Development and Change最新文献

{"title":"The World Bank and Rural Land Titling in Africa: The Case of Tanzania","authors":"Howard Stein,&nbsp;Rie Odgaard,&nbsp;Kelly Askew,&nbsp;Faustin Maganga","doi":"10.1111/dech.12866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12866","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In 2021, the World Bank, in association with the Tanzanian Ministry of Lands, Housing and Human Settlements Development, added yet another chapter to the long and contentious history of land tenure reform in Tanzania. It approved US$ 150 million for the second phase of a village-wide individual titling pilot programme that employs new technologies for surveying under the rubric of a private sector competitiveness project. This article assesses the nature, evolution and impact of the World Bank project in Tanzania within the context of its broader titling agenda in Africa. It provides an overview of the formation of the World Bank's land policy agenda in Africa, followed by an evaluation of the titling project in Tanzania. The final part of the article critically examines the arrival of new actors and players in Tanzania and assesses the new World Bank project.</p>","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":"55 6","pages":"1150-1181"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dech.12866","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142862186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discourses of Land Conflicts in Indonesia","authors":"Ward Berenschot,&nbsp;Nisrina Saraswati","doi":"10.1111/dech.12865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12865","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article analyses how rural Indonesians involved in land conflicts articulate their claims vis-à-vis palm oil companies and government. Addressing a long-standing debate about the relative importance of laws and rights in the contentious politics of marginalized citizens in the Global South, the authors examine statements of community spokespersons as published in regional newspapers from four Indonesian provinces. They find that this discourse is characterized by an emphasis on social norms and customary traditions, while laws, regulations and conceptions of justice are rarely invoked. The authors argue that this modest and comparatively ‘rightless’ discourse is a consequence of the character of the marginalization facing rural Indonesians. The combination of relative powerlessness and an unreliable legal system forces rural Indonesians to avoid an assertive claiming of rights and, instead, to adopt a more muted and polite tone to cultivate the goodwill of companies and local authorities.</p>","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":"55 6","pages":"1182-1205"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dech.12865","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142861916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Negotiating Urban Development in Africa: Transnational Communities of Embedded Support in Dar es Salaam","authors":"Sylvia Croese,&nbsp;Wilbard Kombe","doi":"10.1111/dech.12862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12862","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article brings together recent debates in urban and development studies to illuminate the understudied politics and compromise involved in the rollout of globally funded urban development in Africa. The argument presented builds on a detailed analysis of the World Bank's urban development portfolio in Tanzania, with a specific focus on the Dar es Salaam Metro-politan Development Project, to draw attention to the disjuncture between rising urban investments and persistently low levels of city-level autonomy in urban Africa. Challenging views of cities as either active agents or mere subjects of urban development, the article focuses on the negotiation strategies that have been employed by donors and recipients alike to enable the continued disbursement of urban development funding. The pragmatic and non-confrontational nature of these negotiation strategies is illustrated by highlighting the role of a transnational community of urban development professionals who contribute to embedding local support for policy reform from within. It is argued that while this community has been key to enabling the massive growth of the World Bank's urban lending portfolio in Tanzania, it has also contributed to undermining effective local government reform, thereby reshaping conventionally assumed pathways and understandings of urban agency and development.</p>","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":"55 6","pages":"1125-1149"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dech.12862","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142861060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Political Economy of Variations in Energy Debt Financing by Two Chinese Policy Banks in Africa","authors":"Tianyi Wu","doi":"10.1111/dech.12864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12864","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article examines the puzzle of why China's two policy banks, China Development Bank (CDB) and the Export-Import Bank of China (Eximbank), have lending portfolios for power-generation projects in Africa that have drastically different levels of carbon dioxide emissions. From the supplier side, Eximbank balances two imperatives: Beijing's ideational ambition as a new development provider to African recipients with sustainability commitments, and China's industrial goal to offshore non-renewable capacity. In contrast, the CDB prioritizes its commercial interests, which results in the bank lending solely for coal projects. On the demand side, Eximbank's concessional capital has emerged as a second-best option among international financial sources for renewable and hydropower generation projects. Conversely, CDB's market-rate lending makes it the fiscal last resort for host countries seeking financial support for thermal-power projects which are shunned by other financiers. This divergence can be understood through the polycentric development finance model, which captures the parallel decision-making institutions governing Chinese energy financing in Africa. Specifically, the lending decisions of Eximbank are linked with institutionalized policy processes, translating priorities of Chinese and African state actors. Meanwhile, the loan origination processes of CDB are more independent of state actors, allowing greater autonomy for the financier to pursue commercial interests.</p>","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":"55 6","pages":"1259-1288"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dech.12864","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142860852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The International and Local Politics of the Rural Environmental Registry: Brazil's Green Currency","authors":"Claudia Horn","doi":"10.1111/dech.12863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12863","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Since the 2000s, rural elites have engaged in ‘greening’ the Amazon extractive frontier. Private and state-led initiatives have consolidated the agro-industrial system by incentivizing compliance and effectively legalizing deforestation. Brazil's Rural Environmental Registry (Cadastro Ambiental Rural — CAR) is fundamental to ‘sustainable producer’ initiatives and international and local carbon markets. Since its emergence at the end of the 1990s, it has been funded and promoted by European countries and the World Bank through the G7 Pilot Programme for the Conservation of Brazilian Rainforests and the Amazon Fund. This analysis draws on a critical political economy approach and several years of multi-site interviews, participant observation and archival research to illuminate how donor and recipient agencies have sustained territorial and georeferencing technologies as an international state project to enable the green economy, despite political shifts and the inherent contradictions of this instrument. The article shows how ecological modernization technologies enable the ‘greening’ of agro-industry expansion while exacerbating land conflicts and marginalizing Indigenous and traditional peoples’ collective land rights.</p>","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":"55 6","pages":"1230-1258"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dech.12863","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142860688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elite Dynamics and China's Influence in Latin America","authors":"Benedicte Bull,&nbsp;Antulio Rosales","doi":"10.1111/dech.12861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12861","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The rise of China as a trading partner, lender and investor is among the most significant developments in the global political economy over the last two decades. This shift has created important new opportunities for developing countries, but it has also introduced new challenges, with benefits and drawbacks unevenly distributed across different nations. This article argues that understanding the developmental consequences of China's involvement requires studying not only Chinese priorities and modalities but also the interests and strategies of local elites. The development of Latin America has been profoundly influenced by these elite interests, which are shaped by the region's integration into the global economy. Elites may leverage the benefits of the relationship to China to enhance their rent-seeking capabilities and limit competition, thereby hindering development and perpetuating inequality in Latin America. This argument is examined through the contrasting cases of Chile and Venezuela; while Chile's approach to China has been dominated by private sector elites, Venezuela's approach has been driven by governmental elites. In both cases, integration with China is shaped by and has in turn strengthened interests and strategies of the elites.</p>","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":"55 6","pages":"1206-1229"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dech.12861","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142861095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Political Economy of Reparations and the Dialectic of Transnational Capitalism","authors":"Hilbourne A. Watson","doi":"10.1111/dech.12860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12860","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The contemporary global capitalist crisis provides the context for studying reparations, the struggles for which face uphill challenges, foremost because transnational capital will only engage with reparations to serve its own interests. Far from being a panacea for historical wrongs, reparations campaigns are shaped by the historical logics of capitalist accumulation and the liberal racial social contract. The cases of Namibia and the Commonwealth Caribbean (CARICOM) that are examined in this study highlight the contradictions that underpin the demand for reparations arising from genocide in Namibia and capitalist slavery in the CARICOM region. The cases reveal an association of reparations initiatives with buying complicity or capitalist fixes rather than reparative justice for historical grievances, while more autonomous demands for reparations face violent suppression, as in the case of Haiti. Today's reparations struggles are further undermined by revolutionary innovations in digital and robotics technology, confronting exploited racialized populations with a rapidly dwindling supply of jobs. This article locates the contemporary reparations debate within the wider context of global capitalism and its racialized liberal foundations, tracing the links between colonial wrongs, international power relations and ongoing systems of capitalist accumulation which reparations are used to stabilize rather than challenge. It is thus difficult to make a case for the transformational potential of reparations.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":"55 4","pages":"752-772"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dech.12860","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142524589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mobilized Resilience and Development under Sanctions in Iran","authors":"Zep Kalb","doi":"10.1111/dech.12859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12859","url":null,"abstract":"<p>How do states maintain economic development in the face of sanctions? Recent studies have examined economic resilience as a property of a system preceding a shock, leaving unanswered questions about how sanctioned states discipline employers and limit predatory behaviour. Using the case of Iran, this article aims to fill this gap by presenting a model of <i>Mobilized resilience</i>, describing how bottom-up and top-down mobilizations can create demand for institutional capacity. Integrating unique qualitative and quantitative material, the author argues that Iran's political elites responded to sanctions by launching top-down campaigns that appealed to workers, promoted capital–labour unity, and demanded state commitment to development. These campaigns facilitated widespread labour protests that further empowered the state to block capital flight and steer firms onto more profitable, growth-oriented routes. Labour ‘resistance’ thus unexpectedly helped to realize the Supreme Leader's calls for a ‘resistance economy’. These findings suggest that political support for worker mobilization in the context of sanctions can result in economic benefits, with significant consequences for our understanding of economic statecraft, development and labour movements.</p>","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":"55 5","pages":"933-964"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dech.12859","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142595654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Responses to Livelihood Precarity in Dryland India: Diversifying Out of Agrarian Distress","authors":"Ambarish Karamchedu","doi":"10.1111/dech.12858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12858","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Scholars of critical agrarian political economy see agriculture in liberalization-era India as a form of disguised unemployment, part of wider agrarian distress. This article engages with literature differentiating the class/caste responses to agrarian and non-farm livelihood distress in India to understand the different diversification options that households have available. The article draws on research carried out in a village in dryland, Bt cotton-dependent Telangana in south India to show these variegated practices. While Other Backward Caste households invested in livestock to cope with heavy Bt cotton investments and losses, Scheduled Caste households focused on the educated rural youth, relying on their non-farm wage labour in jobs such as taxi driving. Despite rural–urban migration and higher levels of education, under/unemployment remains persistent for rural youth. In this context, Ryuthu Bandhu, a cash transfer programme pioneered in Telangana in 2018, proved crucial for rural livelihood survival in the study village, contributing up to 22 per cent of annual household incomes. However, negative average net incomes across all households show that attempts to diversify out of distress have been largely unsuccessful.</p>","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":"55 6","pages":"1289-1314"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dech.12858","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142862226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Critical Framing of Data for Development: Historicizing Data Relations and AI","authors":"Alexander Martin Mussgnug,&nbsp;Sabina Leonelli","doi":"10.1111/dech.12857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12857","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Nick Couldry and Ulises A. Mejias, &lt;i&gt;The Costs of Connection: How Data Is Colonizing Human Life and Appropriating it for Capitalism&lt;/i&gt;. Redwood City, CA: Stanford University Press, 2019. 352 pp. £ 15.50 paperback&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;b&gt;Matteo Pasquinelli, &lt;i&gt;The Eye of The Master: A Social History of Artificial Intelligence&lt;/i&gt;. London: Verso Books, 2023. 272 pp. £ 13.85 paperback&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Recent years have witnessed increasing efforts to leverage emerging data sources and digital technologies in the design and delivery of international development programmes. Today, big data and artificial intelligence (AI) in particular have become a formative part of development work. This is evidenced by the establishment of intergovernmental innovation labs such as the UN Global Pulse, academic research centres such as the University of California Berkeley's Global Policy Lab, and a plethora of industry-driven initiatives. Under the banner of ‘data for development’, large-scale data integration for logistical, managerial and administrative purposes is heralded as revolutionizing capacity-building efforts in low-resourced nations and territories. Besides others, novel data technologies promise to transform access to social services and legal systems, the efficient use of natural resources, logistical efforts towards distributing food and medical care, educational programmes to improve literacy and computational skills, and effective coordination between local, national and transnational agencies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the face of much hype and enthusiasm for such applications, some have expressed concerns regarding the increasing datafication of development work, starting from the very umbrella term of ‘development’ under which these initiatives often sit (e.g. Dirlik, &lt;span&gt;2014&lt;/span&gt;). The emphasis on ‘development’ may reflect an implicit evaluation of social contexts as being more or less ‘adequate’ depending on the extent to which they offer access to digital technologies. This, however, may not reflect other criteria for whether or not a given context is underdeveloped, which include access to social welfare, medical services and free trade among other possible options, nor may it acknowledge the very different impact that digitalization and AI-powered technologies may have depending on local socio-cultural norms and preferences. Relatedly, Laura Mann (&lt;span&gt;2018&lt;/span&gt;) has criticized the almost exclusive focus of data for development applications on humanitarian aid at the expense of economic and socio-ecological development. All too often, public‒private partnerships in the design and deployment of these technologies contribute to the annexation of communities into existing economic, epistemic and technical infrastructures in a manner that ultimately benefits the Global North rather than allowing for the building of capacity in the Global South. For instance, agricultural development initiatives pushing toward greater data collection and openness might extract informa","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":"55 5","pages":"1109-1121"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dech.12857","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142596235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}