Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung最新文献

A primer on meta-awareness of mind wandering in schizotypy and schizophrenia. 精神分裂型和精神分裂症精神恍惚的元意识初探。

IF 2.3 3区心理学

Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung Pub Date : 2025-10-04 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-025-02172-7

Anchal Garg, Bruce D Watt, Mohamad El Haj, Ahmed A Moustafa

{"title":"A primer on meta-awareness of mind wandering in schizotypy and schizophrenia.","authors":"Anchal Garg, Bruce D Watt, Mohamad El Haj, Ahmed A Moustafa","doi":"10.1007/s00426-025-02172-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00426-025-02172-7","url":null,"abstract":"During everyday life, our attention may drift away from immediate perceptual inputs to consider alternatives unrelated to the task at hand, which is known as mind wandering. At times, mind wandering may be accompanied by awareness of one's attention having deviated from the ongoing task, often referred to as meta-awareness. However, mind wandering can also occur without individuals immediately noticing that their attention is off task. Importantly, little is known about mind wandering and meta-awareness, including their underlying content in schizotypy and schizophrenia. Here, in this narrative review, we synthesise the existing literature on mind wandering across the schizotypy-schizophrenia continuum. In doing so, we present the main proposal that there would be lower levels of meta-awareness of mind wandering in patients with schizophrenia as compared to healthy controls. We expect that meta-awareness of mind wandering would be negatively associated with schizophrenia symptomatology and multidimensional schizotypy traits. We also recommend examining mind wandering content in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, including links between multidimensional schizotypy and the contents of meta-awareness of mind wandering. Ultimately, we hope that our proposal will be empirically tested in future research and will provide a foundation to understand the diversity of mind wandering features in clinical populations as well as insights into potential new treatment avenues.","PeriodicalId":48184,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung","volume":"89 5","pages":"152"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12496265/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145226191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

How the inversion property in number-naming impedes mathematical performance, potential interventions to minimize its impact. 数字命名中的反转属性如何阻碍数学表现，潜在的干预措施以尽量减少其影响。

IF 2.3 3区心理学

Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung Pub Date : 2025-09-30 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-025-02177-2

Valerie Woo, Lauren K Schiller

{"title":"How the inversion property in number-naming impedes mathematical performance, potential interventions to minimize its impact.","authors":"Valerie Woo, Lauren K Schiller","doi":"10.1007/s00426-025-02177-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-025-02177-2","url":null,"abstract":"Linguistic properties affect numerical cognition. It is well-documented that transparent number-naming systems, such as those found in Chinese, Japanese and Korean, support mathematical performance due to their explicit structure that highlights place-value concepts. However, less is known about opaque number-naming systems and their impact on math achievement. In this review, we present several studies that investigate a linguistic trait known as the \"inversion property\" and examine its impact on a variety of math skills such as transcoding, magnitude estimation, addition and addition-estimation among young children. The inversion property can be found in languages such as German, Dutch and Czech, and is defined as the phenomenon where the standard, descending place-value order of numbers is inverted in written and oral expressions. For example, referring to \"32\" as \"two and thirty.\" We argue that the inversion property impedes mathematical performance, likely because it undermines place-value processing and burdens working memory. To limit its negative impact, we consider early interventions such as modifying number-names to become more transparent and using physical manipulatives to strengthen place-value concepts.","PeriodicalId":48184,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung","volume":"89 5","pages":"147"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145201293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Difference thresholds in 3D space depend on perceived size, not depth. 3D空间的差异阈值取决于感知大小，而不是深度。

IF 2.3 3区心理学

Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung Pub Date : 2025-09-30 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-025-02181-6

Aviad Ozana

{"title":"Difference thresholds in 3D space depend on perceived size, not depth.","authors":"Aviad Ozana","doi":"10.1007/s00426-025-02181-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00426-025-02181-6","url":null,"abstract":"People typically perceive objects to be the same size and shape despite changes in viewing distance, a phenomenon known as object constancy. Recent work suggests that perceptual processing of object shape and size may be enhanced in near space, consistent with similar reports from attentional tasks. These studies, however, have some methodological limitations, as the viewing distance was manipulated using illusory 2D depth cues, for which perceptual processes may differ significantly from those in real three-dimensional (3D) environments. To address this, a series of psychophysical experiments were conducted in which participants' visual resolution for object length was tested within and outside their peripersonal space. In Experiments 1 and 2, difference thresholds (Just Noticeable Differences, JND) were measured using the Method of Adjustment, while Experiment 3 employed the Method of Constant Stimuli. Experiment 4 tested whether the findings can be extended to 3D stimuli. Results from Experiments 1 and 2 showed that perceived size (PSE) varied with distance. Critically, however, across all experiments, JNDs were modulated by the size of objects and were insensitive to differences in retinal size or viewing distance. These findings suggest that in natural 3D environments, perceptual resolution is constrained by high-level visual representations of object size. More broadly, the study points to potential differences in how perceptual mechanisms operate in 3D versus 2D contexts, consistent with recent findings in the perception and action literature.","PeriodicalId":48184,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung","volume":"89 5","pages":"150"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12484268/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145201042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evidence of Embodiment-based changes in older Adult Language. 老年人语言中体现性变化的证据。

IF 2.3 3区心理学

Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung Pub Date : 2025-09-30 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-025-02173-6

Matthew C Costello, Jennifer K MacCormack, Eun Jin Paek, Uma Jalloh, Anna M Borghi

{"title":"Evidence of Embodiment-based changes in older Adult Language.","authors":"Matthew C Costello, Jennifer K MacCormack, Eun Jin Paek, Uma Jalloh, Anna M Borghi","doi":"10.1007/s00426-025-02173-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-025-02173-6","url":null,"abstract":"It is increasingly recognized that the embodiment of older adults reflects the declines in physical capacity that typically attend aging. Specifically, older adult embodiment is characterized by decreased involvement of bodily and action-system inputs, true for both cognitive and perceptual processing (Costello & Bloesch, Frontiers in Psychology, 267, 2017; Kuehn et al., Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 86, 207-225, 2018), and for emotional processing (Mendes, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 86, 207-225, 2010; MacCormack et al., Emotion Review, 9(1), 36-45, 2024). However, it is unclear whether this \"less embodied\" effect extends into language capacity, for language is relatively well preserved in healthy aging with no obvious manifestations of embodiment-based changes. This critical review paper explores the question through evidence drawn from multiple facets of language processing that are pertinent to the embodiment of language. We find positive evidence of embodiment-based reweighting (EBR) effects for older adult language, with decreased salience of physicality and action-based inputs that are offset by increased weighting for visuo-cognitive facets of language. We interpret the EBR model in light of both compensatory and predictive coding models, and discuss its broader significance and consequences.","PeriodicalId":48184,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung","volume":"89 5","pages":"151"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145201171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Diverging roles of domain-specific anxieties in number-space associations. Insights from a multi-directional number line paradigm. 特定领域焦虑在数字空间关联中的不同作用。从多向数轴范式的见解。

IF 2.3 3区心理学

Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung Pub Date : 2025-09-30 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-025-02179-0

Sophie J Leonard, Flavia H Santos

{"title":"Diverging roles of domain-specific anxieties in number-space associations. Insights from a multi-directional number line paradigm.","authors":"Sophie J Leonard, Flavia H Santos","doi":"10.1007/s00426-025-02179-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00426-025-02179-0","url":null,"abstract":"Rapidly evolving scientific, technological and societal advancements depend on those who are accomplished in mathematics, so uncovering the underpinnings of maths performance remains a valuable topic of research. The interplay between numerical and spatial aspects of cognition is of interest in this respect, and interference in this relationship from domain-specific anxieties present potential long-term consequences for overall maths learning and achievement. This study examines the impacts of maths anxiety and spatial anxiety on visuo-spatial elements of mathematical performance i.e. number line estimation. Across three separate experiments, we examine how different variations of the number line estimation task (i.e. directionality, range and unbounding) tap into spatial aspects of numerical cognitive interaction with domain-specific anxieties. Secondarily, we explore the pertinent relationship between these emotional factors and gender. We implemented three adaptations of the multi-directional number line task to simultaneously assess elements of individual differences in spatial-numerical associations. The paradigm was administered online to 471 participants in the United Kingdom across three studies. Regression models indicated that while directional number line estimation was predicted by maths anxiety, no relationship was found for spatial anxiety in any of the three experiments. While no differences in gender were found in task performance, significant differences existed in both anxiety domains. We discuss results in the context of the solid, yet elusive relationships between numerical and spatial processing and the affective underpinnings of mathematics performance in adults.","PeriodicalId":48184,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung","volume":"89 5","pages":"149"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12484368/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145201003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

You have no power here! Social status does not modulate observationally acquired binding and retrieval effects. 你在这里没有权力！社会地位不调节观察获得的束缚和检索效应。

IF 2.3 3区心理学

Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung Pub Date : 2025-09-30 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-025-02191-4

Kira Franke, Klaus Rothermund, Bernhard Hommel, Carina G Giesen

{"title":"You have no power here! Social status does not modulate observationally acquired binding and retrieval effects.","authors":"Kira Franke, Klaus Rothermund, Bernhard Hommel, Carina G Giesen","doi":"10.1007/s00426-025-02191-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00426-025-02191-4","url":null,"abstract":"Previous research shows that observationally acquired stimulus-response binding and retrieval (oSRBR) effects only occur when the observed person is socially relevant. An important factor that influences one's social relevance in everyday life is social status: People typically orient their behavior and attention towards others whom they perceive to be of higher social status than themselves. This implies that these persons are considered more relevant than other persons of lower status. Thus, in two experiments we tested whether social status modulates oSRBR effects. To manipulate social status, participants were either assigned to a high status or low status condition. High status participants were able to give their interaction partner feedback on their performance and decided how an extra reward would be split between them. Then they performed an online interactive color classification task to assess oSRBR effects. Contrary to our expectation and despite successful manipulation checks, we did not find a modulation of oSRBR by social status in two highly powered (total N = 329) experiments. We discuss the implications of our findings for research on the influence of social status on imitative action regulation processes.","PeriodicalId":48184,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung","volume":"89 5","pages":"148"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12484378/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145201447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Procedural and declarative knowledge simultaneously contribute to category response selection. 程序性知识和陈述性知识同时有助于类别反应选择。

IF 2.3 3区心理学

Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung Pub Date : 2025-09-26 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-025-02162-9

Priya B Kalra, Laura J Batterink, John P Minda

{"title":"Procedural and declarative knowledge simultaneously contribute to category response selection.","authors":"Priya B Kalra, Laura J Batterink, John P Minda","doi":"10.1007/s00426-025-02162-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-025-02162-9","url":null,"abstract":"Skilled behaviour in real-world contexts often relies on a combination of both declarative and procedural learning. However, precisely how declarative and procedural knowledge interact is not yet fully understood. Previous findings have shown that procedural and declarative learning may interact or compete at the systems level during encoding, consolidation, and retrieval, but beyond this, it is not known whether declarative and procedural representations themselves interact. The goal of the current study is to investigate whether procedural and declarative knowledge can contribute simultaneously to categorization response selection behavior. We designed a stimulus set in which information learned by each system sometimes supports different responses, and created trials in the test phase that are designed to maximize such divergence. Participants were instructed to use a completely diagnostic, verbalizable, shape-based rule to categorize exemplars, receiving feedback after each trial. However, unbeknownst to participants, the categories also differed probabilistically in their color distributions. Participants used both color (learned procedurally) and shape (learned declaratively) to categorize exemplars, responding more quickly when both sources indicated the same category judgement, and more slowly when they conflicted. Debriefing confirmed that most participants were unaware of the color distributions. These results show simultaneous trial-level contributions from both declarative and procedural memory systems. Our findings represent a novel form of interaction between the two systems and have implications for domains beyond the laboratory, such as decision-making and classroom instruction.","PeriodicalId":48184,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung","volume":"89 5","pages":"146"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145151375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The impact of category-based retro-cues on representational prioritization in visual working memory: behavioral and EEG evidence. 基于类别的回溯线索对视觉工作记忆表征优先化的影响：行为和脑电图证据。

IF 2.3 3区心理学

Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung Pub Date : 2025-09-23 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-025-02184-3

Yaya Zhang, Xuezhu Hu, Gongao Li, Jinhong Ding

{"title":"The impact of category-based retro-cues on representational prioritization in visual working memory: behavioral and EEG evidence.","authors":"Yaya Zhang, Xuezhu Hu, Gongao Li, Jinhong Ding","doi":"10.1007/s00426-025-02184-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-025-02184-3","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies have primarily focused on how object-based or perceptual feature-based cues influence representational prioritization in visual working memory (VWM). However, it remains unclear how semantic category cues modulate this process during the maintenance phase. The present study employed electroencephalography (EEG) and a retro-cue paradigm to investigate how category-based retro-cues regulate representational prioritization in VWM. Behavioral results showed that valid cues improved recognition accuracy and reduced response times for same-object trials (i.e., items matching both category and identity), but decreased recognition accuracy and increased response times for different-object trials (i.e., items matching the category but not the identity). ERP results revealed more negative frontal N1 amplitudes under neutral-cue conditions than valid-cue conditions, indicating greater early attentional demand in the absence of informative cues. Valid cues elicited enhanced P2 and P3 components, reflecting stronger attentional engagement and target updating, while more negative CDA amplitudes suggested the active suppression of non-target items. Time-frequency analyses further demonstrated stronger frontal theta synchronization under neutral cues, whereas valid cues induced greater parieto-occipital alpha desynchronization. Critically, phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) analysis revealed increased coupling between frontal theta phases and parietal alpha amplitudes in the valid-cue condition, suggesting enhanced functional coordination within the frontoparietal attentional network. Together, these findings suggest that category-based retro-cues promote representational prioritization through a dual mechanism of target enhancement and non-target suppression, highlighting the pivotal role of frontoparietal interactions in the dynamic regulation of VWM representations.","PeriodicalId":48184,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung","volume":"89 5","pages":"145"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145126344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A study on the abnormalities in positive and negative shifts in episodic future thinking among depressed individuals. 抑郁症患者情景性未来思维的正、负转换异常研究。

IF 2.3 3区心理学

Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung Pub Date : 2025-09-18 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-025-02176-3

Tianai Wang, Tian Zhou, Xuan Hu, Yingjian Zhang, Zhiguo Hu, Hong Luo

{"title":"A study on the abnormalities in positive and negative shifts in episodic future thinking among depressed individuals.","authors":"Tianai Wang, Tian Zhou, Xuan Hu, Yingjian Zhang, Zhiguo Hu, Hong Luo","doi":"10.1007/s00426-025-02176-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-025-02176-3","url":null,"abstract":"Depression is often characterized by a persistent low mood and negative future thinking, leading to a vicious cycle of negative thoughts. Previous studies have found that individuals with depression tend to have increased negative future expectations and decreased positive future expectations. However, no study has examined how depressed individuals navigate dynamic shifts between positive and negative future scenarios. The present study attempts to investigate the abnormalities of the shifting between positive and negative future thoughts, adopting 19 individuals with depressive tendency (BDI > = 14) and 20 healthy participants (BDI < = 4). Using a cue imagination paradigm, participants alternated between imagining positive and negative future events, with varying levels of shifts. Results revealed that depressed individuals (compared to healthy controls) took significantly longer time to imagine positive (t(37) = -2.23, p = .032, Cohen's d = -0.71) and eight-switch future events (t(37) = -2.12, p = .040, Cohen's d = -0.68). Additionally, they regarded imagining dynamic future scenarios as more difficult than their healthy counterparts (F(1, 37) = 10.80, p = .002, η²= 0.226). These findings suggested that depressed individuals experience greater cognitive inflexibility when imagining fluctuating future events, potentially contributing to their negative outlook and future expectations. Understanding these abnormalities provides important implications for clinical interventions aimed at improving cognitive flexibility in individuals with depression.","PeriodicalId":48184,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung","volume":"89 5","pages":"143"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145082056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Learning Type I and Type II regularities between multiple sequentially presented stimulus categories. 学习多个顺序呈现的刺激类别之间的I型和II型规律。

IF 2.3 3区心理学

Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung Pub Date : 2025-09-18 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-025-02180-7

Vedant Biren Shah, René Schlegelmilch, Bettina von Helversen

{"title":"Learning Type I and Type II regularities between multiple sequentially presented stimulus categories.","authors":"Vedant Biren Shah, René Schlegelmilch, Bettina von Helversen","doi":"10.1007/s00426-025-02180-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00426-025-02180-7","url":null,"abstract":"Classification is a common cognitive task, which requires assigning objects or events to categories based on shared features or rules (e.g., red objects are fruit, brown objects are mushrooms). In everyday scenarios, however, objects usually belong to more than one category (e.g., red objects can also be classified as edible, and brown objects could be poisonous). This study investigates whether humans can learn corresponding regularities between outcomes of such multiple categorizations when performed in a series of decisions for each stimulus. We therefore translated classical category learning designs, known as Type I (one-dimensional rule) and Type II (disjunctive rule), into a temporal context. We compared these cases to conditions in which no correlations existed between the series of categorization outcomes, and only the visual stimulus predicted each category outcome. Besides the structural complexity, we also tested in Type I scenarios whether learning and generalization were moderated by the temporal proximity of the successive decisions (adjacent vs. non-adjacent categorizations). The results show that participants can abstract away from the visual stimulus with a temporal Type I regularity, but there was no evidence for a corresponding effect with a temporal Type II regularity. The role of adjacency was not clear-cut, but there was no strong evidence favoring stronger performance with adjacent relative to non-adjacent categorizations. We discuss these findings before the background of category- and artificial grammar-learning research, and expand on potential moderating factors such as the cognitive effort of keeping the necessary amount of information in working memory and the modality of category predictors when determining whether people will extract rules or rely on memory-based learning.","PeriodicalId":48184,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung","volume":"89 5","pages":"144"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12446112/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145082052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0