashes that occurred at times when light conditions changed. <em>Results</em>: Fatal crashes among motor-vehicle occupants decreased in the 5 weeks after the fall time change (−7.1%) and increased in the 5 weeks after the springtime change (+12%). The reverse was true for fatal crashes among pedestrians/bicyclists, increasing after the fall time change (+13%) and decreasing after the springtime change (−24%). Overall, time changes resulted in a net decrease of 26 fatal pedestrian/bicyclist crashes and an increase of 29 motor-vehicle occupant crashes. Pedestrian and bicyclist fatal crash counts were strongly associated with ambient light conditions: the net decrease of all 26 pedestrian/bicyclist crashes could be attributed to the changing light conditions, but only 2 of the additional motor-vehicle occupant crashes were associated with changing light conditions. <em>Conclusions</em>: Changing light conditions from biannual time changes have differential effects depending on time of day and road user type. The switch to daylight saving time in the spring results in an increase in motor-vehicle occupant fatal crashes and a reduction in pedestrian/bicyclist fatal crashes, while the opposite occurs following the switch to standard time in the fall. These effects are largely dependent on the ambient light conditions at the time of the crash, especially for pedestrians and bicyclists. <em>Practical applications</em>: The sensitivity of pedestrians and bicyclists to changing ambient light conditions supports the need for improved pedestrian and bicyclist infrastructure and continued efforts to develop vehicle technology to help avoid or mitigate crashes with pedestrians and bicyclists.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"93 ","pages":"Pages 200-205"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143478934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction and interpretation of crash severity using machine learning based on imbalanced traffic crash data","authors":"Junlan Chen ,&nbsp;Pei Liu ,&nbsp;Shuo Wang ,&nbsp;Nan Zheng ,&nbsp;Xiucheng Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> Predicting and interpreting crash severity is essential for developing cost-effective safety measures. Machine learning (ML) models in crash severity studies have attracted much attention recently due to their promising predicted performance. However, the limited interpretability of ML techniques is a common critique. Additionally, the inherent data imbalance in crash datasets, mainly due to a scarcity of fatal injury (FI) crashes, presents challenges for both classifiers and interpreters. <em>Method:</em> Motivated by these research needs, innovative resampling techniques and ML methods are introduced and compared to model a Washington State dataset comprising traffic crashes from 2014 to 2018. <em>Results:</em> When compared to the traditional resampling methods, the random forest model trained on the datasets synthesized by deep-learning resampling techniques demonstrates significantly improved sensitivity and G-mean performance. Furthermore, the interpretable ML approach, Shapley Additive explanation (SHAP), approach is employed to quantify the individual and interaction effects of risk factors based on the predicted results. Significant risk factors are identified, including airbag, crash type, posted speed limit and grade percentage. With the SHAP method, the individual effects and interaction effects of risk factors are explored. It is observed that roadways in rural (urban) had positive (negative) effects on the crash severity. Compared with non-FI (nFI) crashes, speed limits have more effects on FI crashes. Drivers involved in rear/front-end crashes under the influence of alcohol were more likely to be associated with FI crashes. <em>Practical Applications:</em> These findings hold significant implications for the development of precise crash modification factors for transportation departments dealing with imbalanced traffic crash data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"93 ","pages":"Pages 185-199"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143478933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Older adult fall injuries and the usage of fall screener tools","authors":"Dawson S. Dobash ,&nbsp;Ramakrishna S. Kakara","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> Older adult (≥65 years) falls are common and may result in severe injuries. There is limited knowledge about what proportion of older adults who fall sustain injuries that need medical attention. Screening is the first step in helping older adults reduce their risk of falls. However, there is limited research on how well current fall screeners can predict fall injuries. <em>Methods:</em> Previously collected data from community-dwelling older adults enrolled in a 13-month long study, from the AmeriSpeak Panel, were analyzed. Baseline survey included questions related to demographics, falls risk factors, and falls risk screeners (CDC’s 3 Key Questions (3KQ) and Stay Independent). Weighted percentages and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of older adults reporting one or more falls, fall-related injuries, falls needing any medical attention, falls resulting in doctor visits, and falls resulting in Emergency Department (ED) visits and/or hospitalization by demographics and fall risk factors were calculated. Risk ratios, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were calculated to compare the two screeners’ ability to predict fall injury outcomes. <em>Results:</em> Among older adults who fell, 24.8% had an injury resulting in any medical attention, 14.5% sought treatment at a doctor’s office, and 14.3% sought treatment at an ED/hospital. Sensitivity estimates for baseline 3KQ and Stay Independent screeners for falls resulting in an ED/hospital visit were 87.3% and 75.0%, respectively. Specificity estimates were 47.4% and 63.6%. <em>Conclusion:</em> At least one in four older adults who fell needed medical attention. The 3KQ or Stay Independent screeners identified a large proportion of older adults who sought treatment at an ED/hospital for falls. However, using them may result in a large number of false positives. <em>Practical Application:</em> Clinicians may use these screeners to identify older adults at high fall injury risk, assess them for specific risk factors, and intervene accordingly.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"93 ","pages":"Pages 177-184"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143478932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Snow or ice-related injury claims in cold months during 2016–2021","authors":"Komi K.S. Modji,&nbsp;Katherine E. McCoy,&nbsp;Paul D. Creswell,&nbsp;Carrie D. Tomasallo,&nbsp;Sheryl Bedno","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction</em>: Falls, a preventable worker-related injury, are major contributors to worker’s disability and death. In spite of this, there is relatively little analysis on snow or ice- related slips, trips and falls among workers in the workers’ compensation system. This analysis aimed to describe the frequency, characteristics, and occupational burden of snow or ice-related slip, trip, or fall (STF) claims in Wisconsin. <em>Methods:</em> This study is a descriptive analysis of working age adults’ snow or ice-related STF lost time claims during the months of October through April for the years 2016–2022. <em>Results:</em> A total of 7,385 claims were reported, which represented 33.1% of all STF injuries. The overall claim rate during the study period was 2.65 claims per 1,000 workers (95% CI: 2.60 – 2.71). Workers aged 45 years or more had the highest risk. Fracture of lower leg, including ankle (20.3%), intracranial injury (10.7%), and fracture of the forearm (7.3%) were the most frequent primary diagnoses among hospitalized cases or seen in the emergency room. The mean lost time was 11.8 weeks (range: 0.5 – 210.3 weeks). Transportation and Warehousing, Public Administration and Wholesale Trade industries had the highest burden. Occupations with the highest burden were Transportation and Material Moving, Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance, Installation, Maintenance, and Repair. Conclusions: Snow or ice-related STFs remain a common cause of injuries in cold weather and are particularly relevant for an aging workforce. <em>Practical Applications:</em> This analysis informs on the occupational burden of the snow or ice-related events on workers. It is important for preparedness and prevention efforts because of the frequency of unpredictable snow or ice events particularly in regions that are not used to it.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"93 ","pages":"Pages 170-176"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143453412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expectancy × value models of the relations between demographic, psychological, and situational factors and speeding behavior","authors":"Dustin Wood ,&nbsp;Emmanuel Kofi Adanu ,&nbsp;P.D. Harms","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> This study illustrates how <em>expectancy × value (E × V)</em> models can be created from responses to driving scenarios to model both: (1) reasons for the general tendency to speed in a particular situation and (2) reasons that specific personal or situational factors predict the likelihood of speeding within that situation. <em>Method:</em> The method was applied to predicting the self-rated likelihood of speeding in a specific driving scenario. Data from 302 participants who completed an online survey were used for the analysis. <em>Results:</em> The E × V models indicated that the average person tended to see both reasons <em>to</em> speed in this situation, such as to arrive at a meeting on time, and reasons <em>not to</em> speed, such as to avoid a crash or speeding ticket. The results further clarify how specific personal and situational factors were associated with reasoning about speeding. For instance, people who described <em>speeding regularly</em> were modeled as more likely to speed in part due to their greater expectation that speeding would be enjoyable and their greater valuation of being on time. And people who described <em>valuing rules</em> were modeled as less likely to speed in part due to greater expectations that speeding would result in a crash or injury. <em>Practical Applications:</em> We describe how E × V models can be further elaborated to better represent the psychological processes and reasoning underlying speeding and other unsafe driving behaviors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"93 ","pages":"Pages 135-147"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143445242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}