Perception of distraction and risk among drivers engaging in non-driving tasks: Findings from a German study

Introduction: One of the leading causes of traffic crashes is the distraction of drivers caused by performing secondary tasks. Method: We conducted a nationwide interview study with car drivers in Germany. A total sample of 1,072 drivers participated in a face-to-face semi-standardized interview based on quota sampling. Almost 90% of all drivers performed a secondary task. Results: On average, drivers reported two non-driving-related activities in the last 30 min of driving. The most frequent activities were interactions with passengers, internal distractions (e.g., intense thinking, singing), and operating vehicle instruments. Mobile phone operations were mentioned less frequently, and texting, reading, and browsing were reported in 6% of the activities. Texting, reading, browsing, and hand-held phoning were rated as the most distracting and risky. Drivers perceive secondary tasks like passenger interaction and hygiene as less risky. The risk ratings when performing a secondary task were significantly lower than the overall risk rating of the respective task. Demographic analysis showed that women rated some tasks as riskier than men, while older drivers perceived higher risks than younger ones. Conclusion: The findings on the frequency of performed secondary tasks illustrate that drivers underestimate the risks of seemingly trivial secondary activities. Age and gender influence risk perception and distraction. Practical implication: Raising awareness of the negative consequences of engaging in activities that appear insignificant is advisable. Information about the crash risk of all secondary tasks should be provided more often (e.g., in commercials, especially for tasks that appear trivial and safe to perform while driving). Additionally, interventions aimed at promoting safer driving practices should consider demographic factors, such as age and gender, to enhance their effectiveness.