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Medium-run effects of COVID-19 induced distant learning on students’ academic performance COVID-19 远程学习对学生学习成绩的中期影响
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102601
Barbara Pertold-Gebicka
{"title":"Medium-run effects of COVID-19 induced distant learning on students’ academic performance","authors":"Barbara Pertold-Gebicka","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102601","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102601","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Administrative data on bachelor students for 2014/15 to 2022/23 academic years are used to analyze their performance before, during, and – what is new in the literature – after the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis reveals that both low- and high-ability students of all affected cohorts received better grades during the semesters when teaching and examinations were delivered online, with the effect on low-ability students continuing through the first after-COVID academic year. However, improved grades contrast with lower graduation rates, especially among high-ability students. Detailed analysis of graduation patterns coupled with ECTS credits take-up analysis suggests that high-ability students were often discouraged from studying during the pandemic. For low-ability students, the negative influence of COVID-19 was compensated by the lenient grading policy that allowed them to pass the compulsory exams and continue studying.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 102601"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537124000964/pdfft?md5=d7c69d9124d02372a43ad9ae890b24d7&pid=1-s2.0-S0927537124000964-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141704264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Measuring the quality of a match 衡量比赛质量
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102568
{"title":"Measuring the quality of a match","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102568","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102568","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The quality of an employment match is a central concept in labor economics. It is relevant for evaluating the welfare impact of </span>labor market policies<span>, and for our understanding of labor market dynamics. This paper reviews the challenges associated with measuring match quality. We first review measures commonly used in the literature, their advantages, and drawbacks. We then present novel evidence from a survey sample of US employees where alternative measures were collected simultaneously. We show that while some of these measures correlate well, others do not. Finally, we present additional partial evidence on the correlations between measures based on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), a substantially larger and nationally representative survey. The takeaway message is a word of caution regarding the interpretation of some of these measures and specific concerns regarding using wages and tenure as indicators of match quality.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 102568"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141524996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Teacher value-added and the test score gender gap 教师附加值与考试成绩的性别差距
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102588
{"title":"Teacher value-added and the test score gender gap","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102588","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102588","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper assesses the effect of teachers on the gender gap in student test scores. It combines different empirical strategies from the value-added and labor economics literature to estimate teacher value-added and its contribution to the math and reading gender gaps. We use rich administrative data from Chile that allow us to follow teachers through different classes in different years. Our main findings indicate that teachers explain up to 18% of student test score variance and help reduce the gender gap in math by 16.9%. The reduction in the math gender gap is greater in voucher schools (16.1%), among students with more educated mothers (24%) and among those with female math teachers (32.2%). We provide evidence supporting a within-class effect, instead of sorting (between-class) effect. We conduct several tests and robustness checks to assess the reliability of our findings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 102588"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141588216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Multidimensional heterogeneity and matching in a frictional labor market — An application to polarization 摩擦性劳动力市场中的多维异质性和匹配--对两极分化的应用
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102604
Joanne Tan
{"title":"Multidimensional heterogeneity and matching in a frictional labor market — An application to polarization","authors":"Joanne Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102604","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102604","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper examines the role that changes in production technology, namely computerization, have played on labor market inequality in the US from the late 1980s to the 2010s. It also demonstrates that such technological change is consistent with the timing of labor market polarization in the US, including the end of the decline in <span><math><mrow><mn>50</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>10</mn></mrow></math></span> wage percentile ratio and the slowdown of employment growth in high-wage jobs from the 2000s. The paper does so using a model with two key ingredients: 1) directed search and 2) two-sided multidimensional heterogeneity. Calibration results show that the complementarity between a workers’ cognitive skills and the cognitive task intensity of jobs increased while that between manual skill and tasks did not. The full model can fully account for the rise and fall of the <span><math><mrow><mn>90</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>50</mn></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mn>50</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>10</mn></mrow></math></span> wage percentile ratios respectively. It also generates 72.6 percent of the rise in employment share of high-paying jobs relative to middling jobs and 69 percent of the fall in employment share of middling jobs relative to low-paying jobs. The paper suggests that the end of the decline in the <span><math><mrow><mn>50</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>10</mn></mrow></math></span> wage ratio may be due to rank-switching between workers across the wage distribution from the 2000s, while the slowdown of employment growth in high-wage jobs may result from the trade-off between the returns to applying for high-wage jobs and the likelihood of being hired.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 102604"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141872628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Does scarcity of female instructors create demand for diversity among students? Evidence from an M-Turk experiment 女教师的稀缺是否会在学生中产生对多样性的需求？来自 M-Turk 实验的证据
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102606
Patricia Funk , Nagore Iriberri , Giulia Savio
{"title":"Does scarcity of female instructors create demand for diversity among students? Evidence from an M-Turk experiment","authors":"Patricia Funk ,&nbsp;Nagore Iriberri ,&nbsp;Giulia Savio","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102606","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102606","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Scarcity of female scholars has been well documented for math-intensive or STEM fields. We investigate whether a lack of female instructors creates a demand for gender diversity on the student side. In an incentivized instructor-choice experiment on MTurk, we experimentally vary the gender balancedness of the instructor pool and ask participants to choose one additional instructor among one male and one female. We find that participants value gender diversity when female instructors are scarce. The effect is statistically significant for women but not for men. We also test for the effect of male scarcity in the instructor pool and find that both, men and women, show a demand for gender diversity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 102606"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141779729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Overeducation in the EU: Gender and regional dimension 欧盟的过度教育：性别和地区因素
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-07-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102603
Jan A. Baran
{"title":"Overeducation in the EU: Gender and regional dimension","authors":"Jan A. Baran","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102603","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102603","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The paper investigates factors associated with the overeducation risk in the EU, with a specific focus on gender and regional variables. The study tests Frank's theory of differential overqualification, which suggests that women are more likely to be overeducated than men, especially in small local labour markets. Although women's overeducation rates usually exceed those of men, the study's results show limited validity of Frank's model due to a nuanced relationship by which gender is linked to overeducation. They suggest that gender differentiates the overeducation risk in combination with care responsibilities, whilst easier access to childcare facilities is associated with a lower risk of overeducation among women in households with young children. Moreover, migrant women are found to be more at risk of overeducation, compared to both migrant men and non-migrants. Contrary to Frank's theory, the degree of urbanisation is found irrelevant for overeducation. Furthermore, the study shows the evidence of growing incidence of overeducation in the EU in 2011–2018.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 102603"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141844853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Migration barrier relaxation and entrepreneurship: Evidence from the hukou reform in China 移民障碍的放松与创业：来自中国户口改革的证据
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-07-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102605
Xinyan Liu , Yunjiao Xu , Jian Zou
{"title":"Migration barrier relaxation and entrepreneurship: Evidence from the hukou reform in China","authors":"Xinyan Liu ,&nbsp;Yunjiao Xu ,&nbsp;Jian Zou","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102605","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102605","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We study the impact of relaxing internal migration barriers on entrepreneurship by exploiting China’s 2014 nationwide <em>hukou</em> reform and the administrative firm registry. Our difference-in-differences estimation finds that reformed counties experience sizable increases in entrepreneurial activities compared to control counties. The reform induces the creation of firms with a smaller scale and a lower likelihood of survival, indicating moderate expansions in labor demand. Migrant workers’ wages decline and entrepreneurial activities improve most in labor-intensive industries, implying that increased labor supply serves as one underlying mechanism. Our findings highlight the important role that removing domestic labor market frictions plays in promoting entrepreneurship.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 102605"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141706097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The intergenerational correlation of employment: Mothers as role models? 就业的代际相关性：母亲是榜样？
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-07-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102596
Gabriela Galassi , David Koll , Lukas Mayr
{"title":"The intergenerational correlation of employment: Mothers as role models?","authors":"Gabriela Galassi ,&nbsp;David Koll ,&nbsp;Lukas Mayr","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102596","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102596","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Linking data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and the NLSY79 Children and Young Adults, we document a substantial positive correlation of employment status between mothers and their offspring in the United States. After controlling for ability, education, fertility and wealth, offspring of permanently employed mothers have an 11 percentage-point higher probability to be employed in each given year than those of never employed mothers. The intergenerational transmission of maternal employment is stronger to daughters but significant also to sons. Investigating potential mechanisms, we provide suggestive evidence for a role model channel, through which labor force participation may be transmitted. Offspring seem to emulate the example of their mother when they observe her working. By contrast, we are able to rule out alternative candidate explanations such as network effects, occupation-specific human capital and local conditions of the labor market.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 102596"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141696598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Can leagues mitigate the demoralization effect of rank feedback? A randomized controlled trial 联赛能否减轻排名反馈对士气的打击？随机对照试验
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102602
J. Chen , L.I. Dobrescu , G. Foster , A. Motta
{"title":"Can leagues mitigate the demoralization effect of rank feedback? A randomized controlled trial","authors":"J. Chen ,&nbsp;L.I. Dobrescu ,&nbsp;G. Foster ,&nbsp;A. Motta","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102602","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102602","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In a randomized controlled trial involving hundreds of university students, we provide relative performance feedback specifically designed to reduce low performers’ demoralization, by dynamically assigning students to small leaderboard groups that share a similar score in a semester-long online assignment. Treated students appear 2.6% more likely to go beyond the call-of-duty on their assignment by mid-semester. For low performers, this translates in 0.27 SDs higher exam grades, more stress, increased effort and lower procrastination. High performers are happier, procrastinate less and overachieve in the assignment on which they are ranked, but ultimately also score 0.25 SDs lower exam grades.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 102602"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537124000976/pdfft?md5=3a31faea32552f6a06ac02502080299a&pid=1-s2.0-S0927537124000976-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141716742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Is private education worth it? Evidence from school-to-work transitions in Chile 私立教育值得吗？智利从学校到工作过渡的证据
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-07-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102598
Dante Contreras , Jorge Rodríguez , Sergio Urzúa
{"title":"Is private education worth it? Evidence from school-to-work transitions in Chile","authors":"Dante Contreras ,&nbsp;Jorge Rodríguez ,&nbsp;Sergio Urzúa","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102598","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102598","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Using comprehensive longitudinal data from Chile, we examine the impact of attending a private high school on labor market outcomes. The empirical strategy exploits conditional independence assumptions and leverages the effects of self-selection based on ability. We establish that private high schools boost average adult earnings by 99–144 dollars a month (relative to public schools), equivalent to a 15%–22% premium. We then explore potential channels behind these effects. Both academic and non-academic factors emerge as mediators. Our findings highlight the importance of financial resources, as education investments have long-term impacts on private high school students, while yielding negligible effects for those attending public and voucher schools. Finally, we document the prominent role of firms as mediators of the private school advantages during the school-to-work transition. Our analysis provides new insights into the association between school choice and income disparities, even after controlling for pre-labor market academic performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"90 ","pages":"Article 102598"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141690066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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