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If (my) 6 was (your) 9. Reporting heterogeneity in student evaluations of teaching 如果（我的）6 是（你的）9。学生教学评价中的异质性报告
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102567
{"title":"If (my) 6 was (your) 9. Reporting heterogeneity in student evaluations of teaching","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102567","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102567","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Student Evaluations of Teaching (SET) are subjective measures of student satisfaction that are often used to assess teaching quality. In this paper, we show that heterogeneity in students’ reporting styles challenges SET validity. Using administrative data that enable us to track all evaluations produced by each student, we isolate student-specific reporting scales. We show that reporting heterogeneity explains at least one third of the within-course variation in SET. We also document that students sort across elective courses according to their reporting style. As a result, the average evaluation of two otherwise identical electives can differ only because of heterogeneity in the reporting style of students attending them. Using a simulation exercise, we show that this type of sorting coupled with large sampling variability severely alter the ranking of courses within a major, calling into question the use of SET to incentivise teachers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 102567"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537124000629/pdfft?md5=3e35aaa2b75103a96c81410205f9d16f&pid=1-s2.0-S0927537124000629-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141053775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The gray zone: How not imposing a strict lockdown at the beginning of a pandemic can cost many lives 灰色地带：在大流行病爆发之初不实行严格封锁会导致多少人丧生
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102580
{"title":"The gray zone: How not imposing a strict lockdown at the beginning of a pandemic can cost many lives","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102580","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102580","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The public debate on the effectiveness of lockdown measures is far from being settled. We estimate the impact of not having implemented a strict lockdown in the Bergamo province, during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, despite observing an infection rate in this area similar to the one observed in nearby municipalities where a strict lockdown was instead promptly implemented. We estimate the causal effect of this policy decision on daily excess mortality using the synthetic control method (SCM). We find that about two-thirds of the reported deaths could have been avoided had the Italian government declared a Red Zone in the Bergamo province. We also clarify that, in this context, SCM and difference-in-differences implicitly restrict effect heterogeneity. We provide a way to empirically assess the credibility of this assumption in our setting.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 102580"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537124000757/pdfft?md5=0941e460b65eae72bd6b8ae350008ea9&pid=1-s2.0-S0927537124000757-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141405828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Do employers learn more from referrals than from other recruitment channels? 与其他招聘渠道相比，雇主从推荐中了解到的信息更多吗？
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102574
{"title":"Do employers learn more from referrals than from other recruitment channels?","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102574","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102574","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We study whether referrals deliver better information about the productivity of new hires than other recruiting channels. Using combined vacancy-register data, we document that referrals are associated with less screening and lower search costs. We demonstrate that the referral wage premium is informative on referrals’ information advantage only if differences in screening are accounted for. Consistent with the predictions from a learning model, referrals increase new hires’ job stability and wages, with the effects diminishing over time. Results suggest that the referral information advantage is particularly pronounced for males and when employers use referrals as the only search channel.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 102574"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537124000691/pdfft?md5=340eb52c130ab47c7e6d6b9f51137e9b&pid=1-s2.0-S0927537124000691-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141531965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Economic sanctions and informal employment 经济制裁和非正规就业
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102581
{"title":"Economic sanctions and informal employment","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102581","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102581","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper examines how economic sanctions affect the allocation of workers across formal and informal employment. We analyse the case of the unprecedented sanctions imposed on Iran in 2012 and focus on the manufacturing sector. Employing a difference-in-differences approach, we compare the probability of being employed in the informal sector before and after 2012 for workers in industries with different pre-existing exposure to international trade. Our analysis reveals that, following the sanctions, workers in industries with higher trade exposure are significantly more likely to experience informal employment compared to workers in industries with lower trade exposure. These results remain robust when accounting for potential sorting issues by using an instrumental variable approach. Our findings shed light on an important margin of labour market adjustment through which sanctions can affect the economy of the target country.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 102581"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537124000769/pdfft?md5=066860a9b6f0904bc36a6f10988ea9b5&pid=1-s2.0-S0927537124000769-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141277924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Joining late, leaving early? Immigrant-native disparities in labor market exit 入职晚，离职早？移民与本地人在退出劳动力市场方面的差异
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102599
Olof Åslund , Fredrik Larsson , Lisa Laun
{"title":"Joining late, leaving early? Immigrant-native disparities in labor market exit","authors":"Olof Åslund ,&nbsp;Fredrik Larsson ,&nbsp;Lisa Laun","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102599","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102599","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The retirement behavior of immigrants has received limited attention, despite many countries seeing rising immigrant shares in their aging populations. Population-wide data for Sweden reveals that the retirement hazard rate is higher among immigrants as early as age 50. Approaching age 65, marginal migrant groups are instead more likely to remain in the labor force rather than conform to retirement age norms. While education and family circumstances explain little of these retirement gaps, labor market history, health, and occupation are important determinants. Immigrant-native differences are more pronounced among men than women. Findings suggest that economic necessity or opportunity, rather than varying preferences, are the driving factors behind the observed retirement disparities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 102599"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537124000940/pdfft?md5=22f80736c38bd3b248ddd4ee6a177edf&pid=1-s2.0-S0927537124000940-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141696419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Gap in many dimensions: Application to gender 多方面的差距：性别应用
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102582
{"title":"Gap in many dimensions: Application to gender","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102582","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102582","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We extend the conventional approach to gender gaps, which typically focuses on single outcomes such as wages or earnings, to multiple outcomes e.g. wages jointly with leisure, health. This changes the view of overall gender differences. Drawing on the literature on welfare and inequality measurement, we motivate a concrete class of multivariate evaluation functions and show that this is the only class with some desired properties. We examine its sensitivity to parts of the distribution and to the valuations of attributes. We exploit decomposability by gender, single dimensions, interdependence and counterfactual effects, to guide policy decisions and evaluation. The joint gender gap in wages and leisure in the US is shown for the period 2005–2022. It differs from the wage gap due to several negative effects of leisure: a slowing down of the downward trend, larger differences at the bottom of the distribution than at the top, and an increase in within-gender inequality for women. The contribution of the leisure gap to the joint gap has increased over time.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 102582"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141411377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Stereotyping and ethnicity gaps in teacher assigned grades 陈规定型观念和教师指定成绩中的种族差距
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102577
{"title":"Stereotyping and ethnicity gaps in teacher assigned grades","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102577","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102577","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We explore the contribution of stereotyping to attainment gaps between pupils from different ethnic groups when grades are assigned by teachers. We exploit a change in assessment methods in England to compare grades based on teacher predictions to grades received through blindly marked examinations. When grades are assigned by teachers, ethnic minority pupils receive higher grades in maths and lower grades in English relative to White British pupils and compared to when grades are assigned through exams marked by external assessors. We use an extension of the Gelbach decomposition (Gelbach, 2016) to investigate whether the effects can be accounted for by differences in the levels of, or returns to, observed characteristics between years. Accounting for these differences partially reduces the grade gap changes in maths but roughly doubles the magnitude of the grade gap changes in English. Grade gap changes are also not driven by time trends or ceiling effects. We conclude that group-specific stereotyping is a convincing explanation of the results.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 102577"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537124000721/pdfft?md5=f8aed4435881c8e48102c5b361910be1&pid=1-s2.0-S0927537124000721-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141229650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The pandemic push: Digital technologies and workforce adjustments 大流行病的推动：数字技术和劳动力调整
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102541
{"title":"The pandemic push: Digital technologies and workforce adjustments","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102541","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102541","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Using a novel firm survey matched to administrative employee records, we demonstrate that the COVID-19 pandemic was a push factor for the diffusion of digital technologies in Germany. Two out of three firms invested in digital technologies. Three quarters of those investing firms invested because of the pandemic, particularly in hardware and software to enable decentralized communication, management, and coordination. These investments also fostered additional firm-sponsored training, underscoring the complementarity between investments in digital technologies and training. We then show that the investments helped firms insure their workers against the economic downturn. Firms with additional digital investments retained more of their employees on regular working hours and relied less on short-time work. Low- and medium-skilled, as well as young workers, benefited the most from the insurance effect of digital investments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 102541"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140783453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Take-up and labor supply responses to disability insurance earnings limits 残疾保险收入限额的使用和劳动力供应反应
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102583
{"title":"Take-up and labor supply responses to disability insurance earnings limits","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102583","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102583","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In most disability insurance programs beneficiaries lose some or all of their benefits if they earn above an earnings threshold. While intended to screen out applicants with high remaining working capacity, earnings limits can also distort the labor supply of beneficiaries. We use a reduction in the earnings limit in Hungary to evaluate this trade-off and examine screening and labor supply responses. We find that the policy changed selection into the program modestly but reduced labor supply on the intensive margin significantly. These findings suggest that the earnings threshold should be higher.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 102583"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537124000782/pdfft?md5=8cb04602322aa5208d66e87c6f5b8d10&pid=1-s2.0-S0927537124000782-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141508497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Recruiting effective soldiers: Comparing Danish conscripts and volunteers deployed to peace-keeping and peace-enforcing missions 招募有效的士兵：比较丹麦应征入伍者和部署到维持和平与巩固和平特派团的志愿人员
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102587
{"title":"Recruiting effective soldiers: Comparing Danish conscripts and volunteers deployed to peace-keeping and peace-enforcing missions","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102587","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102587","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Several countries have changed between conscription and volunteer militaries, yet very little is known about the outcomes of conscripts compared with volunteers. Denmark is one of the few countries that recruits conscripts and volunteers for military service and assigns conscripts through a draft lottery—a uniquely informative combination. While deployment to the missions we study was voluntary, we use the initial assignment mechanism to estimate the relationships between recruitment methods and a variety of military and post-military deployment outcomes. We find that conscription improves the deployed intelligence pool compared to a volunteer force. However, the intelligence of deployed conscripts varies more over the business cycle than that of volunteers. Denmark’s mixed recruitment method is able to recruit effective soldiers as we find no other significant associations between recruitment method and outcomes while deployed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 102587"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141524995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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