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Stereotyping and ethnicity gaps in teacher assigned grades 陈规定型观念和教师指定成绩中的种族差距
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102577
{"title":"Stereotyping and ethnicity gaps in teacher assigned grades","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102577","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102577","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We explore the contribution of stereotyping to attainment gaps between pupils from different ethnic groups when grades are assigned by teachers. We exploit a change in assessment methods in England to compare grades based on teacher predictions to grades received through blindly marked examinations. When grades are assigned by teachers, ethnic minority pupils receive higher grades in maths and lower grades in English relative to White British pupils and compared to when grades are assigned through exams marked by external assessors. We use an extension of the Gelbach decomposition (Gelbach, 2016) to investigate whether the effects can be accounted for by differences in the levels of, or returns to, observed characteristics between years. Accounting for these differences partially reduces the grade gap changes in maths but roughly doubles the magnitude of the grade gap changes in English. Grade gap changes are also not driven by time trends or ceiling effects. We conclude that group-specific stereotyping is a convincing explanation of the results.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537124000721/pdfft?md5=f8aed4435881c8e48102c5b361910be1&pid=1-s2.0-S0927537124000721-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141229650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The pandemic push: Digital technologies and workforce adjustments 大流行病的推动：数字技术和劳动力调整
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102541
{"title":"The pandemic push: Digital technologies and workforce adjustments","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102541","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102541","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Using a novel firm survey matched to administrative employee records, we demonstrate that the COVID-19 pandemic was a push factor for the diffusion of digital technologies in Germany. Two out of three firms invested in digital technologies. Three quarters of those investing firms invested because of the pandemic, particularly in hardware and software to enable decentralized communication, management, and coordination. These investments also fostered additional firm-sponsored training, underscoring the complementarity between investments in digital technologies and training. We then show that the investments helped firms insure their workers against the economic downturn. Firms with additional digital investments retained more of their employees on regular working hours and relied less on short-time work. Low- and medium-skilled, as well as young workers, benefited the most from the insurance effect of digital investments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140783453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Parental allowance increase and labor supply: Evidence from a Czech reform 提高育儿津贴与劳动力供给：捷克改革的证据
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102589
{"title":"Parental allowance increase and labor supply: Evidence from a Czech reform","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102589","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102589","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We study the effect of a substantial increase (36%) in parental allowance, a universal basic income-type benefit, on the labor supply of parents of young children in the Czech Republic. Parental allowance does not preclude labor market activity, which allows us to estimate the income effect. We find that the reform resulted in a 4.8 percentage point (11%) decrease in labor market participation of mothers of young children. Mothers with only one child (7.8 p.p., 20%) and university-educated mothers (17 p.p., 32%) reacted particularly strongly. The percentage reduction in hours worked was virtually identical to that in labor force participation. We argue that the sizeable labor supply reduction was driven by the option to extend the parental allowance period, which enabled mothers to postpone their return to work. We find no effect on the labor supply of fathers of young children.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537124000848/pdfft?md5=7a77203b67ca7ca1cb52326cefae0cb6&pid=1-s2.0-S0927537124000848-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141588215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Take-up and labor supply responses to disability insurance earnings limits 残疾保险收入限额的使用和劳动力供应反应
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102583
{"title":"Take-up and labor supply responses to disability insurance earnings limits","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102583","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102583","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In most disability insurance programs beneficiaries lose some or all of their benefits if they earn above an earnings threshold. While intended to screen out applicants with high remaining working capacity, earnings limits can also distort the labor supply of beneficiaries. We use a reduction in the earnings limit in Hungary to evaluate this trade-off and examine screening and labor supply responses. We find that the policy changed selection into the program modestly but reduced labor supply on the intensive margin significantly. These findings suggest that the earnings threshold should be higher.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537124000782/pdfft?md5=8cb04602322aa5208d66e87c6f5b8d10&pid=1-s2.0-S0927537124000782-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141508497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Recruiting effective soldiers: Comparing Danish conscripts and volunteers deployed to peace-keeping and peace-enforcing missions 招募有效的士兵：比较丹麦应征入伍者和部署到维持和平与巩固和平特派团的志愿人员
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102587
{"title":"Recruiting effective soldiers: Comparing Danish conscripts and volunteers deployed to peace-keeping and peace-enforcing missions","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102587","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102587","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Several countries have changed between conscription and volunteer militaries, yet very little is known about the outcomes of conscripts compared with volunteers. Denmark is one of the few countries that recruits conscripts and volunteers for military service and assigns conscripts through a draft lottery—a uniquely informative combination. While deployment to the missions we study was voluntary, we use the initial assignment mechanism to estimate the relationships between recruitment methods and a variety of military and post-military deployment outcomes. We find that conscription improves the deployed intelligence pool compared to a volunteer force. However, the intelligence of deployed conscripts varies more over the business cycle than that of volunteers. Denmark’s mixed recruitment method is able to recruit effective soldiers as we find no other significant associations between recruitment method and outcomes while deployed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141524995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Reducing the gender gap in parental leave through economic incentives? – Evidence from the gender equality bonus in Sweden 通过经济激励缩小育儿假的性别差距？- 瑞典性别平等奖金的证据
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102538
{"title":"Reducing the gender gap in parental leave through economic incentives? – Evidence from the gender equality bonus in Sweden","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102538","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102538","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Using a regression discontinuity design, I evaluate an internationally unique policy in Sweden that rewarded equal division of parental leave with a cash bonus. The policy caused a small but significant reduction in the <em>difference</em> in days of leave between the parents. But since parent couples responded in different directions depending on the gender of the person with the lower uptake, the average effect on the <em>mother-father difference</em> in uptake was insignificant. Expectedly, given this result, the bonus did not affect average gender differences in earnings or indicators of later childcare responsibility. However, mothers who lowered their uptake of parental leave in response to the bonus displayed positive point estimates with regard to earnings while mothers who increased their uptake displayed negative estimates. This indicates that we cannot rule out a potential link between the length of parental leave and later allocation of time between home and market production. While the bonus did not affect average gender differences in parental leave and earnings, a key finding is that parents’ division of parental leave <em>can</em> be affected by economic incentives, suggesting that better calibrated bonus programs have potential to be useful policy tools.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537124000332/pdfft?md5=9e04d63d053111ba964a9420ade77d95&pid=1-s2.0-S0927537124000332-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140268590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Everybody’s got to learn sometime? A causal machine learning evaluation of training programmes for jobseekers in France 每个人都有学习的时候？法国求职者培训计划的因果机器学习评估
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102573
{"title":"Everybody’s got to learn sometime? A causal machine learning evaluation of training programmes for jobseekers in France","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102573","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102573","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper estimates the heterogeneous impact of three types of vocational training- preparation, qualifying, and combined – on jobseekers’ return to employment using the Modified Causal Forest method. Analysing data from 33,699 individuals over 24 months, it reveals a short-term negative lock-in effect for all programmes, persisting in the medium term for combined training. Only qualifying training shows a positive medium-term effect. Seniors, low-skilled, foreign-born, and those with poor job histories benefit most, while youth and higher education levels benefit less. Targeting foreign-born individuals could significantly enhance programme effectiveness, as indicated by the clustering analysis and optimal policy trees.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092753712400068X/pdfft?md5=dfbf9945a6ec1aad9c91fdad63eaceae&pid=1-s2.0-S092753712400068X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141133983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Measuring the quality of a match 衡量比赛质量
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102568
{"title":"Measuring the quality of a match","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102568","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102568","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The quality of an employment match is a central concept in labor economics. It is relevant for evaluating the welfare impact of </span>labor market policies<span>, and for our understanding of labor market dynamics. This paper reviews the challenges associated with measuring match quality. We first review measures commonly used in the literature, their advantages, and drawbacks. We then present novel evidence from a survey sample of US employees where alternative measures were collected simultaneously. We show that while some of these measures correlate well, others do not. Finally, we present additional partial evidence on the correlations between measures based on the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), a substantially larger and nationally representative survey. The takeaway message is a word of caution regarding the interpretation of some of these measures and specific concerns regarding using wages and tenure as indicators of match quality.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141524996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Medium-run effects of COVID-19 induced distant learning on students’ academic performance COVID-19 远程学习对学生学习成绩的中期影响
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102601
{"title":"Medium-run effects of COVID-19 induced distant learning on students’ academic performance","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102601","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102601","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Administrative data on bachelor students for 2014/15 to 2022/23 academic years are used to analyze their performance before, during, and – what is new in the literature – after the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis reveals that both low- and high-ability students of all affected cohorts received better grades during the semesters when teaching and examinations were delivered online, with the effect on low-ability students continuing through the first after-COVID academic year. However, improved grades contrast with lower graduation rates, especially among high-ability students. Detailed analysis of graduation patterns coupled with ECTS credits take-up analysis suggests that high-ability students were often discouraged from studying during the pandemic. For low-ability students, the negative influence of COVID-19 was compensated by the lenient grading policy that allowed them to pass the compulsory exams and continue studying.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537124000964/pdfft?md5=d7c69d9124d02372a43ad9ae890b24d7&pid=1-s2.0-S0927537124000964-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141704264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Teacher value-added and the test score gender gap 教师附加值与考试成绩的性别差距
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102588
{"title":"Teacher value-added and the test score gender gap","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102588","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102588","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper assesses the effect of teachers on the gender gap in student test scores. It combines different empirical strategies from the value-added and labor economics literature to estimate teacher value-added and its contribution to the math and reading gender gaps. We use rich administrative data from Chile that allow us to follow teachers through different classes in different years. Our main findings indicate that teachers explain up to 18% of student test score variance and help reduce the gender gap in math by 16.9%. The reduction in the math gender gap is greater in voucher schools (16.1%), among students with more educated mothers (24%) and among those with female math teachers (32.2%). We provide evidence supporting a within-class effect, instead of sorting (between-class) effect. We conduct several tests and robustness checks to assess the reliability of our findings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141588216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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