Journal of Safety Research最新文献

{"title":"What triggers anger behind the wheel? An invariance study on personality traits and risky attitudes in Italian and Australian older drivers","authors":"Luigi Tinella ,&nbsp;Andrea Bosco ,&nbsp;Sjaan Koppel ,&nbsp;Sergio Traficante ,&nbsp;Elisabetta Ricciardi ,&nbsp;Rosa Napoletano ,&nbsp;Giuseppina Spano ,&nbsp;Mauro Cozzolino ,&nbsp;Antonella Lopez ,&nbsp;Alessandro O. Caffò","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.12.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.12.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> Driving Anger (DA) arises from various traffic-related situations and influences risky driving behaviors. While several studies have explored DA in younger drivers, there is limited research focused on older drivers, who represent a growing driving demographic. The current study examined the relationship between personality traits, attitudes toward safety, and DA in 242 Italian and Australian older drivers. <em>Method:</em> Using a multi-group path analysis, we tested the hypothesis that dispositional variables (i.e., personality traits and attitudes towards safety) predict DA in older drivers, controlling for sociodemographic variables (e.g., gender and education). Cultural differences emerged, as Italians showed higher levels of driving anger, while Australians exhibited more positive attitudes toward road safety. <em>Results:</em> The results indicated that different DA facets were differentially predicted by Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, as well as attitudes toward safety, with invariances across nationality groups. <em>Conclusions and practical applications:</em> These findings highlight the role of personality traits in DA among older drivers, suggesting that personality assessment may improve the design of personalized interventions and policy revisions to reduce risky driving in vulnerable groups of drivers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"96 ","pages":"Pages 148-159"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145796664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing a situational judgement test (SJT) for safety-minded leadership in high-hazard industries","authors":"Ryan Cook,&nbsp;Gregory G. Anderson,&nbsp;Mark Fleming","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.11.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.11.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> Safety-specific transformational leadership (SSTFL) is a critical factor in fostering a proactive safety culture by encouraging both compliance and initiative among employees. However, traditional leadership assessments often fail to capture the unique competencies required for effective safety leadership in high-hazard industries. While general self-report personality tests have been used to predict future leadership behaviors, tools for specifically assessing SSTFL are limited. To address this gap, the current study developed and evaluated a Situational Judgement Test (SJT) designed to predict safety-minded leadership behaviors. <em>Method:</em> Using a two-wave study with a sample of participants with management experience in high-hazard industries, the study employed a 2 (honest vs. incentivized faking) × 2 (basic vs. disarming instructions) between-subjects design to refine the assessment tool and mitigate social desirability bias. Following item reduction, the final 15-item SJT demonstrated acceptable internal consistency, reasonable test–retest reliability, and positive correlation with another safety leadership measure. <em>Results:</em> Results indicated that instruction type and response condition did significantly influence scores in the preliminary list of SJT items, but not the revised version, supporting the robustness of the final 15-item measure. SJT Scores from Wave 1 were also predictive of self-reported safety behaviors at Wave 2 above and beyond other variables. By integrating realistic workplace scenarios, behaviorally anchored response options, and minimizing socially desirable responding, this SJT provides a promising tool for assessing safety behavior and what managers would choose to do, rather than their knowledge of what should be done. Future research and applications for organizational settings are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"96 ","pages":"Pages 99-111"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Building a credible case for safety: Approach proposal for Automated Driving Systems","authors":"Francesca Margherita Favarò,&nbsp;Laura Fraade-Blanar,&nbsp;Scott Schnelle,&nbsp;Trent Victor,&nbsp;Mauricio Peña,&nbsp;Johan Engström,&nbsp;John Scanlon,&nbsp;Kris Kusano,&nbsp;Dan Smith","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.10.019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.10.019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> This paper outlines a systematic approach to tackle the creation of a safety case for Automated Driving Systems (ADS) that operate without a driver. A safety case is a formal way to explain how an ADS developer determines that its system is safe enough to be deployed on public roads without a human driver, and it includes evidence to support that determination. It involves an explanation of the system, the methodologies used to develop it, the metrics used to validate it and the actual results of validation tests. Yet, in order to develop a worthwhile safety case, it is first important to understand what makes it credible and well crafted, and align on evaluation criteria. This paper helps enable such alignment by providing foundational thinking into not only how a system is determined to be ready for deployment but also into justifying that the set of acceptance criteria employed in such determination is sufficient and that their evaluation (and associated methods) is credible. The presentation is anchored around the acknowledgement that absolute zero risk is unattainable, framing the definition of safety around the notion of “absence of unreasonable risk” in accordance with state of the art safety standards. The publication is structured around three complementary perspectives on safety: a layered approach to safety; a dynamic approach to safety; and a credible approach to safety. Each perspective focuses on the principles and methodological approach, rather than specific results that are often proprietary and this paper does not feature a full safety case nor the evidence to support it. While centered around the example of a SAE Level 4 ADS, the proposed approach is technology- and methodology-agnostic, making it adaptable for use in whole or in part by any entity in the field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"96 ","pages":"Pages 181-196"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Walking the talk of safety: Exploring the organizational safety-contingency system and its relationship with safety leadership","authors":"Amanda Ulfdotter Samuelsson,&nbsp;Pernilla Larsman,&nbsp;Martin Grill","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.12.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.12.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> Safety is a critical concern in the construction industry, and it is well recognized that managers play a vital role in shaping it. However, there is a lack of research and knowledge on whether and how the organizational context influences safety leadership. This study investigates the previously underexplored relationship between the Organizational Safety-Contingency System (i.e., patterns of antecedent and consequential stimuli connected to safety behaviors within an organization) and safety leadership among managers in the construction industry. <em>Method:</em> Survey data were collected from 1,061 first-line and middle managers by a Swedish trade union for managers in the civil engineering industry. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed to investigate the relationships between Organizational Safety-Contingency Antecedents and Consequences and general and specific safety leadership. <em>Results:</em> Both aspects of the Organizational Safety-Contingency System (Organizational Safety-Contingency Antecedents (OSC_A) and Consequences (OSC_C)) were significantly and positively associated with general and specific safety leadership among managers. <em>Conclusions:</em> The Organizational Safety-Contingency System is positively associated with managerial safety leadership. Higher levels of resource-based antecedents and favorable consequences for safety leadership are linked to higher reported levels of safety leadership among managers. <em>Practical applications:</em> This study provides valuable insights into the previously underexplored relationships between the Organizational Safety-Contingency System and managers’ safety leadership. Employers should ensure high levels of antecedent stimuli that enable and facilitate safety leadership (e.g., knowledge, time, equipment and personnel). They should also ensure that safety leadership leads to high levels of favorable consequences (e.g., positive recognition and career advancement) while safety-neglecting leadership does not. Applied Behavior Analysis is proposed as a useful framework for providing theoretically anchored and practically applicable guidance for employers seeking to systematically enhance safety leadership within their organizations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"96 ","pages":"Pages 214-222"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145883784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Struck-by fatalities in construction: A systematic review of regulatory roles, responsibilities, and research gaps","authors":"David Kudlinski,&nbsp;JuHyeong Ryu","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.11.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.11.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction</em>: Construction struck-by fatalities involving heavy equipment and vehicles have remained high over the past decade, despite comprehensive OSHA and ANSI/ASSP authoritative frameworks that define specific safety roles and responsibilities for employers, supervisors, and workers. This systematic literature review examined how current research covers the safety roles and responsibilities outlined in authoritative standards for struck-by prevention. <em>Method:</em> Following PRISMA guidelines, this study reviewed 87 peer-reviewed studies published between 2011 and 2024 from major databases including Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and IEEE Xplore. Studies were evaluated using binary coding to determine coverage of seven construction safety roles and six responsibility categories derived from OSHA 29 CFR 1926 and ANSI/ASSP A10.47-2021 standards. <em>Results:</em> The results show that only 26% of potential role instances and 51% of responsibility instances were substantively addressed. A three-tier pattern emerged where high-focus roles (General Laborer 33%, Equipment Operator 25%, Employer/Manager 19%) dominated research attention, while critical frontline positions received minimal coverage (Spotter 4%, Crane Crew 4%, Crane A/D Director 3%, Traffic Control Supervisor 2%). Three methodological approaches, Incident Database Analysis, Proximity Sensors, and Digital Site Mapping, accounted for 77% of all studies. <em>Conclusions:</em> This study contributes to current knowledge by revealing a significant disconnect between research and standards in struck-by prevention, where essential safety roles integral to authoritative frameworks remains understudied in academic literature. <em>Practical Applications:</em> The findings highlight the need for an integrated research agenda that bridges authoritative requirements with operational practice and expands methodological diversity to capture the full complexity of struck-by prevention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"96 ","pages":"Pages 11-18"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145580372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bystanding to prevent drink-driving: Young adults’ descriptions of factors that promote and restrict their behavior","authors":"Lisa Buckley,&nbsp;Michelle Nicolls","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2026.01.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2026.01.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> Drink driving remains a leading contributor to motor-vehicle fatalities. For young adults, a sizeable proportion of their drinking is with friends, who may have opportunity to plan ahead or potentially intervene and speak up against drink-driving. We sought to explore young adults’ preventive behaviors toward friends and the potential relevance for the classic Latané and Darley social psychology theory of bystander intervention. <em>Method:</em> Across two studies we interviewed 63, 18–25-year-old Australians, using semi-structured interview schedules (approximately 30–45 min). Study 1 focused on experiences and perception of driving the day after drinking; and study 2 explored online communication about drink-driving. Exploration in both studies considered strategies used to support friends and prevent drink-driving. We used a deductive theory-guided approach considering: perceptions and interpretation of risk/ danger around drink-driving, a sense of responsibility, and having the confidence to enact a prevention strategy with friends. In addition, an inductive approach was employed to explore descriptions of protective behavior. <em>Results:</em> The bystander theory provided an appropriate conceptualization with findings highlighting consideration of noticing and interpreting drink-driving as harmful. Findings highlighted that young adults value looking out for their friends and to a lesser extent described considerations of the challenges they had in supporting their friends. <em>Conclusions:</em> The descriptions provided by young adults highlight nuance and considerations made in attempts to reduce the likelihood of drink-driving. The theory provided structure to findings and highlights potential considerations in attempts to promote bystander intervention among young adults.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"96 ","pages":"Pages 285-291"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncovering contextual risk patterns in cannabis-involved fatal crashes: A data-driven approach to public health-oriented road safety","authors":"Rohit Chakraborty ,&nbsp;Sazzad Bin Bashar Polock ,&nbsp;Biplov Pandey ,&nbsp;Sawgat Ahmed Shuvo ,&nbsp;Kakan Dey ,&nbsp;Subasish Das","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.12.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.12.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction</em>: As cannabis legalization expands across the United States, concerns about its impact on road safety and public health continue to grow. This study examined fatal crashes involving cannabis-involved drivers using national data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) between 2018 and 2022, focusing on cases where cannabis was toxicologically confirmed in the driver’s bloodstream. <em>Method:</em> To uncover underlying crash typologies, we applied Cluster Correspondence Analysis (CCA), a two-way dimension reduction method optimized for categorical data, to reveal patterns across roadway environments, driver demographics, crash dynamics, and environmental conditions. <em>Results:</em> The analysis revealed six distinct crash clusters: rural straight-roadway single-vehicle collisions, high-speed multi-vehicle crashes with lane conflicts, single-vehicle crashes on curves with loss of control, turning and yielding errors at intersections, unusual user and road conditions with pedestrian involvement, and nighttime urban crashes involving vulnerable road users. These findings highlighted the intersection of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-positive toxicology and systemic infrastructure vulnerabilities that contribute to fatal outcomes in cannabis-involved crashes. <em>Conclusions and Practical Applications:</em> By using a method designed for complex categorical datasets, this research provided novel insights into the multifaceted risks associated with drug-impaired driving. The results could inform targeted countermeasures, such as improved roadway lighting, intersection design, and behavioral interventions, offering a data-driven foundation for public health–oriented traffic safety strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"96 ","pages":"Pages 160-173"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonfatal work-related injuries treated in hospital emergency departments in the U.S., 2012–2023","authors":"Suzanne M. Marsh,&nbsp;Susan J. Derk,&nbsp;Kitty J. Hendricks","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.12.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.12.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> Work-related injury surveillance is an important mechanism to measure occupational injuries and exposures. Although there is no single source of nonfatal occupational injury surveillance data, the Occupational Supplement to the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS-Work) has been used for many years. Calendar year 2023 was the final year of data collection for NEISS-Work. This paper provides an overview of NEISS-Work data from 2012 to 2023 and compares the earliest year of results (1998) to the final year (2023). <em>Methods</em><strong>:</strong> Nonfatal workplace injuries treated in U.S. emergency departments (EDs) were analyzed using data from NEISS-Work. Data from the U.S. Current Population Survey were used as denominators in the calculation of rates per full-time equivalents (FTE). <em>Results:</em> From 2012 to 2023, an estimated 29 million (±5.3 million) work-related injuries were treated in hospital EDs, resulting in a rate of 163 ED-treated injuries per 10,000 FTE. Male workers incurred 65% of the total injuries. Workers aged 15–19 years had the highest injury rate of 330 per 10,000 FTE. Contact with objects and equipment; overexertion/bodily reaction; and falls, slips, and trips combined represented 75% of worker injuries treated in EDs. Workplace violence events were the only injury category that increased over this period. <em>Conclusions:</em> Findings from this study suggest that nonfatal work-related injuries have decreased. The drivers of this decrease are unclear and may include improvements in workplace safety or lingering effects of the pandemic. <em>Practical Applications:</em> NEISS-Work data have played a critical role in the surveillance of nonfatal occupational injuries in the United States for 25 years. NEISS-Work data are no longer collected. Future surveillance efforts may begin identifying other sources of nonfatal occupational injury data that complement existing resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"96 ","pages":"Pages 197-203"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How racial segregation contributes to disparities in pedestrian safety","authors":"Sina Asgharpour,&nbsp;Afshin Allahyari,&nbsp;Masoud ArfaeiYazdiPour,&nbsp;Abolfazl (Kouros) Mohammadian","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2026.01.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2026.01.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Everyone deserves the right to walk safely in their neighborhoods. However, racial segregation can disproportionately escalate the risk of pedestrian crashes, exposing certain racial communities to higher risk levels. This study investigates racial disparities in the distribution of severe pedestrian crashes (fatal and injury-related) in terms of residential segregation in the City of Chicago, an urban area with pronounced racial segregation.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>We constructed a detailed Census Block Group–level dataset by integrating multiple data sources, including socio-demographic variables, built environment characteristics, crime rates, and crash records. Our analysis reveals that although Black-majority block groups represent only 24% of Chicago’s population, they account for 37% of all severe pedestrian crashes, indicating significant racial disparities in pedestrian safety. We employed multiple indices to characterize racial segregation and classify neighborhoods into four areas: Black, Hispanic, White-majority, and Mixed communities. We developed Spatial Lag Negative Binomial (SLNB) model to examine the main drivers contributing to severe pedestrian crashes across these communities.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Five major categories of variables were identified as significant predictors: exposure factors, socio-demographic characteristics, indicators of social exclusion, spatial and temporal conditions, and transit accessibility. The results indicate that while crash risk in White-majority areas is more associated with socio-demographic characteristics, Black and Hispanic-majority areas are disproportionately affected by infrastructure deficits, such as poor transit accessibility and inadequate nighttime lighting. Distinct patterns associated with segregated communities were highlighted, shedding light on unique challenges faced by these groups.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and practical applications</h3><div>The findings from this study provide valuable insights for city authorities focused on two critical goals: enhancing pedestrian safety and dismantling barriers to equitable access to safe walking environments for all communities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"96 ","pages":"Pages 329-342"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146077160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the effectiveness of traffic control devices in deterring wrong-way driving by alcohol-impaired drivers: a driving simulator study","authors":"Yukun Song ,&nbsp;Qing Chang ,&nbsp;Huaguo Zhou ,&nbsp;Christopher Correia ,&nbsp;Taylor B. Stanley ,&nbsp;Kayla Neeley","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.11.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.11.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction</em>: This research paper analyzes the cognitive abilities of severely intoxicated drivers and evaluates the effectiveness of engineering countermeasures aimed at preventing wrong-way entry onto freeways through interchange exit ramps. <em>Method:</em> The study involved testing 30 male participants in a driving simulator featuring scenarios with various combinations of traditional and innovative wrong-way-related traffic control devices, such as signs and pavement markings. Each participant participated in three separate simulator sessions: an initial training session, a sober session, and an intoxicated session targeting a blood alcohol level of 0.12 g/dL, the highest level observed in previous studies due to safety concerns. The researchers recorded the number of wrong-way driving (WWD) incidents and tracked participants’ gaze using eye-tracking devices. <em>Results:</em> Through descriptive and statistical analyses—such as t-tests and ANOVA—the study identifies which wrong-way warning methods are more effective, based on observed virtual driving behaviors, including the number of WWD incidents and fixation durations. The results indicated that the California Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (CA MUTCD) combination effectively reduces WWD incidents for both intoxicated and sober drivers. Additionally, given the slower information processing speed and altered gaze distribution of intoxicated drivers, it is crucial to implement traffic control devices (TCDs) that attract attention more effectively and are easier for intoxicated drivers to process, such as wrong-way signs with flashing borders and raised reflective pavement markers (RRPMs). <em>Practical applications:</em> These findings offer valuable insights for designing effective countermeasures to improve freeway safety and reduce the risk of wrong-way entry incidents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"96 ","pages":"Pages 74-87"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145693882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}