Development and Change最新文献

{"title":"Misaligned Social Policy? Explaining the Origins and Limitations of Cash Transfers in Sudan","authors":"Muez Ali,&nbsp;Laura Mann","doi":"10.1111/dech.12784","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dech.12784","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article examines whether the transitional government in the wake of the December 2018 Sudanese revolution succeeded in realigning social policy with public demands. The article focuses on the evolution of cash transfer programmes from the 2012 cash programme under the Ingaz regime to the transitional government's programme 2021. While the recent programme was popularly viewed as a ‘World Bank programme’, its originators were in fact Sudanese professionals. Similarly, the Ingaz regime experimented with cash transfers before seeking out World Bank technical support. In this sense, cash transfers cannot be seen as an external imposition, as domestic actors have favoured them across different regimes. Yet, their appeal may still reflect the ‘choicelessness’ that Thandika Mkandawire associated with structural adjustment, as in both cases cash transfers were introduced as part of broader economic reform. Sudan's case is distinct in the sense that its domestic policy makers did not begrudgingly accept cash transfers but were enthusiastic instigators of them. The article traces the origins of this enthusiasm within Sudan's recent political history and explores the way in which alignment with international mainstream policy making locks Sudan into a bind. The country urgently needs to reverse the fragmentation of social policy along geographic and racial lines, yet these programmes do little to overcome such regional and racial inequalities. Thus, even after a popular revolution displaced the prevailing political settlement and called for radical change, policy makers remain misaligned to public demands.</p>","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":"54 4","pages":"841-869"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dech.12784","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44449900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outsourcing the Business of Development: The Rise of For-profit Consultancies in the UK Aid Sector","authors":"Brendan Whitty,&nbsp;Jessica Sklair,&nbsp;Paul Robert Gilbert,&nbsp;Emma Mawdsley,&nbsp;Jo-Anna Russon,&nbsp;Olivia Taylor","doi":"10.1111/dech.12782","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dech.12782","url":null,"abstract":"<p>While much attention has been paid to the ways in which the private sector is now embedded within the field of development, one group of actors — for-profit development consultancies and contractors, or service providers — has received relatively little attention. This article analyses the growing role of for-profit consultancies and contractors in British aid delivery, which has been driven by two key trends: first, the outsourcing of managerial, audit and knowledge-management functions as part of efforts to bring private sector approaches and skills into public spending on aid; and second, the reconfiguration of aid spending towards markets and the private sector, and away from locally embedded, state-focused aid programming. The authors argue that both trends were launched under New Labour in the early 2000s, and super-charged under successive Conservative governments. The resulting entanglement means that the policies and practices of the UK government's aid agencies, and the interests and forms of for-profit service providers, are increasingly mutually constitutive. Amongst other implications, this shift acts to displace traditional forms of contestation and accountability of aid delivery.</p>","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":"54 4","pages":"892-917"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dech.12782","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47270981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable Development Frontiers: Is ‘Sustainable’ Cocoa Delivering Development and Reducing Deforestation?","authors":"Will Lock,&nbsp;Anthony Alexander","doi":"10.1111/dech.12781","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dech.12781","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Forest frontiers are important areas for sustainable development as they combine the need to halt deforestation with the challenges of rural poverty. In the region of San Martín, Peru, the ‘Production, Protection and Inclusion’ model combines narratives of conservation, economic development and social inclusion in what can be defined as a ‘sustainable development frontier’. This article asks how such sustainable development frontiers change social, economic and ecological outcomes in the localities where they are found. The authors examine the reality of sustainable cocoa production linked to conservation and development goals, as promoted by government bodies, international agencies, cooperatives and chocolate brands in Peru, and show how, paradoxically, sustainability goals intensify production and attract smallholders into forest frontier areas. In doing so, the boom in demand for sustainable commodities has inadvertently created conditions encouraging further colonization of forested areas leading to a continuing rise in deforestation, ecological degradation and economic instability. Narratives of sustainable development can thus reinforce commodity intensification, as they obscure alternative approaches and reproduce traditional frontier dynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":"54 4","pages":"691-713"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dech.12781","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45776783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Derisking Developmentalism: A Tale of Green Hydrogen","authors":"Daniela Gabor,&nbsp;Ndongo Samba Sylla","doi":"10.1111/dech.12779","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dech.12779","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the global race to scale up green hydrogen, a renewed appetite for the visible hand of the state once again promises to expand developmental space for low- and middle-income countries. On the African continent, several countries have announced green industrialization ambitions that rely on mobilizing, through various ‘derisking’ schemes, private (institutional) capital looking for investible opportunities. To examine the transformative potential of this new <i>derisking developmentalism</i>, this article extends the critical macrofinance lens to include Thandika Mkandawire's theorization of post-independence African developmental states. Using Namibia as an illustration, it argues that an assumption of ‘divine coincidence’ creates the ideological space for the state to forge derisking blocs but structurally weakens its ability to discipline private capital into pursuing green industrialization. As (foreign) capital dominates the state‒capital relationship in derisking developmentalism, the new green rules written by powerful investors and global North governments threaten to transform global South countries into consumers of green hydrogen technology and generators of yield for portfolio investors, thus reinforcing the structural drivers of their ongoing external debt vulnerabilities. Instead, countries should experiment with green public ownership and partnerships that discipline local green industries. Such strategies require replacing the Wall Street Consensus with a supportive global macrofinancial framework the authors call ‘Green Bandung Woods’.</p>","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":"54 5","pages":"1169-1196"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dech.12779","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43465707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment of vocal tremor with bilateral magnetic resonance imaging-guided focused ultrasound of the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus: illustrative case.","authors":"John J Pearce, Jaclyn Thoma, Kimberly Vinson, Sepehr Sani","doi":"10.3171/CASE2351","DOIUrl":"10.3171/CASE2351","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Essential vocal tremor is a difficult disease entity to treat with a poor response to existing medical management and limited options for surgical management of the disease. Magnetic resonance imaging-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) is an emerging treatment modality with encouraging results for limb tremor in patients with essential tremor, but data are limited for the treatment of vocal tremor.</p><p><strong>Observations: </strong>This is the case of a 69-year-old male with a history of essential vocal tremor severely limiting his ability to perform his occupation as an opera singer. He underwent staged bilateral ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus thalamotomy with MRgFUS for the treatment of his bilateral upper extremity tremor with near complete resolution of his vocal tremor after a second procedure.</p><p><strong>Lessons: </strong>Bilateral MRgFUS may be a safe and efficacious option for the treatment of essential vocal tremor. Further research into optimal patient selection, precise target location, and treatment parameters is needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10550546/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84824001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Underside of Microfinance: Performance Indicators and Informal Debt in Cambodia","authors":"W. Nathan Green,&nbsp;Theavy Chhom,&nbsp;Reach Mony,&nbsp;Jennifer Estes","doi":"10.1111/dech.12778","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dech.12778","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Microfinance is a dominant strategy used to promote rural development around the world. Rather than directly track its impact on borrowers, however, microfinance institutions rely on indicators of financial performance adopted from commercial banking as proxies for positive social impact. Yet, as critical research has shown, the industry depends on coercive peer pressure, social shaming and various forms of gendered exploitation to achieve its high rates of loan repayment. This article maintains that there is a need to investigate how the microfinance industry's own indicators of impact contribute to the ways microfinance can harm borrowers. Based on qualitative research in Cambodia during 2021 and 2022, the article demonstrates how financial performance indicators, most notably portfolio quality, both hide and exacerbate the ways that borrowers juggle debt between formal and informal lenders. In making this argument, the article advances critical scholarship on microfinance by showing how microfinance repayment structures debt-juggling practices in ways that put borrowers at greater risk of over-indebtedness. As a result, the microfinance industry is able to claim that it successfully helps to alleviate poverty, even as it accumulates profits by appropriating wealth from poor and low-income households across the global South.</p>","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":"54 4","pages":"780-803"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dech.12778","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42082735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lance Taylor (1940–2022): Reconstructing Macroeconomics","authors":"Servaas Storm","doi":"10.1111/dech.12777","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dech.12777","url":null,"abstract":"<p>On 15 August 2022, Lance Taylor, the towering structuralist macroeconomist and a thinker of uncommon breadth, sadly passed away. His work, spanning almost six decades, stands out for its originality, creativity, (policy) relevance and theoretical rigour as well as for its fearless commitment to speak truth to power in academic and policy-making circles. This essay reviews Taylor's progression from an early development planner to a radical Keynesian macroecono-mist on a mission to reconstruct a failing mainstream macroeconomics and build a relevant, practical ‘structuralist’ alternative, grounded in real-world stylized facts and of benefit to broad-based and sustainable economic progress. Lance Taylor will be missed but, as this essay aims to demonstrate, his legacy will live on, through his prolific writings and through generations of heterodox economists who were mentored by him or have been influenced by his work.</p><p>Lance Taylor once painted the following picture of the ‘ideal’ macroeconomist: ‘Ideally, one ought to be able to teach macroeconomics at the university in the morning, advise the Minister on how to apply macroeconomics in the afternoon, and write scholarly papers on macroeconomics at night, all the while practising the same craft’ (Taylor, <span>1988a</span>: 25).1 When he wrote this, Taylor probably had John Maynard Keynes in mind — the British economist who revolutionized economics and economic policy making in the 1930s — but as a matter of fact, he came very close to this ‘ideal’ himself.</p><p>Fast forward to Özlem Ömer, for whom Taylor acted as unofficial advisor for her 2018 PhD thesis (40 years after Darity), who writes: ‘We exchanged thousands of detailed emails, through which I learned his approach to macroeconomic theory …. He was incredibly patient and kind. … Lance's responses were immediate and thoughtful — no matter the time of the day. He didn't want to waste any time because he had so much to share, to write and to teach’ (Ömer, <span>2022</span>: 174–75). Email had replaced the scribbled notes, but otherwise things stayed exactly the same. Interestingly, and consistent with his dissenting position within the economics profession, Taylor's office was not located in the building that housed the MIT Economics Department, but rather in the old, rambling, wooden building that housed the MIT Food and Nutrition Department. His office, door generally open, did indeed have a hammock and was full of books, reports and papers — while visitors, reportedly, would also often meet his Saint Bernard dog which he brought along to work.</p><p>When it comes to ‘advising the Minister’, Lance Taylor gave counsel to governments all over the globe, starting with Chile in 1968–69, and including Brazil, Egypt, India, Pakistan, Portugal, Nigeria, South Africa, Thailand and others. In fact, Taylor's students found it difficult to name a country he had not been to. Taylor made it a practice to collaborate with economists from the count","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":"54 5","pages":"1331-1353"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dech.12777","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42347805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Law and Famine: Learning from the Hunger Courts in South Sudan","authors":"Naomi Pendle","doi":"10.1111/dech.12770","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dech.12770","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Activists and scholars are seeking to end famine by promoting international legal accountability for starvation. This article deepens our understanding of the relationship between the politics of famine and law by observing the ongoing prevalence and power of legal norms and institutions during times of famine. It reveals the widespread use of hunger courts in famine-prone South Sudan and their role in legally enforcing social networks that provide for the most vulnerable. Based on analysis of country-wide survey data from 2018 and 2019, qualitative interviews from 2019‒22 and in-depth ethnographic observations of hunger courts in one chiefdom in South Sudan during a period of famine-level hunger in 2018 and 2019, the article argues that hunger courts have played a key role in enforcing social networks. These courts have also supported continuity of chiefs’ authority despite crisis. The article concludes by addressing two issues: whether law is necessarily emancipatory in times of famine, and whether legal norms have shifted responsibility for hunger away from the political economies and conflicts that cause famine, instead placing blame and shame on the families of the most vulnerable.</p>","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":"54 3","pages":"467-489"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dech.12770","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47814189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-estate Boom, Commodification and Crises of Social Reproductive Institutions in Rural China","authors":"Tiantian Liu","doi":"10.1111/dech.12769","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dech.12769","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Based on 12 months of ethnographic, interview and archival research in a poor rural county in China, this article argues that three state policies, namely the concentration of rural educational resources in the county seat, the decision to make access to county-seat public schools conditional upon homeownership in school districts, and the (former) one-child policy, have compelled rural households to participate in the real-estate market to meet the reproductive needs of basic education and marriage. The increasing commodification of education and marriage has fuelled a local real-estate boom during the past decade. At the same time, it has put peasant-migrant households under severe economic pressure, forcing them to relocate unpaid female care labour away from the village and to become heavily indebted. These outcomes have had serious repercussions for two other reproductive institutions, leading to a breakdown in intergenerational care and financial support for the elderly, and a sharp decline in the rural birth rate. The Chinese countryside as a social space in which peasant-migrant households were able to reproduce themselves in a relatively non-commodified manner has disappeared.</p>","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":"54 3","pages":"543-569"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dech.12769","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49600260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Negotiated Agreements, Indigenous Peoples and Extractive Industry in the Salar de Atacama, Chile: When Is an Agreement More than a Contract?","authors":"Ciaran O'Faircheallaigh,&nbsp;Sally Babidge","doi":"10.1111/dech.12767","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dech.12767","url":null,"abstract":"<p>While acknowledging advances in legal recognition of Indigenous rights, much of the research literature positions negotiated agreements between Indigenous peoples and corporations simply as ‘neoliberal technology’ that gives the appearance of Indigenous consent while allowing exploitation to continue. This analysis is flawed in considering agreements as discrete, stand-alone phenomena. It ignores the possibility that Indigenous peoples may use agreements as part of broader strategies to achieve control over extractive industry activity and to secure a share of ‘development’ benefits — strategies that involve selective engagement with the state. This article supports its argument by locating an agreement between the Chilean lithium mining company, Albemarle, and the Council of Atacameño Peoples within a broad and sustained strategy by Atacameño people to address the negative impacts of mining in the Salar de Atacama, Chile, while securing its economic benefits. This strategy includes using the agreement to voice Atacameño territorial claims and environmental concerns to the state, and to insist that the state lives up to its responsibilities. The analysis leads to a fuller appreciation of the agency exercised by Indigenous peoples in dealing with the sustained expansion of extractive activity on their territories, and a more nuanced understanding of negotiated agreements between Indigenous peoples and mining corporations and between Indigenous people and the state.</p>","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":"54 3","pages":"641-670"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dech.12767","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47171733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}