Journal of Safety Research最新文献

{"title":"Workplace health promotion programs: The role of compliance with workers' expectations, the reputation and the productivity of the company","authors":"María-José Foncubierta-Rodríguez ,&nbsp;Miriam Poza-Méndez ,&nbsp;Magdalena Holgado-Herrero","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.02.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.02.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Introduction:</em> Addressing the health and safety of workers is key to achieving Sustainable Development Goals 3 and 8. The European Union urges companies in its member countries to promote measures in this regard. However, this type of program is not a general approach in European companies. This study aims to identify whether the implementation of Workplace Health Promotion measures is influenced by the company's desire to meet its employees' expectations in this area; and if this relationship involves the company's reputation and productivity. <em>Methods:</em> A multi-step methodology is used (descriptive sample portrait, analysis of influences by linear regression, and double-intermediation model analysis) to find out if reputation and productivity mediate the relationship between the satisfaction of employee health expectations and the number of Workplace Health Promotion measures applied. <em>Results:</em> The more weight the company gives to this compliance, the more motivated it is to implement a more significant number of Workplace Health Promotion measures. The increase in productivity does not seem to weigh in this relationship, but the improvement of the company's reputation does. <em>Conclusions:</em> The more the employees' expectations of working in a healthy company are desired to be met, the more measures the company will put in place. <em>Practical applications:</em> The findings have theoretical implications, by increasing knowledge about the factors that influence a company's decision to activate Workplace Health Promotion policies. They can also serve as guidance for implementing policies that encourage health promotion in companies and contribute to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals 3 and 8: for workers' representatives, by better understanding how these factors influence the fulfillment of their constituents' expectations; for company managers, by better knowing the variables involved in this relationship; and for researchers of this topic.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022437524000227/pdfft?md5=aeacc0d8a009401d28a7a4dcd2e71921&pid=1-s2.0-S0022437524000227-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140128221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of eco-driving on commercial motor vehicle driver collision risk","authors":"Robyn D. Robertson,&nbsp;Milad Delavary,&nbsp;Craig Lyon,&nbsp;Ward Vanlaar","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.02.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2024.02.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Introduction:</em> This study investigates the effect among commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers of the adoption of fuel-efficient driving techniques (commonly known as eco-driving) on the odds of being involved in safety-related events. <em>Method:</em> For 2,637 long-haul class 8 drivers employed by four carriers in Canada, information on driving style, total distance driven, and safety-related events like collisions, hard-braking, hard-turning, and stability control events were collected for each trip. Three carriers provided driving style-related data from the ISAAC instrument, which provides a score on a 0 to 100 scale that measures the degree to which a driver is using an appropriate amount of engine power according to driving conditions. The fourth carrier provided data on driving style characteristics, including fuel consumption, use of cruise control, and use of top gear. Depending on the carrier, information on speeding, driver age, and years of experience driving a commercial vehicle was also collected. Logit statistical models were developed to estimate the change in odds of a driver experiencing a safety-related event dependent on the measures of driving style. <em>Results:</em> A one-unit increase in the ISAAC score was associated with a 7%, 8%, 8%, and 4% reduction in the odds of having a hard-braking event, hard left-turn event, hard right-turn event, and collision, respectively. For the carrier not employing the ISAAC system, an increase of 10% in the time spent driving in top gear with steady speed near 100 km per hour (km/h) was associated with a substantial 34% decrease in stability control events. In addition, a year increase in the driver’s age, as well as a 1% increase in the amount of time spent driving using cruise control, reduced the number of hard-braking events by 9% and 3%, respectively. <em>Conclusion/Practical Applications:</em> The adoption of fuel-efficient driving techniques enhances the safety of CMV drivers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140296246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From unstructured accident reports to a hybrid decision support system for occupational risk management: The consensus converging approach","authors":"Rajan Kumar Gangadhari ,&nbsp;Meysam Rabiee ,&nbsp;Vivek Khanzode ,&nbsp;Shankar Murthy ,&nbsp;Pradeep Kumar Tarei","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.02.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.02.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Introduction:</em> Workplace accidents in the petroleum industry can cause catastrophic damage to people, property, and the environment. Earlier studies in this domain indicate that the majority of the accident report information is available in unstructured text format. Conventional techniques for the analysis of accident data are time-consuming and heavily dependent on experts’ subject knowledge, experience, and judgment. There is a need to develop a machine learning-based decision support system to analyze the vast amounts of unstructured text data that are frequently overlooked due to a lack of appropriate methodology. <em>Method:</em> To address this gap in the literature, we propose a hybrid methodology that uses improved text-mining techniques combined with an un-bias group decision-making framework to combine the output of objective weights (based on text mining) and subjective weights (based on expert opinion) of risk factors to prioritize them. Based on the contextual word embedding models and term frequencies, we extracted five important clusters of risk factors comprising more than 32 risk sub-factors. A heterogeneous group of experts and employees in the petroleum industry were contacted to obtain their opinions on the extracted risk factors, and the best-worst method was used to convert their opinions to weights. <em>Conclusions and Practical Applications:</em> The applicability of our proposed framework was tested on the data compiled from the accident data released by the petroleum industries in India. Our framework can be extended to accident data from any industry, to reduce analysis time and improve the accuracy in classifying and prioritizing risk factors.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140055061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vulnerable road user injury trends following the COVID-19 pandemic in Toronto, Canada: An interrupted time series analysis","authors":"Brice Batomen ,&nbsp;Alison Macpherson ,&nbsp;Jeremy Lewis ,&nbsp;Andrew Howard ,&nbsp;Natasha Ruth Saunders ,&nbsp;Sarah Richmond ,&nbsp;M. Anne Harris ,&nbsp;Refik Saskin ,&nbsp;Brandon Zagorski ,&nbsp;Colin Macarthur ,&nbsp;Pamela Fuselli ,&nbsp;Linda Rothman","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.02.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.02.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Background</em>: The COVID-19 pandemic altered traffic patterns worldwide, potentially impacting pedestrian and bicyclists safety in urban areas. In Toronto, Canada, work from home policies, bicycle network expansion, and quiet streets were implemented to support walking and cycling. We examined pedestrian and bicyclist injury trends from 2012 to 2022, utilizing police-reported killed or severely injured (KSI), emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalization data. <em>Methods:</em> We used an interrupted time series design, with injury counts aggregated quarterly. We fit a negative binomial regression using a Bayesian modeling approach to data prior to the pandemic that included a secular time trend, quarterly seasonal indicator variables, and autoregressive terms. The differences between observed and expected injury counts based on pre-pandemic trends with 95% credible intervals (CIs) were computed. <em>Results:</em> There were 38% fewer pedestrian KSI (95%CI: 19%, 52%), 35% fewer ED visits (95%CI: 28%, 42%), and 19% fewer hospitalizations (95%CI: 2%, 32%) since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. A reduction of 35% (95%CI: 7%, 54%) in KSI bicyclist injuries was observed, but However, ED visits and hospitalizations from bicycle-motor vehicle collisions were compatible with pre-pandemic trends. In contrast, for bicycle injuries not involving motor vehicles, large increases were observed for both ED visits, 73% (95% CI: 49%, 103%) and for hospitalization 108% (95% CI: 38%, 208%). <em>Conclusion:</em> New road safety interventions during the pandemic may have improved road safety for vulnerable road users with respect to collisions with motor vehicles; however, further investigation into the risk factors for bicycle injuries not involving motor vehicles is required.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022437524000215/pdfft?md5=b231457a51bf8f80be8549983e916564&pid=1-s2.0-S0022437524000215-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140054815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Work-related crashes in rideshare drivers in the United States","authors":"Brett Shannon ,&nbsp;Lee S Friedman ,&nbsp;Andrew Hellinger ,&nbsp;Kirsten Almberg ,&nbsp;Johnathon Ehsani","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.01.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.01.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Introduction</em>: Motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) are the leading cause of work-related deaths in the United States. The increasing popularity of the competitive rideshare market and the lack of oversight over workforce health and safety limits understanding of the current occupational hazards and associated risk factors faced by this precarious workforce. The objective of this analysis was to determine what the personal, social and occupational risk factors for work-related crashes in rideshare drivers are in the United States and suggest further research required to understand occupational health risks and opportunities for interventions. <em>Material and Methods:</em> We conducted a survey of a convenience sample of rideshare and taxi drivers using an online questionnaire. Rideshare respondents (n = 277) were recruited through an email that was distributed to people who subscribe to TheRideshareGuy.com. We examined the general characteristics of rideshare drivers by history of work-related MVCs and logistic regression models were used to determine major predictors of MVCs. <em>Results:</em> Of 276 rideshare drivers that reported their crash history, one-third (n = 91, 33%) reported being involved in a work-related crash. Results from a multivariable logistic regression model showed rideshare MVCs were more likely in older drivers (aOR for 10 year increases in age, 1.55, p = 0.001), if drivers undertook 10 or more rideshare trips per day (aOR 1.84, p = 0.041), frequently or very frequently were driving on unfamiliar roads (aOR 1.72, p = 0.048) and driving whilst tired (aOR 3.03, p = 0.003). <em>Conclusion:</em> Precarious workers and health and safety is emerging as a major area of research focus. There is a unique opportunity to explore the occupational health risks in rideshare drivers to provide interventions that encourage growth of a healthy and fit rideshare workforce and promote work practices and future regulations aimed at improving safe work practices. <em>Practical applications:</em> This analysis paints a complex picture of personal and occupational factors that are associated with MVCs in rideshare drivers suggesting that additional policy development related to occupational health and safety of rideshare drivers could be constructive.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140054820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perceptions of vulnerable roadway users on autonomous vehicle regulations","authors":"Md Tawhidur Rahman ,&nbsp;Kakan Dey ,&nbsp;Md Tanvir Ashraf","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.02.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.02.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Development and implementation of autonomous vehicle (AV) related regulations are necessary to ensure safe AV deployment and wide acceptance among all roadway users. Assessment of vulnerable roadway users’ perceptions on AV regulations could inform policymakers the development of appropriate AV regulations that facilitate the safety of diverse users in a multimodal transportation system.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>This research evaluated pedestrians’ and bicyclists’ perceptions on six AV regulations (i.e., capping AV speed limit, operating AV in manual mode in the sensitive areas, having both pilot and co-pilot while operating AVs, and three data-sharing regulations). In addition, pedestrians’ and bicyclists’ perceptions of testing AVs in public streets were evaluated. Statistical testing and modeling techniques were applied to accomplish the research objectives.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Compared to the other AV regulations assessed in this research, strong support for AV-related data sharing regulations was identified. Older respondents showed higher approval of AV testing on public roadways and less support for regulating AVs. AV technology familiarity and safe road sharing perceptions with AVs resulted in lower support for AV regulations.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Policymakers and AV technology developers could develop effective educational tools/resources to inform pedestrians and bicyclists about AV technology reliability and soften their stance, especially on AV regulations, which could delay technology development.</p></div><div><h3>Practical Applications</h3><p>The findings of this research could be used to develop informed AV regulations and develop policies that could improve pedestrians’ and bicyclists’ attitudes/perceptions on regulating AVs and promoting AV technology deployments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139954987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety is the preservation of value","authors":"Bjarne Vandeskog","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.02.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.02.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>The questions ‘what is safety?’ and ‘what is it that safety researcher’s study?’ are at the very core of safety research as an academic discipline. One might therefore assume that the discipline is based on clear answers to these questions, answers that are unanimously shared among the great majority of safety researchers. Strangely enough, this is not the case, and this lack of consensus is a major problem, because, as Leveson (2020) points out, without it “everyone starts from a different definition of safety and communication is inhibited.” By 2014 this lack of clarity and consensus had become so obvious that there was an entire journal special issue dedicated to the topic. That discussion led to a clarification of the problems, but failed to solve them. Several contributors have since proposed solutions, none of which have gained widespread support.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>This paper argues that there is still a gap in our theoretical conceptualization, and proposes that safety fundamentally refers to positive value: specifically, the quality of experiences and objects that make people desire them. It is not operations, or persons, or objects that are safe, it is the various valuable qualities that can be lost and that are safe as long as they are preserved. As the future is fundamentally uncertain, all attempts at preserving values or valuables for a desired duration can only rest on assessments of the probability that one will manage to preserve them. Hence, this study proposes the following definition: Safety is the material, emotional and mental state that obtains when it is highly probable that all relevant positive values will be preserved for a desired duration, and the knowledge supporting this probability assessment is strong.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022437524000185/pdfft?md5=cba77db5035d0aba6d4c32f15b357896&pid=1-s2.0-S0022437524000185-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139954991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-invasive detection of mental fatigue in construction equipment operators through geometric measurements of facial features","authors":"Imran Mehmood ,&nbsp;Heng Li ,&nbsp;Waleed Umer ,&nbsp;Jie Ma ,&nbsp;Muhammad Saad Shakeel ,&nbsp;Shahnawaz Anwer ,&nbsp;Maxwell Fordjour Antwi-Afari ,&nbsp;Salman Tariq ,&nbsp;Haitao Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.01.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.01.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Introduction</em>: Prolonged operation of construction equipment could lead to mental fatigue, which can increase the chances of human error-related accidents as well as operators’ ill-health. The objective detection of operators' mental fatigue is crucial for reducing accident risk and ensuring operator health. Electroencephalography, photoplethysmography, electrodermal activity, and eye-tracking technology have been used to mitigate this issue. These technologies are invasive and wearable sensors that can cause irritation and discomfort. Geometric measurements of facial features can serve as a noninvasive alternative approach. Its application in detecting mental fatigue of construction equipment operators has not been reported in the literature. Although the application of facial features has been widespread in other domains, such as drivers and other occupation scenarios, their ecological validity for construction excavator operators remains a knowledge gap. <em>Method:</em> This study proposed employing geometric measurements of facial features to detect mental fatigue in construction equipment operators' facial features. In this study, seventeen operators performed excavation operations. Mental fatigue was labeled subjectively and objectively using NASA-TLX scores and EDA values. Based on geometric measurements, facial features (eyebrow, mouth outer, mouth corners, head motion, eye area, and face area) were extracted. <em>Results</em>: The results showed that there was significant difference in the measured metrics for high fatigue compared to low fatigue. Specifically, the most noteworthy variation was for the eye and face area metrics, with mean differences of 45.88% and 26.9%, respectively. <em>Conclusions:</em> The findings showed that geometrical measurements of facial features are a useful, noninvasive approach for detecting the mental fatigue of construction equipment operators.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139955049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Child drowning mortality in Israel: Trends and measures for prevention","authors":"Aviad Agam,&nbsp;Yigal Godler,&nbsp;Elad Calif","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.02.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Introduction</em>: In this study, we use the media-based database of <em>Beterem-Safe Kids Israel</em>, to provide a 15-year review of unintentional fatal childhood drowning in Israel, between 2008 and 2022. <em>Method:</em> It total, we identified 257 cases of child mortality due to drowning during this period. <em>Results:</em> Our results demonstrate a gradual rise in childhood mortality due to drowning, from 72 cases in 2008–2012, to 85 cases in 2013–2017, and to 100 cases in 2018–2022. Especially worth noting is the increase in childhood drowning in domestic swimming pools. We point to a link between low socioeconomic status and cases of drowning, showing that the risk of drowning extends beyond a mere matter of caregiver inattention. We recommend a series of regulatory and legislative steps to reduce fatal childhood drowning, including fencing built around domestic swimming pools, extending lifeguard activity hours, adding declared beaches, forming programs of safe behavior in water environments for adolescents, and establishing swimming lessons during the 2nd grade, for all populations. We further recommend that a special focus will be put in municipalities situated at the bottom of the socioeconomic index.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139890609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Audiovisual presentation of variable message signs improves message processing in distracted drivers during partially automated driving","authors":"Marina Pi-Ruano ,&nbsp;Javier Roca ,&nbsp;Pilar Tejero","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.01.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.01.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Introduction</em>: Highly automated driving is expected to reduce the accident risk occurrence by human errors, but it can also increase driver distraction. Previous evidence shows that auditory signals can help drivers take over in critical situations. However, it is still uncertain whether the potential benefit of verbal auditory signals could be generalized to driving situations where drivers are visually and auditorily distracted. <em>Method:</em> Our first objective was to compare the effectiveness of complementary audio messages (audio + visual condition) and visual only (visual condition) variable message signs (VMS) messages. The second objective was to explore the potential use of oral messages with traffic information to help highly-automated vehicle drivers identify critical situations. Eye-tracking data were also registered. Twenty-four volunteers participated in a driving simulator study, completing two tasks: (a) a TV series task, where they had to pay attention to an episode of a TV series while traveling along the route; and (b) a VMS task, where they had to recover the manual control of the car if the VMS message was a ‘critical message.’ <em>Results:</em> General results showed that, when the audio was available, the participants: (a) had a higher ability to discriminate the VMS messages, (b) were less conservative, (c) responded earlier, and (d) their pattern of fixations was more efficient. A complementary analysis showed that the counterbalance order was a moderating factor for the discrimination ability and the response distance measures. This evidence suggests a potential learning effect, not cancelled by counterbalancing the order of the conditions. <em>Conclusion:</em> The processing of traffic messages may improve when provided as oral and visual messages. <em>Practical Applications:</em> These results would be of special interest for engineers designing highly automated cars, considering that the design of automated systems must ensure that the driver's attention is sufficient to take over control.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022437524000148/pdfft?md5=0e9eba6ae58236b9ef4dea21fe7a7bc9&pid=1-s2.0-S0022437524000148-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139830165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}