Development and Change最新文献

{"title":"China's Market Reform Debate","authors":"Lin Chun","doi":"10.1111/dech.12751","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dech.12751","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>Isabella M. Weber, <i>How China Escaped Shock Therapy: The Market Reform Debate</i>. London and New York: Routledge, 2021. 358 pp. £ 30.00 paperback</b>.</p><p>In the histories of capitalist genesis and development, including the capitalist logic of the Cold War and post-Cold War (and the threatened new Cold War) and of neoliberal globalization, the market integration and invigoration which has brought the economy of Communist China to global prominence is a remarkable story. Of intense scholarly interest are China's growth model, institutional and policy adaptations, and interactions with others in the geo-economic and geopolitical reordering of the world. Yet, despite the expanding literature in this field, comparative case studies which delve into the extensive historical and international, as well as intellectual and discursive, contexts are relatively rare. Isabella Weber's book <i>How China Escaped Shock Therapy</i> contributes to filling this gap.</p><p>A quick background sketch of the familiar yet often neglected basics is useful here. The People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded upon, and fundamentally defined by, the victory of the Chinese Communist Revolution in 1949. Committed to both national and social liberations, the revolution achieved unity and independence for the country in terms of socio-economic development, forging a self-aware sovereign people in the process. In constructing a socialist political economy, the new regime pursued a collective, egalitarian and participatory politics. The state mobilized resources to rapidly accumulate capital and labour, buttressed by a rudimentary ‘public good regime’ to meet basic needs. China could thus withstand imperialist blockades and transform itself from one of the world's largest poor nations. By the end of the 1970s — before any ‘market miracle’ and despite recurrent policy errors of dizzying scale — Communist China had built up an industrial edifice and seen both the size and life expectancy of its population approximately double, an epic feat to be appreciated with ‘an acute and painful awareness of all the horrors and crimes that accompanied the revolution’ (Meisner, <span>1999</span>: 12).</p><p>Taking 1949 as the normative benchmark, a balance sheet of the vicissitudes of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), state and society since reform began in 1978 can be drawn up. The landmark 1978 Party plenary decision to reform the economic system within the bounds of socialism enjoyed a broad mandate and kindled a novel atmosphere of political openness and intellectual probing. Despite early signs of derailing, contemporaneous with surging neoliberalism in the West, the nature of China's 1980s reformism was clearly distinguishable from the next decades of ‘revolutionary’ neoliberalization. Brewing discontent over burgeoning official corruption and social insecurity, however, erupted in 1989, with the Tiananmen Square protests signalling the breakdown of the initial reform cons","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dech.12751","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47426254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Containing Violence in El Salvador: Community Organization, Transnational Networks and State–Society Relations","authors":"Viviana García Pinzón","doi":"10.1111/dech.12748","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dech.12748","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Extant research has analysed the impact of security policies, truces and informal agreements on both the dynamics and traits of organized violence in El Salvador. However, less is understood about variation in the levels of lethal violence across subnational units. This article contributes to filling this gap. Based on a case study of the municipality of Chalatenango, the analysis shows that community organization and translocal dynamics are crucial to explaining violence containment. Local communities have managed to control the levels of lethal violence and deter criminal actors amid a national context characterized by state neglect and chronic violence. Community organization is not territorially bound but extends across transnational networks. Migrants are a source of livelihoods for the local population; they also contribute to providing public goods and participate in local forms of organization. Transnational networks have forged a migration corridor that enables immigration to the United States. In addition, community organization informally contributes to the capacity of the local state to perform its functions, thereby shaping cooperative state–society relations. This analysis sheds new light on the conditions shaping the variation in levels of violence at the subnational level and local governance dynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dech.12748","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48472213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Everyday Politics of Dadan Contracts in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh","authors":"Bablu Chakma","doi":"10.1111/dech.12746","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dech.12746","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article analyses processes of <i>dadan</i> contract negotiations between Bengali intermediaries and indigenous Tanchangya peasants of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh, in the culantro sector. The research extends the debates on the dadan system and interlocked market relationships by highlighting everyday dynamics of dadan and the issue of ‘just price’ that arises from such contracts. The article argues that the dadan loan system leads to greater spaces for exploitation. While it facilitates peasants’ access to credit for agricultural and social reproduction and the supply of culantro to wider national markets, it also creates a dependency of Tanchangya peasants on Bengali moneylending traders. Such an analysis reveals the limitations of existing studies on dadan in accounting for the social, cultural and political aspects of dadan contracts, alongside their economic aspects. The article concludes that contested moralities associated with the pursuit of familial subsistence and contractual obligations shape peasants’ decisions and strategies concerning such contracts.</p>","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dech.12746","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48293585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geographies of Monetary Exclusion in Kenyan Slums: Financial Inclusion in Question","authors":"Tristan Dissaux","doi":"10.1111/dech.12747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12747","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Financial inclusion has become a prominent development policy objective. Its promotion rests on the understanding that poverty and underdevelopment mainly result from financial constraints that individuals face. Better access to financial services, in particular via the use of mobile money services, is supposed to lift these constraints and allow for growth and development. After outlining this dominant approach and detailing its theory of change, this article challenges it on the basis of the mesoeconomic study (at territorial level) of areas particularly targeted by financial inclusion policies: Kenyan informal settlements. The study of their geography of money shows how the socio-spatial flows of money shape people's economic constraints and opportunities. Based on this empirical account, it is argued that the poor are, first and foremost, in a situation of monetary exclusion, rather than being primarily financially constrained. The article conceptualizes monetary exclusion and highlights the theory and policy implications of this situation.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50129831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geographies of Monetary Exclusion in Kenyan Slums: Financial Inclusion in Question","authors":"Tristan Dissaux","doi":"10.1111/dech.12747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12747","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62795985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crisis Narratives and the African Paradox: African Informal Economies, COVID-19 and the Decolonization of Social Policy","authors":"Kate Meagher","doi":"10.1111/dech.12737","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dech.12737","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article challenges the role of COVID-19 crisis narratives in shaping social policy choices in Africa. The COVID-19 pandemic has focused attention on Africa's vast informal economies, both as a symbol of the continent's intense vulnerability to the ravages of the pandemic, and as a puzzle in the face of the uneven and limited effects of COVID-19 across the continent. Indeed, an examination of statistical and documentary evidence reveals an inverse relationship between COVID-19 fatalities and the size of African informal economies, and a perverse relationship between best-practice COVID social protection responses and levels of COVID-19 mortality. Scrutinizing the evidence behind African COVID-19 crisis narratives raises questions about the ability of donor-led digitized social protection paradigms to address social needs in highly informalized, low-resource environments. This article highlights the role of crisis narratives as an exercise of power geared to remastering, homogenizing and reimagining African informal economies in ways that facilitate particular types of development intervention, sidelining alternative, more socially grounded policy perspectives. Through a closer examination of historical and contemporary realities in Africa's vast and varied informal economies, the article highlights the need to decolonize social policy by privileging local needs and policy perspectives over global policy agendas in the interest of transformative rather than palliative policy responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ea/8e/DECH-53-1200.PMC9877792.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10583665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 and the Meaning of Crisis","authors":"Maha Abdelrahman","doi":"10.1111/dech.12744","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dech.12744","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Crisis is a concept that has a long history; it has come to denote moments of rupture and to foreground life and death decisions necessary for its resolution. The recent deployment of the concept in broad social, economic and political spheres has not only given rise to an industry of crisis management but has also established it as a framework through which to conceive, survive and reconstruct the world. The politics of crisis and the power of crisis narratives determine who is responsible for the crisis, who are its victims, who are its casualties and, inevitably, what policies need to be adopted and, later, institutionalized, in order to ‘fix’ the crisis and its outcomes. This article examines the politics of crisis narratives and situates the contributions to this Debate within larger debates on crisis under capitalism. These contributions employ the COVID-19 experience as a lens to examine how moments of crisis allow economic and political elites to displace the blame for the crisis and its structural causes away from themselves and to institute policies which maintain the status quo, limit the scope for alternatives to emerge, and foreclose debates on fundamental questions of power relations which, inevitably, reproduce the conditions for future crises.</p>","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dech.12744","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42514908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crisis, Care and Transformation: A Conversation with Diane Elson","authors":"Amrita Chhachhi","doi":"10.1111/dech.12743","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dech.12743","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42798093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Southern Discomfort: Interrogating the Category of the Global South","authors":"Nikita Sud,&nbsp;Diego Sánchez-Ancochea","doi":"10.1111/dech.12742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12742","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Researchers in development studies have expressed discomfort at the hierarchy inherent in the use of ‘North’ and ‘South’, and cognate concepts like ‘First’ and ‘Third World’, or ‘emerging economies’. Instead of setting aside the terminology, this article delves into the layered meaning-making around the notion of the South. Drawing on multi- and inter-disciplinary perspectives, it maps out the South as (1) territory constructed through history, geography and time, and characterized by (2) relations of domination and othering, which are starkly visible in racial divisions wrought on the world through slavery, colonialism and recent struggles around migration. The article then explores Southern ‘talk back’ through analysis initiated in Southern institutions which highlights (3) structures that continue to divide the world through a political economy of underdevelopment. Finally, it turns to (4) politics which challenges these structures of domination through direct action and solidarities. The conclusion revisits the ‘stickiness’ of ‘the South’. It is argued that the South as a territorial, relational, structural and political construct is fundamentally about the distribution of power in the global system. While some uses of the concept enhance power asymmetries, others contribute to reducing them. This article concludes that a critical understanding of the contradictory meanings and uses of the concept within development studies is more important than discursive attempts to replace it.</p>","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dech.12742","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137661371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"States, Money and the Persistence of Colonial Financial Hierarchies in British West Africa","authors":"Nick Bernards","doi":"10.1111/dech.12745","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dech.12745","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article contributes to debates about the persistence of colonial hierarchies in global finance by examining the reproduction of key features of colonial monetary and financial systems through the end of formal colonialism in West Africa, with a focus on Ghana. The article draws together engagements with Marxian theories of money and of the colonial state, and an examination of a key period which has often not received sufficient direct attention in debates about colonialism and financial subordination: the breakdown and end of formal colonial rule, roughly between 1930 and 1960. The central puzzle addressed in this article is how, despite the explicit desire on the part of nationalist political leaders to overturn colonial financial systems, these wound up being reproduced through the negotiation of political independence. The article shows how the entanglements of colonial monetary and financial systems with processes of state formation posed severe limits on efforts to articulate a ‘developmental’ colonialism after World War II. Efforts to work around these limits ultimately reinforced the reliance of the colonial and postcolonial state on extractive and hierarchical structures of global finance. In short, the article shows how the contradictory position of the state in colonial capitalism is vital to understanding the persistence of colonial monetary and financial structures.</p>","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dech.12745","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44776536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}