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Deunionization and skills 去工会化和技能
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2025-03-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102711
Joseph Pickens
{"title":"Deunionization and skills","authors":"Joseph Pickens","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102711","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102711","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A search and matching model is developed to investigate the effect of skill distribution change and skill-biased technical change (SBTC) on United States private sector unionization. The model’s equilibrium is such that workers with moderate skill will select into the union sector while those with low or high skill will select into the non-union sector. The model’s calibration to the U.S. private sector employs a novel method to separate movements in the skill distribution and skill premium. This, in turn, is used to help identify SBTC. A counterfactual analysis documents a significant relationship between the skill distribution and unionization. In particular, a rise in skill dispersion accounts for one-seventh of U.S. private sector deunionization between 1984 and 2019. This analysis also gives a quantitative effect of SBTC in line with the literature: it accounts for between one-fifth and two-fifths of deunionization depending on the specification. However, part of its qualitative effect is novel: SBTC shifts unionization towards more skilled workers. Further analysis suggests that skill distribution change is not likely to have a significant effect on private sector unionization in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 102711"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143705489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Health workforce reallocation in the aftermath of conflict: Evidence from Colombia 冲突后卫生人力的重新分配：来自哥伦比亚的证据
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2025-03-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102710
Claudio A. Mora-García , Mounu Prem , Paul Rodríguez-Lesmes , Juan F. Vargas
{"title":"Health workforce reallocation in the aftermath of conflict: Evidence from Colombia","authors":"Claudio A. Mora-García ,&nbsp;Mounu Prem ,&nbsp;Paul Rodríguez-Lesmes ,&nbsp;Juan F. Vargas","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102710","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102710","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While a large literature has studied the effects of violent conflict on health outcomes, little is known about how violence reduction can affect a key driver of post-conflict recovery, namely the quantity and type of healthcare workers. By leveraging a permanent ceasefire that ended over five decades of armed conflict between the Colombian government and the FARC insurgency, we study the extent to which conflict termination affected the share of different types of health workers in areas more exposed to FARC violence relative to other places. Based on administrative records on the location of all formal healthcare workers in Colombia and using a <em>difference-in-differences</em> strategy, we find that a municipality that experienced one standard deviation higher FARC violence intensity relative to the rest of the country witnessed 13.4% post-ceasefire differential decrease in the share of employed healthcare workers per 1,000 people. We find a stronger decrease among vocational nurses and a weaker decrease among physicians. We show that this effect is likely explained by lifting mobility restrictions in previously violent areas, and document that, because the net reduction in healthcare workers increased the within-municipality share of (higher-educated) physicians, it did not translate into a deterioration of mortality rates or healthcare service provision.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 102710"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143834030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Why do labor unions advocate for minimum wage increases? 为什么工会主张提高最低工资？
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2025-03-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102713
Jeffrey Clemens , Michael R. Strain
{"title":"Why do labor unions advocate for minimum wage increases?","authors":"Jeffrey Clemens ,&nbsp;Michael R. Strain","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102713","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102713","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over the past decade, organized labor has played a significant role in advocating for minimum wage increases. Why might this be, given that the minimum wage may act as a substitute for the bargaining power offered by labor unions? In this paper, we study the interplay between minimum wages and union membership. Using variation in U.S. states’ minimum wages during the 2010s, we estimate that each dollar in minimum wage increase predicts a 5 percent increase (0.3 pp) in the likelihood of union membership among individuals ages 16–40. Consistent with a classic “free-riding” hypothesis, however, we find that minimum wage increases predict declines in union membership among the minimum wage's most direct beneficiaries. Instead, increases in union membership occur among much broader groups that are not directly affected by the minimum wage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 102713"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Coworker networks and the role of occupations in job finding 同事网络和职业在求职中的作用
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2025-03-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102699
Attila Gyetvai , Maria Zhu
{"title":"Coworker networks and the role of occupations in job finding","authors":"Attila Gyetvai ,&nbsp;Maria Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102699","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102699","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Which former coworkers help displaced workers find jobs? We answer this question by studying occupational similarity in job finding networks. Using matched employer–employee data from Hungary, this paper relates the unemployment duration of displaced workers to the employment rate within their former coworker networks. We find that only coworkers from the same narrow occupation are helpful in job finding, while those from different occupations are not. This effect lasts for a few months after displacement and is primarily driven by former coworkers in occupations requiring at most a primary level of education.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 102699"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143645129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Rigid yet resilient: Firms’ margins of adjustment to demand shocks in regulated labour markets 刚性但有弹性：在受监管的劳动力市场中，企业对需求冲击的调整余地
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2025-03-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102706
Claudio Lucifora , Federica Origo
{"title":"Rigid yet resilient: Firms’ margins of adjustment to demand shocks in regulated labour markets","authors":"Claudio Lucifora ,&nbsp;Federica Origo","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102706","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102706","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We investigate how firms adjust to demand shocks when wages and employment determination are regulated. Using firm-level data for the Italian metal engineering industry from 2009 to 2021, we estimate the elasticity of the wage bill to changes in firm's real sales. We disentangle the effect on wage components (base wage and wage cushion) and labour inputs (permanent or temporary employment and working hours). Results show that the elasticity of the wage bill to demand shocks mainly works through adjustment of working hours (especially <em>via</em> short-time work) and partly employment, while wages are less sensitive. Unions at the workplace reduce employment adjustment through a more intensive use of short-time work schemes. The lower employment adjustment to changes in sales in unionized firms does not depend on past investments or innovation, and it is associated to higher responsiveness of profits to declining sales only in weakly unionized firms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 102706"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143679604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Foreign doctors and hospital quality: Evidence from the English NHS 外国医生与医院质量：来自英国国家医疗服务体系的证据
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2025-03-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102707
Ioannis Laliotis
{"title":"Foreign doctors and hospital quality: Evidence from the English NHS","authors":"Ioannis Laliotis","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102707","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102707","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper examines the relationship between hospital quality and the share of foreign doctors in the English NHS. Baseline findings suggest that heart attack mortality is higher in hospitals with greater shares of foreign doctors practising relevant specialties. Robustness tests and heterogeneity analyses indicate that this association is specific to Acute Myocardial Infraction (AMI) treatment and is driven by hospitals that are smaller, of lower-quality, and ill-equipped to provide optimal care. When explicitly considering for treatment type, AMI mortality does not vary with the share of foreign AMI specialists in hospitals capable to access certain treatment technologies within 150 min. Overall, the results suggest that higher AMI mortality is not caused by foreign-trained AMI doctors but instead reflects structural challenges and resource-driven hiring patterns in constrained hospitals, which tend to rely more heavily on foreign doctors to mitigate worse outcomes. Further research is needed to better understand the allocation of foreign doctors to underperforming hospitals and its implications for healthcare delivery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 102707"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143645128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Making the right call: The heterogeneous effects of individual performance pay on productivity 做出正确的选择：个人绩效薪酬对生产率的异质影响
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2025-03-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102694
Marco Clemens , Jan Sauermann
{"title":"Making the right call: The heterogeneous effects of individual performance pay on productivity","authors":"Marco Clemens ,&nbsp;Jan Sauermann","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102694","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102694","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Performance pay has been shown to have important implications for worker and firm productivity. Although workers’ skills may directly matter for the cost of effort to reach performance goals, surprisingly little is know about the heterogeneity in the effects of incentive pay across workers. In this study, we apply a dynamic difference-in-differences estimator to the introduction of a generous bonus pay program to study how salient performance thresholds affect incentivized and non-incentivized performance outcomes for low- and high-skilled workers. While we do find that individual incentive pay did not affect workers’ performance on average, we show that this result conceals an underlying heterogeneity in the response to individual performance pay: individual performance pay has a significant effect on the performance of high-skilled workers but not for low-skilled workers. The findings can be rationalized with the idea that the costs of effort differ by workers’ skill level. We also explore whether agents alter their overtime hours and find a negative effect, possibly avoiding negative consequences of longer working hours.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 102694"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143576841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Narrowing industry wage premiums and the decline in the gender wage gap 缩小行业工资溢价，缩小性别工资差距
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2025-03-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102693
Marco G. Palladino , Alexandra Roulet , Mark Stabile
{"title":"Narrowing industry wage premiums and the decline in the gender wage gap","authors":"Marco G. Palladino ,&nbsp;Alexandra Roulet ,&nbsp;Mark Stabile","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102693","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102693","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The gender gap in firm wage premiums is well documented, but evidence on its evolution over time and its contribution to declining gender wage gaps remains mixed. Using comprehensive employer–employee data from France, we find that 20% of the reduction in the gender hourly wage gap between 2002 and 2019 can be attributed to a decline in the between-firm component of the gender gap in firm wage premiums. However, our analysis shows that this reduction is not driven by improvements in women’s relative position in the firm wage premium ladder. We find no evidence that, conditional on workers’ skills, women have become more likely to move into higher-paying firms or industries, or that newer cohorts of women are better represented in these segments. Instead, the narrowing is primarily driven by broader changes in the distribution of firm wage premiums, specifically through a compression of industry-specific premium differentials. These findings highlight how structural changes in the economy can affect gender wage gaps even in the absence of changes in women’s relative labor market position.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 102693"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143629402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The uneven effects of conditional cash transfers on women and men 有条件现金转移支付对男女的影响不均衡
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2025-03-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102695
Ainoa Aparicio Fenoll , Roberto Quaranta
{"title":"The uneven effects of conditional cash transfers on women and men","authors":"Ainoa Aparicio Fenoll ,&nbsp;Roberto Quaranta","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102695","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102695","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We compare the effects of training-conditional and unconditional cash transfer programs on the labor market outcomes of women and men. We use the experiment in Del Boca et al. (2021) where low-income households are randomly assigned to one of three groups: cash transfer conditional on a family-specific bundle of training programs, unconditional cash transfer with no access to those training programs, and no treatment. We exploit Social Security data, including all registered labor contracts in Italy. We find that cash transfers conditional on training have a positive and sizeable effect on males’ labor income and that this effect stays in place for at least two years after the program. Unconditional cash transfers did not affect men. In contrast, female employment is positively affected by both cash transfers regardless of access to the training, but the effect is smaller if they are conditional.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 102695"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143576839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Gender differences in reservation wages in search experiments 搜索实验中保留工资的性别差异
IF 2.2 2区 经济学
Labour Economics Pub Date : 2025-03-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102698
Andrew McGee , Peter McGee
{"title":"Gender differences in reservation wages in search experiments","authors":"Andrew McGee ,&nbsp;Peter McGee","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102698","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102698","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Women report setting lower reservation wages than men in survey data. We show that women set reservation wages that are 14 to 18 percent lower than men's in laboratory search experiments that control for factors not fully observed in surveys such as offer distributions and outside options. This gender gap—which exists even controlling for overconfidence, preferences, personality, and intelligence—leads women to spend less time searching than men while accepting lower wages. More risk tolerant women set reservation wages that are too low early in search relative to theoretically optimal reservation wages given their risk preferences, reducing their earnings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 102698"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143576840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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