Pan African Medical Journal最新文献

{"title":"Knowledge, health-seeking behavior, and predictors of treatment adherence among tuberculosis patients in the North-West Region of Cameroon.","authors":"Ndukong Nsanwe Ndi, Moses Samje, Mbuwir Bongfen Charlotte, Mary Bi Suh Atanga","doi":"10.11604/pamj.2026.53.165.48556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2026.53.165.48556","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health challenge globally, with sub-Saharan Africa bearing a disproportionate burden, and control efforts in the North-West Region of Cameroon have been severely disrupted by prolonged socio-political instability. The objective of this study aimed to assess tuberculosis knowledge, describe health-seeking behavior, and identify predictors of treatment adherence among tuberculosis patients receiving treatment in the North-West Region of Cameroon.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>a facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 274 adult TB patients receiving treatment in eight high-volume diagnostic and treatment centres in the North-West Region between March 2024 and March 2025. Data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire covering sociodemographic characteristics, tuberculosis knowledge, health-seeking behaviour, treatment adherence, and patient experiences during treatment. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. Associations between variables and treatment adherence were examined using chi-square tests, while multivariable logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of adherence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>overall, 48.4% of respondents demonstrated adequate knowledge of tuberculosis. Male gender (p<0.001) and higher education level (p=0.003) were significantly associated with better TB knowledge. Prior to seeking formal care, 88% of participants reported self-medication. Treatment adherence was reported by 70.1% of participants. Secondary education (AOR = 2.03; 95% CI: 1.08-3.84; p=0.028) and employment status (AOR = 1.78; 95% CI: 1.04-3.03; p=0.035) were identified as independent predictors of adherence. Drug shortages, difficulties accessing treatment centres, and financial constraints were commonly reported barriers to adherence.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>tuberculosis knowledge among patients in the North-West Region of Cameroon remains suboptimal, and treatment adherence is influenced by socioeconomic and health system barriers. Strengthening patient education and ensuring uninterrupted access to treatment are critical for improving TB control in conflict-affected settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":48190,"journal":{"name":"Pan African Medical Journal","volume":"53 ","pages":"165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13477182/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148762252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bilateral adrenal infarction in pregnancy: a diagnostic challenge (a case report).","authors":"Asma Ladib, Jihen Ladib, Hela Abdessalem, Bilel Ben Amor, Marouene Zeglaoui, Ines Mazhoud, Ali Jlali, Fethi Jebali, Lotfi Grati","doi":"10.11604/pamj.2026.53.166.52450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2026.53.166.52450","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bilateral adrenal infarction in pregnancy is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition that can lead to acute adrenal insufficiency and is often misdiagnosed due to nonspecific symptoms. We report a 25-year-old primigravida at 34 weeks presenting with abdominal and lumbar pain, fever, and vomiting, initially treated as acute pyelonephritis. Clinical deterioration with tachypnea and metabolic acidosis prompted further investigations. Computed tomography pulmonary angiography ruled out pulmonary embolism, while contrast-enhanced abdominal computed tomography revealed bilateral non-enhancing adrenal enlargement. Serum cortisol was inappropriately low (128.2 nmol/L), supporting acute adrenal insufficiency. Immediate intravenous hydrocortisone and therapeutic anticoagulation led to rapid improvement. The patient delivered vaginally at 38 weeks under epidural analgesia with stress-dose corticosteroids. This case highlights the importance of early imaging and prompt corticosteroid therapy in pregnant patients with unexplained persistent abdominal pain.</p>","PeriodicalId":48190,"journal":{"name":"Pan African Medical Journal","volume":"53 ","pages":"166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13477191/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148762255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and determinants of poor outcome in patients with chronic kidney disease in low-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review.","authors":"Chitalu Chanda, Nomanthombi Johnson, Natasha Ngwenya, Christabel Silavwe, Mukuka Chibamba, Eustarckio Kazonga","doi":"10.11604/pamj.2026.53.168.44897","DOIUrl":"10.11604/pamj.2026.53.168.44897","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant health burden globally, associated with high healthcare costs and mortality rates. In Africa, the prevalence of CKD is estimated at around 10-15% in adults, with factors such as HIV, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease contributing to its prevalence. We performed a systematic review to evaluate the prevalence of chronic kidney disease in sub-Saharan Africa between 2018 and 2023. We searched Google Scholar, PubMed, and Cochrane Review from 2018 until 2023, and we included studies that looked at the prevalence of chronic kidney disease. The secondary outcome of interest was patient as defined by any cause of mortality. A comprehensive search yielded 10 studies for analysis, reporting a prevalence rate of CKD ranging from 9.8% to 29.9%. Factors such as age, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus were found to be associated with CKD prevalence. A total of 6,963 patients were involved in the studies. However, none of the included studies explored the outcome of mortality among CKD patients. The study was found to have a good assessment using the Ottawa-Newcastle scoring for cross-sectional studies. The prevalence of chronic kidney disease is high. The outcomes of chronic kidney disease are poorly explored in sub-Saharan Africa.</p>","PeriodicalId":48190,"journal":{"name":"Pan African Medical Journal","volume":"53 ","pages":"168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13477195/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148765753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recurrent Rhesus alloimmunization with early-onset severe fetal anaemia in a low-resource setting: a case report.","authors":"Willis Okumu Ochieng, Rosa Ndiema Chemwey, Elijah Kagondu Thagana","doi":"10.11604/pamj.2026.53.167.51257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2026.53.167.51257","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fetal anaemia due to Rhesus alloimmunization remains a significant cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where the unaffordability of anti-D immunoglobulin compromises the care of Rhesus-negative women. We report a case of a 37-year-old multiparous RhD-negative woman who presented at 18+2 weeks of gestation with a history of recurrent fetal losses attributed to recurrent Rhesus alloimmunization. Serial fetal cerebral blood flow assessments demonstrated progressively worsening anaemia, prompting two intrauterine transfusions. Despite intervention, intrauterine fetal demise still occurred. This case highlights the aggressive course of recurrent Rhesus alloimmunization and the challenges of management in a low-resource setting.</p>","PeriodicalId":48190,"journal":{"name":"Pan African Medical Journal","volume":"53 ","pages":"167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13477193/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148765397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of serum testosterone concentrations with central adiposity in men who inject heroin in Mombasa County, Kenya.","authors":"Josephine Wambani, Abel Odhiambo Onyango, Christine Wanjala, Valentine Budambula, Aabid Abdulmajid Ahmed, Gerald Juma, Tom Were","doi":"10.11604/pamj.2026.53.164.49885","DOIUrl":"10.11604/pamj.2026.53.164.49885","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;heroin is the most commonly injected drug among people who inject drugs globally. Heroin injection disrupts the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, leading to hormonal imbalances such as altered testosterone concentrations in men. Men who inject heroin concurrently use other substances, which may further affect testosterone levels. Lower testosterone levels are associated with increased central adiposity and decreased sexual function. This study aimed to determine how substance use patterns and adiposity markers are associated with testosterone concentrations among heroin-injecting men in Mombasa County.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;in this analytical cross-sectional study, serum samples from male participants with a documented history of substance use were included. Exclusion criteria included HIV-positive status and incomplete data. Demographic, substance use profiles, and clinical data were extracted from existing records. Serum total testosterone levels were measured using a chemiluminescence immunoassay technique. Descriptive statistics, non-parametric between-group comparisons, Spearman correlations, and multivariable linear regression were used to analyze the data, with statistical significance set at p &lt; 0.05.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;relatively higher median testosterone concentrations were observed in heroin-injecting men (3.570 nmol/L) compared to non-heroin-injecting men (0.097 nmol/L) (p &lt; 0.0001). Hypogonadism, defined as testosterone below 8.0 nmol/L, was present in 97.9% of heroin-injecting men and in all non-heroin-injecting men (100.0%), with no significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.712). Heroin-injecting men working in small businesses and transport sectors had relatively higher testosterone levels compared to those working in the hospitality sector (p = 0.001). Hip circumference was positively correlated with testosterone levels in the heroin-injecting men, with a significant positive correlation (Spearman's ρ = 0.173, p = 0.039). Similarly, waist-to-hip ratio showed a significant negative correlation in the heroin-injecting men (Spearman's ρ = -0.204, p = 0.014). On multivariable linear regression, employment in the small business sector (B = 3.147, p &lt; 0.001) and transport sector (B = 3.103, p &lt; 0.001), duration of heroin injection of one year or more (B= 0.802, p = 0.012), and waist-to-hip ratio (B= -6.146, p = 0.006) were independent predictors of serum total testosterone concentrations (Adjusted R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;= 0.201).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;this study reports that serum total testosterone concentrations were significantly higher in heroin-injecting men than in non-heroin-injecting men, though both groups fell below the clinical threshold for hypogonadism. Multivariable regression analysis identified employment in the small business and transport sectors, prolonged heroin injection of at least one year, and waist-to-hip ratio as independent predictors of serum","PeriodicalId":48190,"journal":{"name":"Pan African Medical Journal","volume":"53 ","pages":"164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13477183/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148762495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Big Catch-up vaccination initiative in Central and West Africa: progress, challenges and perspectives- a secondary analysis of aggregated program data.","authors":"Sylvain Honoré Woromogo, Hadiatou Diallo, Milse William Nzingou Mouhembe, Gilles M'boutiki, Ado Mpia Bwaka, Hilaire Dadjo","doi":"10.11604/pamj.2026.53.163.49196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2026.53.163.49196","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>WHO and other partners initiated Big Catch-up (BCU) to catch up children aged 12 to 59 months (about 5 years) who have never been vaccinated or are under-vaccinated because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Among the eligible countries are 16 from Central and West Africa. This study aims to analyze challenges and opportunities for this global initiative's success.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>this was a secondary analysis of aggregated program data conducted in 16 countries in Central and West Africa eligible for the BCU. Data were collected through the BCU plans developed by countries, on vaccination coverage for each antigen included, epidemiological surveillance data for vaccine-preventable diseases (VPD) in countries and narrative reports on the implementation of BCU. The proportions of remaining targets to be achieved by country are obtained by dividing the number of children vaccinated in the numerator by the targets for zero doses or under-immunized children in the denominator by antigen. A simple logistic regression was performed to establish relationships between vaccination and the occurrence of vaccine-preventable diseases after COVID-19 and the implementation of BCU.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>outbreaks of VPD increase significantly in post-COVID-19 cases and during BCU implementation. All countries except Nigeria still have at least 70% of targets to catch up by December 2025. Two countries are categorized as making good progress, having achieved more than 50% vaccination coverage and DTP and measles: Nigeria and Mali. Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire and Burkina Faso are making average progress in terms of vaccination coverage of the same antigens between 20-49%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>this initiative helped to curb the occurrence of VPD epidemics. However, the challenges are enormous. Countries must continue to organize further large-scale catch-up rounds and seize every opportunity for vaccination to significantly reduce ZD and Ui and thus VPD epidemics.</p>","PeriodicalId":48190,"journal":{"name":"Pan African Medical Journal","volume":"53 ","pages":"163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13477188/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148765447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ocular mpox in Southern Nigeria during the 2022 and 2024 outbreaks: a report of two cases.","authors":"Chizaram Anselm Onyeaghala, Nneka Marian Chika-Igwenyi","doi":"10.11604/pamj.2026.53.162.48485","DOIUrl":"10.11604/pamj.2026.53.162.48485","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There are significant knowledge gaps regarding the burden and clinical progression of ocular manifestations of mpox in Nigeria and worldwide. Here, we report two laboratory-confirmed mpox cases among young male adults with distinct ocular mpox presentations at two tertiary hospitals in southern Nigeria during the 2022 and 2024 global outbreaks. The first patient, a 28-year-old man, presented at the Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital in Abakaliki with a vesiculopustular rash on his nasal bridge and right lower eyelid, along with redness, pain, and itching. He subsequently developed corneal ulcers and vision problems after discharge, necessitating an ophthalmology review. The second case involved a 44-year-old man with advanced HIV, who presented with widespread vesiculo-pustular eruptions, including characteristic periorbital and orbital rashes. He presented with widespread vesiculo-pustular skin eruptions, including characteristic rashes around the periorbital and orbital areas. His condition deteriorated rapidly, leading to his death after seven days of hospitalisation. Consistent with guidance from the Nigeria Center for Disease Control and Prevention, lesional skin swabs from both patients were sent to the National Reference Laboratory in Abuja for quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), which tested positive for the monkeypox virus. Supportive care included antibiotics, antivirals, intravenous fluids, nutritional support, and skin care, as no specific mpox treatments were available at that time. Ocular disease has emerged as an increasingly common yet underreported manifestation of mpox in Nigeria since the 2022 global outbreak. Ophthalmologists should be part of the multidisciplinary team of specialists caring for mpox patients with ocular manifestations. Ongoing surveillance and research are vital to better understand eye-related complications and to improve the prevention and treatment of ocular symptoms, thereby preventing significant vision loss.</p>","PeriodicalId":48190,"journal":{"name":"Pan African Medical Journal","volume":"53 ","pages":"162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13477181/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148760022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[HIV-associated myopathy: a case report].","authors":"Soumah Cheick Ousmane, Barry Souleymane Djigué, Touré Mohamed Lamine, Diallo Mohamed Tafsir, Sall Alhassane, Doré Malé, Cissé Fodé Abass","doi":"10.11604/pamj.2026.53.161.48107","DOIUrl":"10.11604/pamj.2026.53.161.48107","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>HIV-associated myopathy is a frequent neuromuscular complication characterised mainly by inflammatory or toxic muscle involvement, leading to proximal muscle weakness. We report the case of an HIV-positive patient presenting with myopathy confirmed by electromyography. The clinical presentation was marked by symmetrical proximal muscle weakness, asthenia, anorexia, weight loss, and anaemia. A muscle biopsy was not performed. This case highlights the importance of early clinical and electrophysiological recognition for proper management.</p>","PeriodicalId":48190,"journal":{"name":"Pan African Medical Journal","volume":"53 ","pages":"161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13477194/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148764867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reducing zero-dose children and improving routine immunization following COVID-19 through community health workers in Cameroon.","authors":"Martha Ndiko Ngoe, Pamela Besong Oben, Daniel Nebongo Nebongo, Perpetua Bihnwi Tayoh Yelluma, Wilson Fosack Nsanda, Margaret Watkins","doi":"10.11604/pamj.2026.53.160.48816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2026.53.160.48816","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Routine immunization in Cameroon was severely disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, compounding longstanding challenges stemming from sociopolitical instability in the South-West Region. Kumba, hosting large populations of internally displaced persons (IDPs), reported increasing numbers of zero-dose and under-immunized children. This study assessed the effect of training Community Health Workers (CHWs) and Health Care Workers (HCWs) to identify, refer, and link zero-dose and under-vaccinated children to services in Kumba North and South Health Districts. Six low-performing health areas were selected based on routine immunization data. From October 2022 to February 2023, CHWs conducted household visits, identified unvaccinated children, and provided referrals, while HCWs received training on reducing missed opportunities for vaccination (MOV). Monthly supervision and data review supported implementation. Due to large, mobile IDP populations, outcome measures focused on doses administered, not coverage. Costs were estimated using operational expenditures and UNICEF vaccine procurement prices. Penta-1 doses increased from 285 pre-intervention to 3,172, while Penta-3 doses increased from 321 to 2,893. HPV vaccination reached 2,134 adolescents (1,747 girls; 387 boys). CHWs conducted 945 home visits and identified 299 zero-dose children. Operational cost was USD 7,240, and the estimated value of vaccines administered was USD 31,101. Although external factors such as fluctuating conflict intensity or sporadic outreach may have contributed, these were not consistently implemented in the intervention areas. CHW engagement combined with HCW MOV-reduction training substantially increased doses administered in a conflict-affected setting. This low-cost, scalable model can strengthen routine immunization and reduce zero-dose inequities in humanitarian contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":48190,"journal":{"name":"Pan African Medical Journal","volume":"53 ","pages":"160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13477178/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148765974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laying the groundwork for clinical teaching in Bachelor of Science Nursing programs: findings from a grounded Delphi study.","authors":"Grace Wangechi Gachuiri, Lucy Kivuti-Bitok, Miriam Wagoro","doi":"10.11604/pamj.2026.53.157.49660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2026.53.157.49660","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Bachelor of Science Nursing (BScN) students are exposed to clinical placements (CP) that are vital in advancing nursing competencies, but most of them attend the placements unprepared, thereby affecting learning, decision-making and safety. Even though CPs are compulsory, preparation is often unstructured and not consistent across universities hence undermining theory-practice integration. The research objective was to formulate systematic strategies that would enhance BScN students´ readiness for clinical placements.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>a 15-month Grounded Delphi study was conducted in three rounds: interviews with 13 professionals, followed by surveys with 103 and 75 participants (students, nurses, and lecturers). Thematic analysis and descriptive statistics were performed, and Kruskal-Wallis tests assessed differences in ratings of preparedness strategies across groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>three key strategies emerged. The theory-to-practice Sequencing strategy emphasized acquiring theoretical knowledge before clinical exposure through coordinated instruction and essential skills training. The Goal-Oriented Learning Structures strategy focused on co-developed objectives and work plans using standard tools like rotation plans and logbooks. The Experiential Preparation approach highlighted simulations, mentorship, and practical training, though resource constraints remained a major challenge across universities and teaching hospitals.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>the academic-clinical interface in BScN programs can be strengthened with purposeful strategies aimed at preparing students with CPs by sequencing theory-practice, structured clinical learning with co-developed CP objectives, and experiential readiness through simulations. Nonetheless, the strategies must be implemented in a way that is viable to overcome the existing resource constraints.</p>","PeriodicalId":48190,"journal":{"name":"Pan African Medical Journal","volume":"53 ","pages":"157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13477192/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148762743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}