Journal of Safety Research最新文献

{"title":"Development of roundabout crash-specific safety performance functions in Kentucky using different techniques","authors":"Tathagatha Khan,&nbsp;Bharat Kumar Pathivada,&nbsp;Arunabha Banerjee,&nbsp;Kirolos Haleem","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.03.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction</em>: Roundabouts are one of the innovative intersection designs that can reduce the number of fatal and serious injury crashes compared to traditional intersections. Nevertheless, relatively limited studies are available that have developed roundabout crash-specific safety performance functions (SPFs) using different modeling techniques. This study develops roundabout crash-specific SPFs using crashes in the state of Kentucky over a four-year period (2019–2022). <em>Method:</em> <!-->Crash data exhibited over-dispersion; hence, negative binomial (NB) and heterogenous negative binomial (HTNB), as well as Conway-Maxwell-Poisson (CMP) modeling approaches with fixed and varying dispersion parameters (while accounting for unobserved heterogeneity) were investigated. The performance of the fitted models was evaluated using different goodness-of-fit (GOF) statistics, e.g., Akaike information criterion “AIC,” Bayesian information criterion “BIC,” and McFadden pseudo R². <em>Results:<!--> </em>The GOF measures showed that the heterogeneous CMP (or HTCMP) model was the best-fit model for developing roundabout SPFs. The results of the HTCMP model showed that annual average daily traffic (AADT) on major and minor approaches to the roundabout and inscribed circle diameter (ICD) were significantly associated with increased crash frequency at roundabouts. Conversely, single circulatory lanes, presence of two lanes along the major roundabout approach, and wider circulatory roadway width (greater than 16 feet) were significantly associated with reduced crashes at roundabouts. <em>Practical Applications:</em> <!-->Based on the study results, safety countermeasures were proposed to enhance safety at roundabouts. One example is ensuring roundabout circulatory roadway widths greater than 16 feet to provide adequate room for driving error rectification while navigating roundabouts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"93 ","pages":"Pages 282-291"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The human cost of allowing unhelmeted motorcycling in the United States","authors":"Eric R. Teoh","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.03.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> This study’s objective was to estimate the number of motorcyclist fatalities attributable to laws that allow unhelmeted riding in the United States since 1976. <em>Method:</em> Counts of helmeted and unhelmeted motorcyclist fatalities were used to estimate population-level helmet use under all-rider helmet laws and in the absence of such laws. The number of lives that could have been saved if helmet use in states that allowed unhelmeted riding was equal to helmet use in states with all-rider helmet laws was estimated for each year and summed over the study years. <em>Results:</em> If all states had all-rider helmet laws throughout the 1976–2022 study period, 22,058 fewer motorcyclists would have died in crashes. This represents 11% of all motorcyclist fatalities during these years. The number of motorcyclists killed in 2022 would have been 10% lower. Currently, 17 states and the District of Columbia have an all-rider helmet law in place. <em>Conclusion:</em> Requiring helmets for all motorcyclists is a straightforward rule of the road that has the potential to reduce annual motorcyclist fatalities, which are at record-high levels of over 6,000 per year, by 10%. All-rider helmet laws are a fundamental component of a Safe System for motorcycling. <em>Practical Applications:</em> States should consider the human cost of not having all-rider helmet laws and use this tool to reduce the number of riders killed in crashes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"93 ","pages":"Pages 292-297"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143629089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Operational safety risk modeling in a naval organization","authors":"Dale W. Russell ,&nbsp;Ryan Lance ,&nbsp;Patrick J. Rosopa","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> Following numerous mishaps and near-misses, the U.S. Naval Surface Force established the Operational Surface Risk Indicators (OSRI) project to explore a robust proactive risk analysis and reduction capability. The OSRI model leverages multisource enterprise-wide data to forecast potential risks for individual warships to help leaders make informed operational decisions and ultimately improve safety outcomes. <em>Method:</em> Machine learning was used to predict risk scores based on various input features that describe a ship’s current state, including crew training, staffing levels, experience, and turnover. Machine learning techniques like stacking and bagging were employed in novel ways to enhance model interpretability and fairness. To make the model’s output more tangible, predicted risk scores were converted into calibrated probabilities of mishaps; additionally, nearest neighbor techniques were integrated to provide insights on how current high-risk ships may be similar to past ships that experienced mishaps. <em>Results:</em> The model highlights risk indicators as potential areas for improvement and incorporates additional methods to derive insights from risk modeling. <em>Practical applications:</em> From an operational perspective, the OSRI model aims to enhance leaders’ intuition about risk by identifying indicators that are drivers of risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"93 ","pages":"Pages 274-281"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143610510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crash risk associated with eyes-off-road duration by road control type and intersection type","authors":"Shu Han ,&nbsp;Yi Glaser ,&nbsp;Charlie Klauer ,&nbsp;Gabrial Anderson ,&nbsp;Feng Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.03.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.03.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction</em>: Scanning the driving environment is crucial for safe driving. However, the complexity of the driving environment affects a driver’s ability to maintain sufficient situational awareness. This study aimed to quantify the crash risk associated with eye-off-road (EOR) behavior across different road control and intersection types, providing insights for Driver Monitoring Systems (DMSs).<!--> <em>Method:<!--> </em>Using data from the Second Strategic Highway Research Program Naturalistic Driving Study (SHRP 2 NDS), we analyzed crash risk associated with EOR glance durations within a 6-second window. We compared odds ratios across three EOR duration groups: ≤ 2 s, 2 to 3 s, and 3 to 4 s. Additionally, we used a General Additive Model (GAM) to explore the non-linear relationship between EOR duration and crash risk.<!--> <em>Results:<!--> </em>Our findings reveal that crash risk is higher on uncontrolled access roads compared to controlled access roads. Among intersection types, turning at intersections presents the highest risk, followed by going straight at intersections and driving on straight non-intersection segments. Notably, the crash risk increases linearly only for short EOR durations but rises much faster than linearly when EOR durations exceed specific thresholds: 1.3 s for controlled access roads, 1.2 s for uncontrolled access roads, and as low as 0.9 s for turning at intersections. <em>Conclusions and Practical Applications:</em> These results challenge the commonly used 2-second threshold in driver distraction research, offering more refined insights that could enhance DMS alert settings based on driving environment. This study underscores the importance of considering road and intersection types when assessing the risks of EOR behavior, contributing to improved road safety strategies.<!--> <!-->Note that the study is not intended to specify exact values for DMS timers, which must be determined in practice by considering multiple factors. Additionally, the false alert rate requires further evaluation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"93 ","pages":"Pages 266-273"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143610509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving children’s traffic safety from a safety literacy perspective: A randomized trial","authors":"Huarong Wang ,&nbsp;Yang Chen ,&nbsp;Anni Wang ,&nbsp;Wenjing Liu ,&nbsp;Zhan Gao ,&nbsp;David C. Schwebel","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.027","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.027","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Objective:</em> Road traffic injuries are a leading cause of child death. This study evaluated the effectiveness of an integrated intervention comprised of adult guidance of peer discussion in response to traffic safety videos eliciting emotions of fear and threat, plus and engagement in a virtual reality (VR) pedestrian environment to improve children’s traffic safety literacy, including skills to negotiate traffic safely. <em>Methods:</em> Following screening, 120 children aged 9 to 13 years who scored high or low in traffic safety literacy were randomly assigned to a control (N = 60) or intervention (N = 60) group, stratified by traffic safety literacy and gender. All children completed baseline and post-intervention assessments to assess traffic safety literacy and street-crossing behaviors in a VR environment. Between assessments, children in the intervention group received adult-guided peer discussion training to improve traffic safety knowledge and attitudes, and also engaged in VR-based street-crossing behavioral training once a week for four weeks. Children in the control group received routine safety education in school. <em>Results:</em> Three primary results emerged: (a) children in the intervention group with low baseline traffic safety literacy demonstrated significantly greater improvement in all aspects of traffic safety literacy (traffic knowledge, traffic safety attitudes, traffic behaviors, and traffic safety self-efficacy) compared to children in the intervention group with high baseline traffic safety literacy and all children in the control group; (b) all children in the intervention group demonstrated safer and more efficient traffic behavior in the VR following training compared with children in the control group; (c) children in the intervention group demonstrated improved traffic behavior throughout their training despite a methodological challenge emerging with a two-week delay between the third training and the fourth training due to COVID-19 restrictions. <em>Conclusions:</em> The intervention effectively improved children’s traffic safety literacy, especially among those children with low literacy at baseline.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"93 ","pages":"Pages 255-265"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143548570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the impact of safety warning system on road user behaviors using vision-based tracking algorithm","authors":"Jae-Hong Kwon,&nbsp;Gi-Hyoug Cho","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> This study utilizes a non-intrusive before-and-after approach, employing a vision-based tracking algorithm to examine dynamic traffic data collection and monitor the complex behaviors of road users in relation to safety-related environmental modifications.</div><div><em>Method:</em> The proposed methodological framework is employed to assess the effectiveness of a smart crosswalk system integrated with in-pavement LED signal lights, visual and sound warning systems, and electronic billboards in influencing behavioral adjustments among road users and reducing their potential crash risk. We conducted a thorough analysis of road user trajectories extracted from video recordings captured before and after the installation of the smart crosswalk system.</div><div><em>Results:</em> Our findings provide compelling evidence that the implementation of these innovative interventions significantly enhances pedestrians' situational awareness, thereby improving overall pedestrian safety. However, our models indicate a potential increase in vehicle speed following the physical modifications.</div><div><em>Conclusions and practical applications:</em> Based on these findings, we propose practical guidelines for the appropriate installation of smart crosswalks to achieve the dual objectives of promoting safe crossing and enhancing the perceived convenience for road users.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"93 ","pages":"Pages 241-254"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143529122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How an institutional setting shape and limit the mitigation of accidents in complex work settings","authors":"Johan M. Sanne ,&nbsp;Colin J. Pilbeam","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction:</h3><div>Research suggests that accidents due to failed coordination arising from the disruption of everyday activity can be mitigated by empowered employees through sensemaking activities: observing or recognizing cues, voicing concern, and considering alternative perspectives. Unfortunately, the literature also observes limits to such activities due to the influence from technology, power, and language. However, there is negligible understanding of the mutual influence of these phenomena on (the failure of) sensemaking to prevent escalation.</div></div><div><h3>Method:</h3><div>Using an institutional and sociomaterial approach to sensemaking, we integrate the influence of technology, power, and language to investigate accident commission data (e.g., talk between different actors and interviews), from a railway accident in Sweden in 1987, showing how a minor disruption in everyday work escalated into a situation that exceeded the limits for effective sensemaking.</div></div><div><h3>Results:</h3><div>Technology, power, and language in institutional settings, expressed through actors’ habitual repertoire, influence sensemaking and its outcomes. The findings indicate that actors’ habits encourage the continuation of immanent sensemaking and that it takes strong, specific, cues to shift to deliberative sensemaking. Moreover, also deliberative sensemaking is influenced by actor’s habitual repertoire, limiting its quality.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions:</h3><div>The efforts to mitigate the escalation to tragedy in this case failed because of the mutual influences of technology, power and language operating within an institutionalized and heavily regulated work environment. This resulted in fragmented or minimal sensemaking that, in hindsight, did not match the complexity in the accident and the response that would have been required.</div></div><div><h3>Practical Applications:</h3><div>To enable sufficient articulation of concerns and collaborative problem-solving in complex safety–critical systems, there is a need to break with hierarchical relations, to create a shared language, and employees should be made aware of the potential misleading signals from technologies designed to ensure safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"93 ","pages":"Pages 229-240"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143527470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How safety leadership styles impact safety performance: A case study","authors":"Michelle Payne,&nbsp;Dwayne Roache,&nbsp;Jessel Subero,&nbsp;G.Peter Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction</em>: Job-related injuries continue to be a salient problem facing many organizations. Prior research has examined the role of leadership in influencing and improving workplace safety. However, studies of safety leadership have focused on the styles or behaviors of leaders without taking into account the influence of context on leader activities or practices. Therefore, there is a need for examining how leadership styles impact safety performance within a specific context. Specifically, our research setting is an Indonesian manufacturing facility of a large consumer products company with an impeccable safety performance. <em>Method</em>: In this paper, we conduct a case study with an in-depth analysis on how different leadership styles impact safety performance. We adopt the LEAD model as a theoretical framework that unifies different theories of leadership for safety management. <em>Results</em>: We find evidence that effective safety leadership entails multiple leadership styles such as transformational, transactional, and leader-member exchange depending on the situation. Our findings support a multi-faceted situational approach for safety leadership and management advocated by the LEAD model. <em>Practical Applications</em>: Because a multi-faceted leadership approach is most effective, leaders should not focus on one fixed leadership approach in managing safety. In addition, multiple leadership styles contribute to safety behaviors in different ways across different work situations. Future workplace safety performance interventions would be more effective if management is aware of the situation in which specific leadership styles or practices should be applied.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"93 ","pages":"Pages 214-228"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparative anthropometric analysis of U.S. female firefighters versus the general female population","authors":"Josephine Bolaji ,&nbsp;Ziwen Qiu ,&nbsp;Meredith McQuerry ,&nbsp;Cassandra Kwon","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction.</em> Female firefighters face a heightened risk of injury due in part to ill-fitting personal protective clothing (PPC), which is often designed based on general population data. This issue of poor fitting PPC for women in the structural and wildland fire service is largely due to a lack of available anthropometric data specific to the female firefighter population in the United States. This study consists of a comparative anthropometric analysis to investigate whether female firefighters in the United States are significantly different from the general female population, with the aim of enhancing the design and fit of female firefighting PPC. <em>Methods:</em> Utilizing mobile-app-based 3D body scanning technology, body measurements from 187 female firefighters were collected across the United States. These data were compared to the USA Size North America survey. Key measurements such as bust, height, waist, hip, and other circumferential and vertical dimensions were analyzed. Descriptive data for these measurements are presented and significant differences between the two databases were statistically tested. Additionally, the distribution and correlations among the key body measurements were evaluated to inform sizing recommendations for female firefighter PPC. <em>Results:</em> Female firefighters are generally taller than the U.S. female population by 6.7 cm, on average, and possess wider waists and hips, suggesting a more uniform upper body shape. Significant differences in secondary measures, such as leg inseam length and center back waist length, highlight the necessity of developing a female-firefighter-specific sizing system. <em>Conclusions:</em> This study underscores the limitations of PPC designed utilizing general population data alone, which fails to capture the unique anthropometric needs of female firefighters. This research advocates for a specialized approach to PPC design and sizing to improve the fit, performance, and safety of female firefighters. Additional research with larger sample sizes is recommended to validate these findings and refine the sizing system. <em>Practical application:</em> The comparative anthropometric analyses in this study will aid personal protective equipment (PPE) manufacturers in designing patterns for women’s firefighting PPC. Sufficient, but not excessive length coverage, should be considered when referring to the general female population’s sizing system. The next step in expanding the female firefighter body scan database will provide a unique and updated resource for designing better fitting and appropriately sized protective clothing for female firefighters in the United States.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"93 ","pages":"Pages 206-213"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143488251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Daylight saving time and fatal crashes: The impact of changing light conditions","authors":"Amber N. Woods,&nbsp;Rebecca A. Weast,&nbsp;Samuel S. Monfort","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction</em>: Time changes in the fall and spring result in different light conditions in the morning and afternoon, which may impact U.S. roadway safety. <em>Methods:</em> We investigated the number of fatal crashes in the contiguous United States from 2010 to 2019 in the 5-weeks before and after biannual time changes focusing on crashes that occurred at times when light conditions changed. <em>Results</em>: Fatal crashes among motor-vehicle occupants decreased in the 5 weeks after the fall time change (−7.1%) and increased in the 5 weeks after the springtime change (+12%). The reverse was true for fatal crashes among pedestrians/bicyclists, increasing after the fall time change (+13%) and decreasing after the springtime change (−24%). Overall, time changes resulted in a net decrease of 26 fatal pedestrian/bicyclist crashes and an increase of 29 motor-vehicle occupant crashes. Pedestrian and bicyclist fatal crash counts were strongly associated with ambient light conditions: the net decrease of all 26 pedestrian/bicyclist crashes could be attributed to the changing light conditions, but only 2 of the additional motor-vehicle occupant crashes were associated with changing light conditions. <em>Conclusions</em>: Changing light conditions from biannual time changes have differential effects depending on time of day and road user type. The switch to daylight saving time in the spring results in an increase in motor-vehicle occupant fatal crashes and a reduction in pedestrian/bicyclist fatal crashes, while the opposite occurs following the switch to standard time in the fall. These effects are largely dependent on the ambient light conditions at the time of the crash, especially for pedestrians and bicyclists. <em>Practical applications</em>: The sensitivity of pedestrians and bicyclists to changing ambient light conditions supports the need for improved pedestrian and bicyclist infrastructure and continued efforts to develop vehicle technology to help avoid or mitigate crashes with pedestrians and bicyclists.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"93 ","pages":"Pages 200-205"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143478934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}