Development and Change最新文献

{"title":"‘Fundermediaries’ in Nairobi, Kenya: Development Partnerships in the Aid Chain","authors":"Lise Woensdregt,&nbsp;Lorraine Nencel","doi":"10.1111/dech.12758","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dech.12758","url":null,"abstract":"<p>By representing the voice of communities, community-based organizations (CBOs) are increasingly joining development partnerships. This article explores the inherently contradictory relationship between ‘voice raising’ and the politics of listening. While academia has mostly focused on the inclusion of CBOs, few studies have approached this subject from the perspective of the listening practices of ‘fundermediaries’ (a portmanteau term combining ‘funder’ and ‘intermediary’). This ethnographic research on a CBO led by male sex workers in Nairobi, Kenya, illustrates that the listening ability of fundermediaries hinges on their position in the aid chain, and specifically on the dynamics of their own accountability. The analysis distinguishes between two partnership types. The first uses a pragmatic approach, which ultimately limits the channels for CBOs to be included and heard, resulting in them having to ‘make noise’ to ensure they are heard. The second creates more possibilities to listen, engages in constructive dialogues with partner CBOs, and includes the ideas and expertise of CBOs in development strategies; hence, CBOs feel heard and are positive about these partnerships. Improved listening practices facilitate opportunities to reconfigure the position of the different actors in development partnerships and can benefit both the positions of CBOs in the aid chain and the programmatic outcomes of fundermediaries.</p>","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":"54 2","pages":"280-303"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dech.12758","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43746674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting the Natural Resource Curse: Backward Linkages for Export Diversification and Structural Economic Transformation","authors":"Maria Savona,&nbsp;Filippo Bontadini","doi":"10.1111/dech.12754","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dech.12754","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article revisits and empirically tests the conjecture that specialization in natural resource industries (NRI) might not necessarily be a ‘curse’ for developing countries if it generates opportunities for export diversification in backward-linked sectors à la Hirschman. The article systematizes the evolution of the debate around the NRI ‘curse’. Then it empirically tests whether NRI might represent a sufficient ‘domestic representative demand’ à la Linder to favour diversification into backward-linked sectors such as knowledge-intensive business services and high-tech manufacturing. It focuses on the former and discusses the new opportunities for export diversification led by virtuous pathways of domestic structural change. It finds novel, quantitative empirical support for this conjecture, which complements extant qualitative literature and discusses implications that revisit the NRI curse debate.</p>","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":"54 2","pages":"378-421"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dech.12754","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42677021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Multilateral Development Banks and Green Lending: Approaching Scalar Complexities in the Global South","authors":"Ali Rıza Güngen","doi":"10.1111/dech.12755","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dech.12755","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Newly established multilateral development banks promote green finance and support a green transition in the global South. This article examines the new multilateral development banks using a dynamic view and documents the projects and lending preferences of New Development Bank (NDB) in Brazil and Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) in Turkey. While AIIB and NDB have made it easier for global South actors to access infrastructural investment funding and are committed to expanding green lending, their commitment rests on the use of country systems and national financial intermediaries. This results in extending loans for projects with significant risk and ignoring the broader connections of the projects to the environmentally hazardous strategies of capital accumulation. Despite their strong green discourse, their design and the way their mandates have been interpreted render new multilateral development banks prone to business as usual.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":"54 2","pages":"251-279"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46367555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Financial Globalization, Local Debt Markets and New State Financial Activism in Middle-income Countries","authors":"Louis O'Sullivan,&nbsp;Lena Rethel","doi":"10.1111/dech.12757","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dech.12757","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Since the global financial crisis of 2008–09, there has been a renewed interest in the role of the state in processes of financial development and globalization. This article explores new forms of state economic activity via the development of debt capital markets in Southeast Asia, specifically Indonesia and Malaysia. It suggests that the expanding profile of various state-controlled entities in local capital markets constitutes a new form of state financial activism responsive to (upper) middle-class consumption preferences such as modern infrastructure, urban housing and low-risk investments. This activism highlights state agency and complicates the propositions of the emergent literature on state capitalism and financial de-risking that focuses on increasingly close alignment of the interests of states and international portfolio investors. Accordingly, the authors caution against unilinear conceptions of the state in which activism is primarily geared towards accommodating the preferences of international investors. The article posits that states are actively trying to establish new market logics for the benefit of their domestic middle classes via the development of domestic capital markets, and that the emergent role of middle-income country (upper) middle classes as financial consumers reconfigures processes of state-managed financialization.</p>","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":"54 2","pages":"304-330"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dech.12757","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44694451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Municipal Councillors and the Everyday State: New Representations of Political Accountability in Ahmedabad, India","authors":"Rusha Das,&nbsp;Christine Lutringer","doi":"10.1111/dech.12752","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dech.12752","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Scholarly literature on municipal councillors in urban India has variously labelled them as ‘lords’, ‘captains’ and ‘shrewd operators’ who have the power to mobilize resources and act as political intermediaries between the state and ordinary citizens. Conversely, voters are seen as collectively trading their votes to secure access to the state's resources. In this article, empirical fieldwork in the city of Ahmedabad, India, suggests that while traditional modes of patron–client relationships continue to exist at the municipal urban governance level, there has been a shift in the roles as perceived by municipal councillors themselves. The ‘state at the roadside’ model of urban governance is being expanded to include new modes and sites of mediation with citizens. Drawing from the literature on political representative claims and social representation theory, this article argues that the changes in the practices of municipal councillors are driven partly by political aspirations that are distinct from their identity as a party <i>karyakarta</i> (worker) and partly as a response to a better-informed citizenry, referred to as <i>jagrukt janta</i> (public awareness). These shifts create the conditions for new modes of civic engagement and political accountability within existing patronage-based networks.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":"54 2","pages":"331-354"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43848849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Value Chain Participation and the Labour Share: Industry-level Evidence from Emerging Economies","authors":"Alexander Guschanski,&nbsp;Özlem Onaran","doi":"10.1111/dech.12749","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dech.12749","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Participation in global value chains (GVCs) has been proposed as a central means for emerging economies to develop and technologically upgrade. However, the effects of GVCs on income distribution in the global South remain underexplored. This article presents an econometric analysis of the determinants of the labour share in seven emerging economies for the period 1995–2014. Drawing on industry-level data from global input-output tables, the authors focus on how GVC participation — in particular offshoring of production from advanced to emerging economies — affects the labour share of different skill groups within manufacturing and service industries. They also estimate the effects of GVCs on productivity, real wages and the capital–value added ratio, to shed further light on the channels through which GVCs affect the labour share. In both industry groups, findings show that integration into GVCs with advanced economies has a negative effect on the labour share in emerging economies, particularly for medium-skilled workers. In contrast, higher union density and government consumption spending have positive effects on the labour share. Thus, labour in emerging economies loses out relative to capital as production becomes more integrated across borders.</p>","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":"54 1","pages":"31-63"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dech.12749","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49237489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond the Genome: Genetically Modified Crops in Africa and the Implications for Genome Editing","authors":"Joeva Sean Rock,&nbsp;Matthew A. Schnurr,&nbsp;Ann Kingiri,&nbsp;Dominic Glover,&nbsp;Glenn Davis Stone,&nbsp;Adrian Ely,&nbsp;Klara Fischer","doi":"10.1111/dech.12750","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dech.12750","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Genome editing — a plant-breeding technology that facilitates the manipulation of genetic traits within living organisms — has captured the imagination of scholars and professionals working on agricultural development in Africa. Echoing the arrival of genetically modified (GM) crops decades ago, genome editing is being heralded as a technology with the potential to revolutionize breeding based on enhanced precision, reduced cost and increased speed. This article makes two interventions. First, it identifies the discursive continuity linking genome editing and the earlier technology of genetic modification. Second, it offers a suite of recommendations regarding how lessons learned from GM crops might be integrated into future breeding programmes focused on genome editing. Ultimately, the authors argue that donors, policy makers and scientists should move beyond the genome towards systems-level thinking by prioritizing the co-development of technologies with farmers; using plant material that is unencumbered by intellectual property restrictions and therefore accessible to resource-poor farmers; and acknowledging that seeds are components of complex and dynamic agroecological production systems. If these lessons are not heeded, genome-editing projects are in danger of repeating mistakes of the past.</p>","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":"54 1","pages":"117-142"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dech.12750","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49073102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"China's Market Reform Debate","authors":"Lin Chun","doi":"10.1111/dech.12751","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dech.12751","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>Isabella M. Weber, <i>How China Escaped Shock Therapy: The Market Reform Debate</i>. London and New York: Routledge, 2021. 358 pp. £ 30.00 paperback</b>.</p><p>In the histories of capitalist genesis and development, including the capitalist logic of the Cold War and post-Cold War (and the threatened new Cold War) and of neoliberal globalization, the market integration and invigoration which has brought the economy of Communist China to global prominence is a remarkable story. Of intense scholarly interest are China's growth model, institutional and policy adaptations, and interactions with others in the geo-economic and geopolitical reordering of the world. Yet, despite the expanding literature in this field, comparative case studies which delve into the extensive historical and international, as well as intellectual and discursive, contexts are relatively rare. Isabella Weber's book <i>How China Escaped Shock Therapy</i> contributes to filling this gap.</p><p>A quick background sketch of the familiar yet often neglected basics is useful here. The People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded upon, and fundamentally defined by, the victory of the Chinese Communist Revolution in 1949. Committed to both national and social liberations, the revolution achieved unity and independence for the country in terms of socio-economic development, forging a self-aware sovereign people in the process. In constructing a socialist political economy, the new regime pursued a collective, egalitarian and participatory politics. The state mobilized resources to rapidly accumulate capital and labour, buttressed by a rudimentary ‘public good regime’ to meet basic needs. China could thus withstand imperialist blockades and transform itself from one of the world's largest poor nations. By the end of the 1970s — before any ‘market miracle’ and despite recurrent policy errors of dizzying scale — Communist China had built up an industrial edifice and seen both the size and life expectancy of its population approximately double, an epic feat to be appreciated with ‘an acute and painful awareness of all the horrors and crimes that accompanied the revolution’ (Meisner, <span>1999</span>: 12).</p><p>Taking 1949 as the normative benchmark, a balance sheet of the vicissitudes of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), state and society since reform began in 1978 can be drawn up. The landmark 1978 Party plenary decision to reform the economic system within the bounds of socialism enjoyed a broad mandate and kindled a novel atmosphere of political openness and intellectual probing. Despite early signs of derailing, contemporaneous with surging neoliberalism in the West, the nature of China's 1980s reformism was clearly distinguishable from the next decades of ‘revolutionary’ neoliberalization. Brewing discontent over burgeoning official corruption and social insecurity, however, erupted in 1989, with the Tiananmen Square protests signalling the breakdown of the initial reform cons","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":"54 2","pages":"422-441"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dech.12751","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47426254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Containing Violence in El Salvador: Community Organization, Transnational Networks and State–Society Relations","authors":"Viviana García Pinzón","doi":"10.1111/dech.12748","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dech.12748","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Extant research has analysed the impact of security policies, truces and informal agreements on both the dynamics and traits of organized violence in El Salvador. However, less is understood about variation in the levels of lethal violence across subnational units. This article contributes to filling this gap. Based on a case study of the municipality of Chalatenango, the analysis shows that community organization and translocal dynamics are crucial to explaining violence containment. Local communities have managed to control the levels of lethal violence and deter criminal actors amid a national context characterized by state neglect and chronic violence. Community organization is not territorially bound but extends across transnational networks. Migrants are a source of livelihoods for the local population; they also contribute to providing public goods and participate in local forms of organization. Transnational networks have forged a migration corridor that enables immigration to the United States. In addition, community organization informally contributes to the capacity of the local state to perform its functions, thereby shaping cooperative state–society relations. This analysis sheds new light on the conditions shaping the variation in levels of violence at the subnational level and local governance dynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":"54 1","pages":"192-219"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dech.12748","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48472213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Everyday Politics of Dadan Contracts in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh","authors":"Bablu Chakma","doi":"10.1111/dech.12746","DOIUrl":"10.1111/dech.12746","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article analyses processes of <i>dadan</i> contract negotiations between Bengali intermediaries and indigenous Tanchangya peasants of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh, in the culantro sector. The research extends the debates on the dadan system and interlocked market relationships by highlighting everyday dynamics of dadan and the issue of ‘just price’ that arises from such contracts. The article argues that the dadan loan system leads to greater spaces for exploitation. While it facilitates peasants’ access to credit for agricultural and social reproduction and the supply of culantro to wider national markets, it also creates a dependency of Tanchangya peasants on Bengali moneylending traders. Such an analysis reveals the limitations of existing studies on dadan in accounting for the social, cultural and political aspects of dadan contracts, alongside their economic aspects. The article concludes that contested moralities associated with the pursuit of familial subsistence and contractual obligations shape peasants’ decisions and strategies concerning such contracts.</p>","PeriodicalId":48194,"journal":{"name":"Development and Change","volume":"54 1","pages":"143-167"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dech.12746","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48293585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}