Journal of Safety Research最新文献

{"title":"How safety leadership styles impact safety performance: A case study","authors":"Michelle Payne,&nbsp;Dwayne Roache,&nbsp;Jessel Subero,&nbsp;G.Peter Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction</em>: Job-related injuries continue to be a salient problem facing many organizations. Prior research has examined the role of leadership in influencing and improving workplace safety. However, studies of safety leadership have focused on the styles or behaviors of leaders without taking into account the influence of context on leader activities or practices. Therefore, there is a need for examining how leadership styles impact safety performance within a specific context. Specifically, our research setting is an Indonesian manufacturing facility of a large consumer products company with an impeccable safety performance. <em>Method</em>: In this paper, we conduct a case study with an in-depth analysis on how different leadership styles impact safety performance. We adopt the LEAD model as a theoretical framework that unifies different theories of leadership for safety management. <em>Results</em>: We find evidence that effective safety leadership entails multiple leadership styles such as transformational, transactional, and leader-member exchange depending on the situation. Our findings support a multi-faceted situational approach for safety leadership and management advocated by the LEAD model. <em>Practical Applications</em>: Because a multi-faceted leadership approach is most effective, leaders should not focus on one fixed leadership approach in managing safety. In addition, multiple leadership styles contribute to safety behaviors in different ways across different work situations. Future workplace safety performance interventions would be more effective if management is aware of the situation in which specific leadership styles or practices should be applied.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"93 ","pages":"Pages 214-228"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparative anthropometric analysis of U.S. female firefighters versus the general female population","authors":"Josephine Bolaji ,&nbsp;Ziwen Qiu ,&nbsp;Meredith McQuerry ,&nbsp;Cassandra Kwon","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction.</em> Female firefighters face a heightened risk of injury due in part to ill-fitting personal protective clothing (PPC), which is often designed based on general population data. This issue of poor fitting PPC for women in the structural and wildland fire service is largely due to a lack of available anthropometric data specific to the female firefighter population in the United States. This study consists of a comparative anthropometric analysis to investigate whether female firefighters in the United States are significantly different from the general female population, with the aim of enhancing the design and fit of female firefighting PPC. <em>Methods:</em> Utilizing mobile-app-based 3D body scanning technology, body measurements from 187 female firefighters were collected across the United States. These data were compared to the USA Size North America survey. Key measurements such as bust, height, waist, hip, and other circumferential and vertical dimensions were analyzed. Descriptive data for these measurements are presented and significant differences between the two databases were statistically tested. Additionally, the distribution and correlations among the key body measurements were evaluated to inform sizing recommendations for female firefighter PPC. <em>Results:</em> Female firefighters are generally taller than the U.S. female population by 6.7 cm, on average, and possess wider waists and hips, suggesting a more uniform upper body shape. Significant differences in secondary measures, such as leg inseam length and center back waist length, highlight the necessity of developing a female-firefighter-specific sizing system. <em>Conclusions:</em> This study underscores the limitations of PPC designed utilizing general population data alone, which fails to capture the unique anthropometric needs of female firefighters. This research advocates for a specialized approach to PPC design and sizing to improve the fit, performance, and safety of female firefighters. Additional research with larger sample sizes is recommended to validate these findings and refine the sizing system. <em>Practical application:</em> The comparative anthropometric analyses in this study will aid personal protective equipment (PPE) manufacturers in designing patterns for women’s firefighting PPC. Sufficient, but not excessive length coverage, should be considered when referring to the general female population’s sizing system. The next step in expanding the female firefighter body scan database will provide a unique and updated resource for designing better fitting and appropriately sized protective clothing for female firefighters in the United States.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"93 ","pages":"Pages 206-213"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143488251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Daylight saving time and fatal crashes: The impact of changing light conditions","authors":"Amber N. Woods,&nbsp;Rebecca A. Weast,&nbsp;Samuel S. Monfort","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction</em>: Time changes in the fall and spring result in different light conditions in the morning and afternoon, which may impact U.S. roadway safety. <em>Methods:</em> We investigated the number of fatal crashes in the contiguous United States from 2010 to 2019 in the 5-weeks before and after biannual time changes focusing on crashes that occurred at times when light conditions changed. <em>Results</em>: Fatal crashes among motor-vehicle occupants decreased in the 5 weeks after the fall time change (−7.1%) and increased in the 5 weeks after the springtime change (+12%). The reverse was true for fatal crashes among pedestrians/bicyclists, increasing after the fall time change (+13%) and decreasing after the springtime change (−24%). Overall, time changes resulted in a net decrease of 26 fatal pedestrian/bicyclist crashes and an increase of 29 motor-vehicle occupant crashes. Pedestrian and bicyclist fatal crash counts were strongly associated with ambient light conditions: the net decrease of all 26 pedestrian/bicyclist crashes could be attributed to the changing light conditions, but only 2 of the additional motor-vehicle occupant crashes were associated with changing light conditions. <em>Conclusions</em>: Changing light conditions from biannual time changes have differential effects depending on time of day and road user type. The switch to daylight saving time in the spring results in an increase in motor-vehicle occupant fatal crashes and a reduction in pedestrian/bicyclist fatal crashes, while the opposite occurs following the switch to standard time in the fall. These effects are largely dependent on the ambient light conditions at the time of the crash, especially for pedestrians and bicyclists. <em>Practical applications</em>: The sensitivity of pedestrians and bicyclists to changing ambient light conditions supports the need for improved pedestrian and bicyclist infrastructure and continued efforts to develop vehicle technology to help avoid or mitigate crashes with pedestrians and bicyclists.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"93 ","pages":"Pages 200-205"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143478934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction and interpretation of crash severity using machine learning based on imbalanced traffic crash data","authors":"Junlan Chen ,&nbsp;Pei Liu ,&nbsp;Shuo Wang ,&nbsp;Nan Zheng ,&nbsp;Xiucheng Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> Predicting and interpreting crash severity is essential for developing cost-effective safety measures. Machine learning (ML) models in crash severity studies have attracted much attention recently due to their promising predicted performance. However, the limited interpretability of ML techniques is a common critique. Additionally, the inherent data imbalance in crash datasets, mainly due to a scarcity of fatal injury (FI) crashes, presents challenges for both classifiers and interpreters. <em>Method:</em> Motivated by these research needs, innovative resampling techniques and ML methods are introduced and compared to model a Washington State dataset comprising traffic crashes from 2014 to 2018. <em>Results:</em> When compared to the traditional resampling methods, the random forest model trained on the datasets synthesized by deep-learning resampling techniques demonstrates significantly improved sensitivity and G-mean performance. Furthermore, the interpretable ML approach, Shapley Additive explanation (SHAP), approach is employed to quantify the individual and interaction effects of risk factors based on the predicted results. Significant risk factors are identified, including airbag, crash type, posted speed limit and grade percentage. With the SHAP method, the individual effects and interaction effects of risk factors are explored. It is observed that roadways in rural (urban) had positive (negative) effects on the crash severity. Compared with non-FI (nFI) crashes, speed limits have more effects on FI crashes. Drivers involved in rear/front-end crashes under the influence of alcohol were more likely to be associated with FI crashes. <em>Practical Applications:</em> These findings hold significant implications for the development of precise crash modification factors for transportation departments dealing with imbalanced traffic crash data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"93 ","pages":"Pages 185-199"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143478933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Older adult fall injuries and the usage of fall screener tools","authors":"Dawson S. Dobash ,&nbsp;Ramakrishna S. Kakara","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> Older adult (≥65 years) falls are common and may result in severe injuries. There is limited knowledge about what proportion of older adults who fall sustain injuries that need medical attention. Screening is the first step in helping older adults reduce their risk of falls. However, there is limited research on how well current fall screeners can predict fall injuries. <em>Methods:</em> Previously collected data from community-dwelling older adults enrolled in a 13-month long study, from the AmeriSpeak Panel, were analyzed. Baseline survey included questions related to demographics, falls risk factors, and falls risk screeners (CDC’s 3 Key Questions (3KQ) and Stay Independent). Weighted percentages and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of older adults reporting one or more falls, fall-related injuries, falls needing any medical attention, falls resulting in doctor visits, and falls resulting in Emergency Department (ED) visits and/or hospitalization by demographics and fall risk factors were calculated. Risk ratios, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were calculated to compare the two screeners’ ability to predict fall injury outcomes. <em>Results:</em> Among older adults who fell, 24.8% had an injury resulting in any medical attention, 14.5% sought treatment at a doctor’s office, and 14.3% sought treatment at an ED/hospital. Sensitivity estimates for baseline 3KQ and Stay Independent screeners for falls resulting in an ED/hospital visit were 87.3% and 75.0%, respectively. Specificity estimates were 47.4% and 63.6%. <em>Conclusion:</em> At least one in four older adults who fell needed medical attention. The 3KQ or Stay Independent screeners identified a large proportion of older adults who sought treatment at an ED/hospital for falls. However, using them may result in a large number of false positives. <em>Practical Application:</em> Clinicians may use these screeners to identify older adults at high fall injury risk, assess them for specific risk factors, and intervene accordingly.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"93 ","pages":"Pages 177-184"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143478932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Snow or ice-related injury claims in cold months during 2016–2021","authors":"Komi K.S. Modji,&nbsp;Katherine E. McCoy,&nbsp;Paul D. Creswell,&nbsp;Carrie D. Tomasallo,&nbsp;Sheryl Bedno","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction</em>: Falls, a preventable worker-related injury, are major contributors to worker’s disability and death. In spite of this, there is relatively little analysis on snow or ice- related slips, trips and falls among workers in the workers’ compensation system. This analysis aimed to describe the frequency, characteristics, and occupational burden of snow or ice-related slip, trip, or fall (STF) claims in Wisconsin. <em>Methods:</em> This study is a descriptive analysis of working age adults’ snow or ice-related STF lost time claims during the months of October through April for the years 2016–2022. <em>Results:</em> A total of 7,385 claims were reported, which represented 33.1% of all STF injuries. The overall claim rate during the study period was 2.65 claims per 1,000 workers (95% CI: 2.60 – 2.71). Workers aged 45 years or more had the highest risk. Fracture of lower leg, including ankle (20.3%), intracranial injury (10.7%), and fracture of the forearm (7.3%) were the most frequent primary diagnoses among hospitalized cases or seen in the emergency room. The mean lost time was 11.8 weeks (range: 0.5 – 210.3 weeks). Transportation and Warehousing, Public Administration and Wholesale Trade industries had the highest burden. Occupations with the highest burden were Transportation and Material Moving, Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance, Installation, Maintenance, and Repair. Conclusions: Snow or ice-related STFs remain a common cause of injuries in cold weather and are particularly relevant for an aging workforce. <em>Practical Applications:</em> This analysis informs on the occupational burden of the snow or ice-related events on workers. It is important for preparedness and prevention efforts because of the frequency of unpredictable snow or ice events particularly in regions that are not used to it.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"93 ","pages":"Pages 170-176"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143453412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expectancy × value models of the relations between demographic, psychological, and situational factors and speeding behavior","authors":"Dustin Wood ,&nbsp;Emmanuel Kofi Adanu ,&nbsp;P.D. Harms","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> This study illustrates how <em>expectancy × value (E × V)</em> models can be created from responses to driving scenarios to model both: (1) reasons for the general tendency to speed in a particular situation and (2) reasons that specific personal or situational factors predict the likelihood of speeding within that situation. <em>Method:</em> The method was applied to predicting the self-rated likelihood of speeding in a specific driving scenario. Data from 302 participants who completed an online survey were used for the analysis. <em>Results:</em> The E × V models indicated that the average person tended to see both reasons <em>to</em> speed in this situation, such as to arrive at a meeting on time, and reasons <em>not to</em> speed, such as to avoid a crash or speeding ticket. The results further clarify how specific personal and situational factors were associated with reasoning about speeding. For instance, people who described <em>speeding regularly</em> were modeled as more likely to speed in part due to their greater expectation that speeding would be enjoyable and their greater valuation of being on time. And people who described <em>valuing rules</em> were modeled as less likely to speed in part due to greater expectations that speeding would result in a crash or injury. <em>Practical Applications:</em> We describe how E × V models can be further elaborated to better represent the psychological processes and reasoning underlying speeding and other unsafe driving behaviors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"93 ","pages":"Pages 135-147"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143445242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying relevant patterns between injury crashes and road safety inspection deficiencies","authors":"Rubén Gutiérrez-Rodríguez ,&nbsp;Eduardo Rojí ,&nbsp;Jesús Cuadrado","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> Crashes are the result of a complex interaction of many factors. However, the severity of injuries is often influenced by road conditions. <em>Method:</em> Data mining techniques, in particular Association Rule Mining (ARM), help to uncover non-trivial patterns in crash data, providing essential information for effective countermeasures to improve road safety and reduce crash severity. Using ARM, this study analyzes the relationship between crash severity and factors such as road deficiencies identified during safety inspections (Element Subject to Improvement or ESI) on two roads in Spain. <em>Results:</em> The primary findings reveal a strong link between vulnerable road users (pedestrians, cyclists, and motorcyclists) and crash severity. These results align with the Strategic Plan of the Basque Country, which aims to reduce severe road injuries by 50% by 2030, identifying the need for specific interventions to protect this type of user. Pedestrian casualty crashes are linked to inadequate restraint systems, while bicycle-related crashes are associated with glare from road orientation, inadequate shoulders, and inappropriate barriers. Unchanneled access points on roads also pose risks for cyclists. For motorcycles, factors such as inadequate speed limitations, poor shoulder design, and obsolete or inadequate restraint systems are strongly associated with crash severity. Poor signage, illegible road markings, water accumulation, and inadequate transport stops further contribute to increased crash severity. <em>Conclusions and practical applications:</em> Based on these findings, key countermeasures should focus on protecting vulnerable road users. Recommendations include installing pedestrian-friendly barriers and clear pedestrian pathways, widening shoulders, implementing anti-glare barriers for cyclists, and adding motorcycle-friendly restraint systems. Dynamic speed controls and better road signage are critical for reducing risks to motorcyclists. Other important measures include improving drainage systems to prevent water accumulation and redesigning public transport stops for safer bus merging areas. These targeted interventions can significantly reduce crash severity and support broader road safety goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"93 ","pages":"Pages 99-134"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143445067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The association of Public Safety Power Shutoffs and motor vehicle crashes","authors":"Alyson B. Harding ,&nbsp;Gillian A.M. Tarr ,&nbsp;Jesse D. Berman ,&nbsp;Darin J. Erickson ,&nbsp;Marizen R. Ramirez","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> Utility companies in California de-energize equipment during periods of high wildfire risk. These Public Safety Power Shutoffs (PSPS) are designed to prevent power lines from igniting wildfires. The loss of electricity and subsequent failure of traffic signals may increase the risk of motor-vehicle crashes. <em>Methods:</em> We determined the daily number of motor-vehicle crashes per county for all 58 California counties between September 15th and November 30th, 2019, a period of high wildfire risk. We obtained electrical circuit-level information from the California Public Utilities Commission and created two daily PSPS exposure metrics: the equivalent to (1) the number of utility customers and (2) the percent of households in the county without power for a full day. Exposure metrics were categorized into quartiles of households or population impacted by PSPS. We generated random effects negative binomial models to estimate the association between PSPS exposure quartile and motor-vehicle crashes at the county-day level. <em>Results</em>: We observed 522 county-days that experienced a PSPS event and 104,627 motor-vehicle crashes during our 77-day study period. Effect estimates from models using the two exposure metrics were similar. Higher levels of PSPS exposure were associated with slight decreases in the rate of motor-vehicle crashes. In the customer-day model, the highest level of PSPS exposure was associated with a 7% decrease in motor-vehicle crashes per 100,000 county residents (RR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.88–0.98) compared to days without PSPS. <em>Conclusions:</em> Despite the failure of traffic signals, road lighting, and other traffic safety equipment during power outages, the fall 2019 PSPS events were not associated with an increase in motor-vehicle crashes, potentially due to changes in driving habits and behavior. <em>Practical Applications:</em> PSPS may have unintentional consequences. Motor-vehicle safety during PSPS should be a focus of future monitoring efforts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"93 ","pages":"Pages 148-155"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143445068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct and indirect effects of road attributes on traffic safety","authors":"Wookjae Yang ,&nbsp;Sangjin Han","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.02.017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> Providing safe road infrastructure is increasingly gaining attention worldwide as part of the effort to reduce road deaths and injuries. Halving road fatalities by 2030 is one of the targets among the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations. This study aims to understand how road traffic conditions, including vehicle speeds and volumes, mediate the relationship between road design and traffic safety. <em>Method:</em> In particular, the study relies on 78 road attributes pertaining to road design features, as published in the International Road Assessment Programme’s (iRAP) Star Rating and Investment Plan Manual. The star rating was conducted along a 68 km segment of a national highway in Korea, and these coded data were associated with both traffic and crash data. The traffic data, in this case, the average vehicle volume and speed, are sourced from the View-T platform in Korea. Crash data were obtained from Traffic Accident Analysis Systems in Korea. <em>Results:</em> The application of principal component analysis (PCA) identified three principal components—principal component (PC) 1 represents attributes related to pedestrians and roadside facilities, PC2 represents cross-sections and intersections, and PC3 represents attributes related to road surfaces and curvatures. In addition, piecewise structural equation modeling confirmed that PC1 is the only component that has a direct effect on the number of crashes. <em>Practical applications:</em> The finding suggests that pedestrian and roadside facilities easily added or removed during road operations are more critical than geometric attributes established at the road design stage. The study also confirms the indirect effects of the aspects of speed and volume on the likelihood of a crash.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"93 ","pages":"Pages 156-169"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143453611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}