Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung最新文献_第6页

Modality-specific attentional biases to facial vs. vocal emotions. 对面部和声音情绪的形态特异性注意偏差。

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung Pub Date : 2026-08-07 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-026-02356-9

M Morningstar, O Merulla, R J T Bonar, E Ilyaz

{"title":"Modality-specific attentional biases to facial vs. vocal emotions.","authors":"M Morningstar, O Merulla, R J T Bonar, E Ilyaz","doi":"10.1007/s00426-026-02356-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00426-026-02356-9","url":null,"abstract":"Most research on attentional biases towards emotional information has been conducted in the visual modality. There are theoretical debates about whether attentional processes generalize across nonverbal modalities (e.g., facial vs. vocal), but no research has directly compared how emotional faces and voices capture attentional resources. The current study compared response time-based measures of attentional bias to emotional expressions in facial and vocal dot-probe tasks. Participants (18-63 years old; 52% men, 45% women, 3% non-binary) located cues that replaced one of two simultaneously presented stimuli (pairings of angry-neutral, happy-neutral, or angry-happy faces/voices). Participants showed greater difficulty disengaging from non-targets (i.e., neutral stimuli, or happy stimuli when paired with angry) in the vocal than the facial modality. Attention shifted from greater avoidance of vocal emotional targets to greater vigilance towards them across trials, but there was no change in attentional biases towards facial stimuli across the task. Differential attentional biases to emotional versus neutral voices may thus be larger in magnitude and more dynamic than with faces. Taken together, these findings provide emerging evidence of distinct patterns of attentional allocation between nonverbal modalities in the dot-probe. Future work should examine whether stimulus or task features contribute to modality-specific attentional biases to emotion.","PeriodicalId":48184,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung","volume":"90 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148686466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Central tendency biases in temporal memory: extending Vierordt's law to sequential order and distance judgments under emotional contexts. 时间记忆中的集中倾向偏差：将Vierordt定律扩展到情绪情境下的顺序和距离判断。

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung Pub Date : 2026-08-04 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-026-02357-8

Zhiwei Cao, Yuanchun Wu, Qun Ye

{"title":"Central tendency biases in temporal memory: extending Vierordt's law to sequential order and distance judgments under emotional contexts.","authors":"Zhiwei Cao, Yuanchun Wu, Qun Ye","doi":"10.1007/s00426-026-02357-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00426-026-02357-8","url":null,"abstract":"Vierordt's law is a well-established phenomenon in time perception research, describing systematic biases where long durations tend to be underestimated while short durations tend to be overestimated. The present study investigated whether these central tendency biases extend to temporal memory and examined how emotional context influences such estimation biases. Through three experiments employing pictorial and textual stimuli, we assessed the accuracy of temporal distance and position memories. Consistent with Vierordt's law, we found robust regression-toward-the-mean biases across all experiments: items near the beginning of a sequence were remembered as having occurred later than they did, while items near the end were remembered as having occurred earlier; short inter-item distances were overestimated and long distances underestimated. Trial-level linear mixed-effects models using participants' subjective valence ratings as a continuous predictor revealed that emotional valence did not reliably modulate the central tendency bias in Experiments 1a (images, blocked design) or 1b (words, blocked design). In Experiment 2, which employed a mixed-list design and collected trial-level confidence ratings, confidence robustly attenuated the central tendency bias across both temporal memory measures, whereas emotional valence did not produce a robust modulation of this bias. Overall, the central tendency bias in temporal memory proved highly replicable across stimulus types and designs, whereas emotional modulation was minimal. Our findings extend the scope of Vierordt's law to quasi-retrospective temporal memory and highlight the role of memory confidence in shaping temporal reconstruction.","PeriodicalId":48184,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung","volume":"90 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148670884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Beyond a unitary Simon effect: dissociating stimulus- and response-driven spatial interference across finger and leg responses. 超越单一的西蒙效应：分离刺激和反应驱动的空间干扰跨越手指和腿的反应。

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung Pub Date : 2026-07-30 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-026-02354-x

Fereidoun Malaei, Jamin Halberstadt

{"title":"Beyond a unitary Simon effect: dissociating stimulus- and response-driven spatial interference across finger and leg responses.","authors":"Fereidoun Malaei, Jamin Halberstadt","doi":"10.1007/s00426-026-02354-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00426-026-02354-x","url":null,"abstract":"The Simon effect-faster and more accurate responding when stimulus location corresponds to response side-reflects competition between goal-directed response selection and automatic spatial coding. Although typically treated as a single performance index, this aggregate measure obscures the distinct contributions of stimulus location (left vs. right) and response side (left vs. right) to spatial interference. The present study examined how effector type shapes stimulus- and response-related spatial interference by comparing seated finger presses and standing leg taps in the Simon task (N = 32). Treating stimulus location and response side as independent analytical factors revealed four stimulus- and response-driven interference contrasts for each effector. For reaction times, all four contrasts were significant for leg responses, whereas three were significant for fingers, with the right response-driven contrast the largest (58.9 ms) and the left response-driven the smallest (27.1 ms). For errors, significant effects were observed for fingers only, in the right response-driven (6.80%) and left stimulus-driven (6.49%) contrasts. The congruency sequence effect-reduced interference following incongruent relative to congruent trials-was significant for both effectors in reaction times, with a larger numerical reduction for fingers (77.2%) than legs (43.9%), but significant only for fingers in errors, where interference was eliminated and marginally reversed following incongruent trials. The four interference contrasts decreased substantially across blocks for leg responses - both in absolute and proportional terms - but remained largely stable for fingers. These findings highlight effector-specific patterns of conflict resolution, with potential implications for cognitive-motor assessment and rehabilitation.","PeriodicalId":48184,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung","volume":"90 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13424543/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148622185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Video game practice is associated with enhanced value-guided exploitation under probabilistic uncertainty. 在概率不确定性下，电子游戏实践与价值导向开发的增强有关。

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung Pub Date : 2026-07-28 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-026-02349-8

Luis A Llamas-Alonso, Andrea J Quevedo-Calderon, Sandra L Quiñones-Beltran, Ana Lucía Jiménez-Pérez, Arturo Arvizu-Oviedo, Armando Q Angulo-Chavira

{"title":"Video game practice is associated with enhanced value-guided exploitation under probabilistic uncertainty.","authors":"Luis A Llamas-Alonso, Andrea J Quevedo-Calderon, Sandra L Quiñones-Beltran, Ana Lucía Jiménez-Pérez, Arturo Arvizu-Oviedo, Armando Q Angulo-Chavira","doi":"10.1007/s00426-026-02349-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00426-026-02349-8","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined whether habitual video game play influences reinforcement learning dynamics, feedback adaptation, consolidation, and motivational biases. Two groups of participants (gamers and controls) completed a Probabilistic Selection Task that assessed learning from positive and negative feedback across three phases: Learning, Test, and Transfer. Mixed-effects modeling revealed that gamers showed enhanced learning trajectories, particularly under high-uncertainty conditions; however, computational modeling indicated no differences in learning rate (α), suggesting comparable value updating across groups. Gamers exhibited a higher tendency toward model-based exploitative (value-consistent) choices during learning compared to controls. In the Test phase, gamers demonstrated higher accuracy, especially on difficult stimulus pairs, suggesting more effective use of learned value representations under no-feedback conditions. This was further supported by greater model-based exploitative choices for challenging pairs. However, while no group differences emerged in transfer-phase approach/avoidance biases (VLBI), gamers showed greater decision consistency (higher inverse temperature, β) and increased exploitative choices in high-value (A-present) trials, indicating more deterministic value-guided behavior during generalization. These findings suggest that habitual video game play improves how efficiently learned values are translated into action under uncertainty, highlighting the potential of game-like environments to enhance value-guided decision-making and adaptive behavior in educational and clinical settings.","PeriodicalId":48184,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung","volume":"90 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13415654/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148608803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Attention in depth: perceptual load modulates distractor interference in a three-dimensional space. 深度注意：知觉负荷调节三维空间中干扰物的干扰。

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung Pub Date : 2026-07-24 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-026-02352-z

Dylan Naceur, Marie Izaute, François Marmoiton, Sylvain Madec, Gerhard Rinkenauer, Laetitia Silvert

{"title":"Attention in depth: perceptual load modulates distractor interference in a three-dimensional space.","authors":"Dylan Naceur, Marie Izaute, François Marmoiton, Sylvain Madec, Gerhard Rinkenauer, Laetitia Silvert","doi":"10.1007/s00426-026-02352-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00426-026-02352-z","url":null,"abstract":"Although vision is inherently three-dimensional, depth has often been overlooked in the literature on selective attention. The present study examined how perceptual load modulates attentional selection in depth. Fifty participants took part in the study, which was conducted in virtual reality, a recently emerging technique offering precise experimental control of depth. The target always appeared in the middle plane, and the distractor could appear either in the same plane as the target, in front of it, or behind it. The perceptual load was manipulated by defining Go/No-go cues on the basis of either a single feature (low load) or a conjunction of features (high load). The results revealed that under low load, distractors in the front and same planes interfered with performance, whereas distractors in the back plane did not, which is consistent with a viewer-centered attentional gradient. Under high load, distractor interference was eliminated across all depth planes. These findings suggest that increased perceptual load is associated with reduced distractor interference regardless of the distractor's depth plane, although the mechanism underlying this effect remains to be clarified. Overall, these results provide initial evidence for extending Perceptual Load Theory to three-dimensional contexts and highlight the importance of considering depth in models of selective attention.","PeriodicalId":48184,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung","volume":"90 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148580600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Training variability facilitates the flexibility of goal-specific spatial probability learning. 训练变异性促进了特定目标空间概率学习的灵活性。

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung Pub Date : 2026-07-21 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-026-02351-0

Yingming Pei, Jiaxin Xu, Kexin Zhang, Qingyue Yu, Jingjing Qian, Yanju Ren

{"title":"Training variability facilitates the flexibility of goal-specific spatial probability learning.","authors":"Yingming Pei, Jiaxin Xu, Kexin Zhang, Qingyue Yu, Jingjing Qian, Yanju Ren","doi":"10.1007/s00426-026-02351-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00426-026-02351-0","url":null,"abstract":"Selection history is traditionally characterized as a rigid and automated habit that persists regardless of current goals. Although recent research suggests that explicit goals can modulate this process, the mechanisms underlying this flexibility and its acquisition conditions remain poorly understood. Across two experiments using simple geometric shapes, the present study examined the joint modulatory effects of explicit goals and training variability on spatial probability learning. Experiment 1 demonstrated that explicit goals can directly activate the spatial priority map, ruling out confounds based on long-term semantic associations. Crucially, this modulation was found to be highly target-specific, as the spatial bias vanished immediately when the explicit cue was removed. Experiment 2 investigated the acquisition of this flexibility through the lens of the Contextual Interference effect. We found that training format played a highly influential role: In Experiment 2 A (Interleaved training), where background colors switched randomly across trials, participants successfully established a robust, flexible \"context-goal\" mapping. However, in Experiment 2B (Blocked training), participants failed to transfer the learned bias to a dynamic test phase, despite showing strong effects during learning. These results suggest that flexibility is not inherent to probability cueing but is learned. Establishing a robust Contextual Gating mechanism requires high-variability training that forces active strategy retrieval, whereas low-variability training yields only fragile biases dependent on passive priming. These findings support a conditional automaticity account of selection history.","PeriodicalId":48184,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung","volume":"90 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148537212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Are the correlates of mind wandering consistent across younger and older adults? 走神的相关因素在年轻人和老年人中是否一致？

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung Pub Date : 2026-07-20 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-026-02337-y

Matthew S Welhaf, Cathy Zhang, Maddie R Valdez, Wouter Kool, Julie M Bugg

{"title":"Are the correlates of mind wandering consistent across younger and older adults?","authors":"Matthew S Welhaf, Cathy Zhang, Maddie R Valdez, Wouter Kool, Julie M Bugg","doi":"10.1007/s00426-026-02337-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00426-026-02337-y","url":null,"abstract":"The correlates of mind wandering are well studied in younger adult samples. However, little is known about the correlates of mind wandering among older adults. The current study took a comprehensive approach to investigating age-related differences in the correlates of mind wandering. Participants (n = 150 younger and n = 150 older adults) completed a series of attention tasks. During some of these tasks, participants were periodically probed to report on their mind-wandering experiences. Additionally, participants completed several questionnaires capturing theoretically relevant constructs such as motivation, affect, and dispositional factors. We used confirmatory factor analysis to assess correlations between our predictors and mind wandering at the construct level. We found that some factors (e.g., task-based motivation) were significantly correlated with mind wandering in both age groups, while other factors were significant correlates in one age group but not the other. Despite these apparent differences, many of the correlations did not statistically differ across the groups. We did find, however, that the association between behavioral attention lapses and mind wandering was significantly stronger in younger adults compared to older adults. A secondary aim was to replicate and extend prior work examining the mediating factors in the age-mind wandering relationship. Consistent with prior findings, we showed that motivational and affective factors only partially mediated the relationship between age and mind wandering. Our findings can help inform and refine theories of mind wandering by showing that key predictors of mind wandering are largely consistent across younger and older adults.","PeriodicalId":48184,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung","volume":"90 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13385022/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148521300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Anticipatory attentional avoidance in learned threat associations. 习得性威胁联想中的预期注意回避。

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung Pub Date : 2026-07-15 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-026-02342-1

Botond László Kiss, Giovanna C Del Sordo, Michael C Hout, Ferenc Kocsor, Andras N Zsido

{"title":"Anticipatory attentional avoidance in learned threat associations.","authors":"Botond László Kiss, Giovanna C Del Sordo, Michael C Hout, Ferenc Kocsor, Andras N Zsido","doi":"10.1007/s00426-026-02342-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00426-026-02342-1","url":null,"abstract":"The processing of threatening content tends to take priority over neutral or other emotional stimuli. Compared to other attentional biases (in response to threat), less research has been dedicated to understanding anticipatory attentional avoidance, and existing studies on this topic have yielded mixed results. In this study, we investigated anticipatory attentional avoidance, focusing on how predictive cues associated with threatening stimuli influence attentional processing before the actual threat appears. We used a cued visual probe task, in which a neutral cue (onset times: 100, 500, or 1000ms) predicted the location of a threatening stimulus. Across two experiments, we examined both behavioral and eye-tracking measures to capture avoidance patterns. In Experiment 1 (behavioral: N = 33; eye-tracking: N = 23), predictive cues appeared in the same location as the subsequent target (i.e., in the corners of the screen), while in Experiment 2 (behavioral: N = 51; eye-tracking: N = 22), predictive cues were presented centrally, separating cue and target locations. Our results showed that participants associated the threatening content with the predictive cue and learned to avoid attending to the spatial position of the threat-related stimuli. This avoidance was reflected in slower reaction times and gaze patterns that shifted away from the threat-predictive cues during presentation, particularly at longer cue presentation times. However, we found no differences in the onset of gaze shifts to the target, suggesting that avoidance occurs primarily during early anticipatory stages. These findings suggest that anticipatory attentional avoidance may appear as a distinct process that could emerge in response to learned threat associations.","PeriodicalId":48184,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung","volume":"90 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13372855/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148449746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Contrasting the classic effect of reward on attentional priority maps: behavioral evidence for an attentional gating of spatially-specific reward signals. 对比奖励对注意优先图的经典效应：空间特异性奖励信号的注意门控的行为证据。

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung Pub Date : 2026-07-15 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-026-02350-1

Bertrand Beffara, Fadila Hadj-Bouziane, Suliann Ben Hamed, Irene Cristofori, Leslie Tricoche, C Nico Boehler, Leonardo Chelazzi, Elisa Santandrea, Emiliano Macaluso

{"title":"Contrasting the classic effect of reward on attentional priority maps: behavioral evidence for an attentional gating of spatially-specific reward signals.","authors":"Bertrand Beffara, Fadila Hadj-Bouziane, Suliann Ben Hamed, Irene Cristofori, Leslie Tricoche, C Nico Boehler, Leonardo Chelazzi, Elisa Santandrea, Emiliano Macaluso","doi":"10.1007/s00426-026-02350-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00426-026-02350-1","url":null,"abstract":"The control of selective visuo-spatial attention is known to rely on multiple signals, including reward. While most attention control signals are well acknowledged to interact with each other, the case of reward has led to mixed findings supporting either its interaction with, or its independence from other signals. We addressed this issue using a 4-item search task that entailed spatially biased reward contingencies, with one of the four locations associated with high rewards for correct target discriminations. In different conditions, the target, a distractor or neither of them could be physically salient. Targets at the high-reward location did not enhance search performance. In contrast, and contrary to our initial expectations, salient distractors at the high-reward location interfered less with the discrimination of the task-relevant targets, reflecting gating mechanisms at the high-reward location. Exploratory analyses showed that, across participants, the degree of target and salient distractor gating at the high-reward location correlated with each other. In contrast to previous findings supporting attention capture by reward signals, we evidenced gating by reward.","PeriodicalId":48184,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung","volume":"90 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148449766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Executive functioning in the first 24 months: A scoping review of the A-not-B task. 前24个月的执行功能：A-非- b任务的范围审查。

IF 2.1 3区心理学

Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung Pub Date : 2026-07-15 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-026-02330-5

Cláudia Ramos, Alfredo F Pereira, Joana Baptista

{"title":"Executive functioning in the first 24 months: A scoping review of the A-not-B task.","authors":"Cláudia Ramos, Alfredo F Pereira, Joana Baptista","doi":"10.1007/s00426-026-02330-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00426-026-02330-5","url":null,"abstract":"Recent studies highlight the importance of early executive functioning (EF); notwithstanding, these studies remain limited due to methodological difficulties. The A-not-B task has been adapted to assess EF; however, variations in its administration hinder result comparability and standardization. This scoping review mapped the procedures used in studies employing the A-not-B task to assess EF in children up to 24 months. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for empirical studies published in English. From 350 references, 53 articles were included. Most studies primarily focused on assessing global EF, working memory, and inhibitory control; employed the standard two-locations task with fixed delays, used two consecutive correct trials to switch locations, and measured accuracy as the main outcome. Testing typically ended after the completion of trials/sequences. Few studies reported inclusion criteria. This review summarizes A-not-B procedures to identify research gaps and support methodological consistency in early EF assessment.","PeriodicalId":48184,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung","volume":"90 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13372870/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148449732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0