Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung最新文献

{"title":"An experience sampling study on spontaneous future thinking and prospective memory.","authors":"Fang-Yu Hsu, Yen-Hsuan Hsu","doi":"10.1007/s00426-026-02401-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-026-02401-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prospective memory (PM) concerns the ability to fulfil intentions in the future. Research suggested that PM is associated with spontaneous cognition. However, the role of spontaneous thoughts during intention retention remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate prospective bias in spontaneous thoughts specifically related to pending intentions, and whether these thoughts were associated with PM performance. Healthy young adults completed the Prospective Activity Fluency Task to generate daily PM tasks, and the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire to assess everyday PM failures. Spontaneous thoughts were collected by experience sampling, and categorized into pre-defined types, including PM-related, other future-oriented, and past-oriented thoughts. The results showed significant differences in the frequency of spontaneous thought types, with PM-related spontaneous thoughts occurring significantly more frequently than past-oriented ones. A higher proportion of PM-related spontaneous thoughts was significantly correlated with a fewer frequency of PM failures in everyday life. The current finding partially supports the hypothesis that there is a future-oriented natural reminding mechanism in the mind, constituting part of the prospective bias observed in spontaneous thoughts, which in turn is associated with better PM performance. These findings expand our understanding of the role of spontaneous cognition in PM.</p>","PeriodicalId":48184,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung","volume":"90 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149208098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dissociating task, semantic, and response conflict in cognitive aging: evidence from a low-cognitive control Stroop paradigm.","authors":"Eldad Keha, Maria Augustinova, Ludovic Ferrand, Eyal Kalanthroff","doi":"10.1007/s00426-026-02399-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00426-026-02399-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cognitive aging is often associated with increased Stroop interference, but it remains unclear whether this reflects a broad decline in inhibitory control or selective impairments in specific conflict-resolution mechanisms. The present study examined age-related differences in task conflict, semantic conflict, and response conflict using a low-cognitive-control Stroop paradigm designed to amplify conflict effects. Younger and older adults completed a manual color-identification task including neutral shapes, neutral words, color-associated words, non-response-set incongruent color words, and response-set incongruent color words. This design allowed us to dissociate response conflict, two components of semantic conflict, and task conflict within a single paradigm. Older adults showed larger response conflict than younger adults, along with modest age-related increases in both semantic relevance and semantic relatedness. In contrast, task conflict did not differ between age groups. These results suggest that age-related increases in Stroop interference are not best explained by a single global inhibitory deficit. Rather, under the present manual-response, reduced-control conditions, older adults showed greater semantic and response-level conflict, whereas task conflict remained comparable across age groups. This dissociation is consistent with a more fine-grained account of cognitive control in aging.</p>","PeriodicalId":48184,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung","volume":"90 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13675143/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149208201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-relevance dynamically biases exploration and exploitation in value-based decisions.","authors":"Esther S Selvaraj, Marius Golubickis, Siobhan E Caughey, Parnian Jalalian, Yadvi Sharma, Srishti Khasa, Leoni S Masroujah, C Neil Macrae","doi":"10.1007/s00426-026-02402-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00426-026-02402-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While adaptive decision-making requires balancing exploration and exploitation, dominant accounts often treat this trade-off as independent of social context. Drawing on theories of self-function and motivated cognition, we tested whether deciding for oneself versus others alters exploration-exploitation dynamics. Across two experiments, participants completed a restless multi-armed bandit task for themselves or a close friend under gain (Experiment 1) and loss (Experiment 2) conditions. Results indicated that self-other differences in choice behavior emerged dynamically over time rather than reflecting a static bias. An additional computational modeling analysis revealed that self-relevance was associated with increased sensitivity to value differences (i.e., inverse temperature), consistent with more deterministic choice (i.e., exploitation). Taken together, these findings demonstrate that self-relevance does not merely influence learning but dynamically shapes decision policies over time. More broadly, the results highlight the importance of motivational context in regulating how individuals balance information gain and reward during value-based decisions.</p>","PeriodicalId":48184,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung","volume":"90 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13675361/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149208167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perceptual awareness and motor expertise in the temporal dynamics of adaptation to unexpected tempo changes.","authors":"Soo Mi Nam, Jaeuk Jeong","doi":"10.1007/s00426-026-02400-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00426-026-02400-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adaptation to unexpected tempo step changes may vary with perceptual awareness and motor expertise across the post-change time course. This study examined how trial-level Detection and motor expertise, operationalised as professional dance training, were associated with post-change adaptation. Two finger-tapping experiments used unexpected step changes from a 500-ms baseline inter-stimulus interval: near-threshold perturbations (± 10 ms) in Experiment 1 and supra-threshold perturbations (± 50, ± 100, and ± 150 ms) in Experiment 2. Forty adults completed Experiment 1 (21 dancers and 19 non-dancers), and 32 completed Experiment 2 (16 dancers and 16 non-dancers). Inter-tap interval (ITI), relative asynchrony (RA), and phase correction response (PCR) were analysed using linear mixed-effects models. In Experiment 1, Detection-related differences in continuation ITI and RA occurred primarily among non-dancers. In the + 10-ms deceleration condition (+Δt), the Detection-related PCR contrasts were opposite in direction between groups, but only non-dancers showed a reliable difference, with lower PCR in detected than in not-detected trials. In Experiment 2, both groups generally produced continuation ITIs close to the new target intervals. Expertise-related differences were selective and most consistently observed in RA in the - 100-ms acceleration condition (-ΔT), whereas PCR varied with perturbation direction and magnitude but did not differ between dancers and non-dancers. Perceptual awareness and motor expertise were associated with condition- and measure-specific patterns of adaptation to unexpected tempo step changes rather than a uniform adaptation advantage.</p>","PeriodicalId":48184,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung","volume":"90 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149185447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retro-cue alerting effects on conscious perception across different levels of target visibility.","authors":"Pablo Rodríguez-San Esteban, Mariagrazia Capizzi, José Andrés González-López, Ana Belén Chica","doi":"10.1007/s00426-026-02353-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00426-026-02353-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Can alerting retro-cues improve the conscious perception of stimuli that would otherwise remain unseen? While pre-stimulus alerting is known to facilitate conscious access, the effects of retro-cues remain ambiguous due to methodological confounds in existing literature. Specifically, most studies finding retro-cue benefits have relied on spatial features (such as lateralized targets or cues), which confound alerting with spatial selection. Our design addresses this gap by employing central visual targets and non-lateralized auditory cues, thereby isolating the temporal boost of phasic alerting from spatial orienting. Across four experiments, participants reported the presence and orientation of a central Gabor patch presented at near-threshold ([Formula: see text] detection) or higher visibility ([Formula: see text] detection) levels. An auditory alerting tone was presented prior to, simultaneously with, or after the Gabor, at various short and long stimulus onset asynchronies, with both short and long temporal ranges. Results consistently showed that pre-stimulus and simultaneous cues significantly enhanced conscious perception, increasing both seen rates and (in some experiments) perceptual sensitivity. Crucially, the presence of retro-cue benefits was observed at higher stimulus visibility, but not at near-threshold, suggesting a potential influence of target visibility on retro-cue efficacy. When targets were near-threshold, retro-cues did not reliably improve conscious perception, whereas tones presented 200 ms after target offset significantly increased the proportion of seen reports when target visibility was increased. These findings indicate that non-spatial auditory retro-cues can modulate conscious report when the underlying sensory trace is sufficiently robust. More broadly, they show that the timing of conscious access can be influenced by late alerting signals even in the absence of spatial information, providing a behavioural platform to refine models of how alerting and evidence strength interact in conscious perception.</p>","PeriodicalId":48184,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung","volume":"90 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13652783/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149149838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Affective cost asymmetry in task switching: behavioral and electrophysiological evidence.","authors":"Yuan Gao, Jun Deng, Mingqi Fang, Wuji Lin, Shiqi Jiang, Yu Liang, Si Yang, Lei Mo","doi":"10.1007/s00426-026-02397-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00426-026-02397-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Task switching is fundamental to everyday behavior and language use but can elicit more negative experiences than those elicited by task repetition, defined as affective costs. However, whether affective costs differ between switches to dominant and non-dominant tasks remains unclear. Examining this question can help determine whether affective costs reflect general transition demands alone or also direction-specific control processes. We addressed this issue in three progressively designed experiments. Experiments 1 and 2 combined task switching and affective priming paradigms to examine general task switching and language task switching, respectively, whereas Experiment 3 used event-related potentials (ERPs) to probe the electrophysiological underpinnings. Across all experiments, switching to non-dominant tasks produced greater affective costs than switching to dominant tasks, demonstrating affective cost asymmetry. Non-dominant switches elicited larger EPN and LPP amplitudes, suggesting that early attentional capture accompanies this asymmetry and that sustained emotional processing may contribute to its formation. Together, these findings suggest that affective costs may be jointly shaped by general transition demands and direction-specific control processes, supporting a direction-sensitive account of the affective consequences of task switching.</p>","PeriodicalId":48184,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung","volume":"90 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149138770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is timing everything? Age-related differences in the use of temporal agency cues.","authors":"Victoria K E Bart, Martina Rieger","doi":"10.1007/s00426-026-02395-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00426-026-02395-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sense of agency (SoA) is the subjective experience of controlling one's own actions and their effects. To infer SoA people rely, among other cues, on temporal cues such as temporal contiguity (i.e. the closeness in time between action and effect) and temporal expectation (i.e. the match between expected and actual timing of an effect). We investigated whether the use of temporal cues and their interplay differ between younger (18-28 years) and older (65-75 years) adults. In the experiment, participants first completed adaptation blocks to form expectations regarding the timing of an effect. In adaptation blocks, actions were followed either by immediate (immediate effect condition) or by delayed (delayed effect condition) effects. In subsequent test blocks, the action-effect delay was varied, and participants SoA over the effect was assessed. Across both age groups, SoA increased, the more the timing of the actual effect corresponded to the expected effect, indicating that temporal expectation is used as primary agency cue. However, in younger (but not in older) adults, the change in SoA as a function of delay was steeper in the immediate effect condition than in the delayed effect condition. This may indicate that temporal contiguity and temporal expectation have reinforced each other in the immediate effect condition but counteracted each other in the delayed effect condition. Thus, whereas both age groups primarily rely on temporal expectation, younger adults may additionally integrate temporal contiguity when inferring SoA.</p>","PeriodicalId":48184,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung","volume":"90 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13649795/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149138756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From intention to perception: how social context and personality shape affordance effects.","authors":"Donatella Ciarmoli, Elisa Scerrati, Stefano Triberti","doi":"10.1007/s00426-026-02396-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00426-026-02396-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent evidence shows that object-based compatibility effects are sensitive to contextual and individual differences. Building on these findings, the present study investigated whether social contextual priming and personality traits modulate affordance effects during object categorization. Seventy-seven healthy adults performed a speeded categorization task in which they classified manipulable objects (e.g., hammer, cup) with handles oriented either leftward or rightward as working or personal tools. Target objects were preceded by visual primes depicting either social scenes or isolation scenarios. Personality was assessed using the Big Five Inventory-2 and the Dirty Dozen scale for Dark Triad traits. Results revealed three key findings: (1) a reversed handle-response (H-R) compatibility effect, though moderated by specific personality traits; (2) slower responses for social compared to isolation primes, suggesting that social contexts increase cognitive load; and (3) selective personality moderation, with individuals high in Machiavellianism, Psychopathy, and Narcissism experiencing significant interference from social primes. Critically, Machiavellianism and Psychopathy showed absent reversed compatibility effects, paralleling individuals low in Conscientiousness while these effects remained robust in low-trait individuals and those high in Conscientiousness. These findings demonstrate that while object-based compatibility reflects a fundamental visuomotor mechanism, its occurrence is influenced by individual differences, possibly associated with cognitive control. The results underscore the socially situated and flexible nature of affordance representations, extending contemporary embodied cognition frameworks by revealing how personality traits related to atypical social cognition profoundly modulate whether effect-based action coding occurs.</p>","PeriodicalId":48184,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung","volume":"90 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149138773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sampling characteristics in the mean emotion processing of multiple faces.","authors":"Senrong Liao, Quan Yu, Luyan Ji","doi":"10.1007/s00426-026-02389-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00426-026-02389-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous studies have shown that people can quickly and accurately extract the mean emotion from multiple faces, but debate remains about how many faces are involved in this process. This study investigated the sampling characteristics in ensemble coding of facial expressions. Experiment 1 compared the traditional subset paradigm with an adapted version that included filler faces to simulate unsampled items. Results revealed that while fillers reduced averaging performance, they did not impair sampling efficiency. Approximately four faces were sampled from the set of 16 faces. Experiments 2a and 2b examined the effect of spatial arrangement and found little evidence that spatial grouping reliably affects sampling efficiency after controlling for face eccentricity. Experiments 3a and 3b investigated whether mean emotion perception depends on facial features or holistic processing. Results showed that presenting isolated facial features reduced averaging performance and sampling efficiency relative to intact faces, whereas face inversion reduced averaging precision without affecting sampling efficiency. In conclusion, the mean emotion processing of multiple facial expressions relies on capacity-limited sampling and benefits from holistic facial information, while sampling efficiency is relatively insensitive to spatial arrangements.</p>","PeriodicalId":48184,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung","volume":"90 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149116765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge of robotic identity modulates attentional orienting to humanoid robot motion.","authors":"Yuhui Cheng, Jianing Zhang, Jing Hu, Xinran Fan, Ke Han, Muwang Ye, Yi Jiang","doi":"10.1007/s00426-026-02391-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00426-026-02391-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As humanoid robots become increasingly integrated into human social environments, understanding how individuals perceive and respond to robotic social cues is critical for advancing research in social cognition. While previous studies have demonstrated that robotic eye gaze can direct human attention, the impact of robotic motion on attentional orienting effects remains unclear. In the present study, we employed point-light displays of humanoid robot walking motion as central cues in a modified cueing paradigm. In Experiment 1, participants were naive to the fact that the observed motion patterns represented a robot, and we observed a cueing congruency effect; however, no significant difference emerged between the upright and inverted conditions. In Experiment 2, participants were explicitly informed participants that the motion depicted a robot, and the cueing effects differed significantly between the upright and inverted conditions specifically at 500 ms. Notably, this effect was significantly correlated with participants' perception of animacy. These findings suggest that while robotic motion has the potential to elicit attentional shifts, its effectiveness is further modulated by participants' conceptual knowledge of the agent and perception of animacy. This underscores the pivotal role of mental attribution in shaping social cognitive responses to artificial agents, offering valuable insights for designing socially interactive robots.</p>","PeriodicalId":48184,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung","volume":"90 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149116717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}