Arya Espahbodi , Hassanali Espahbodi , Linda Espahbodi , Reza Espahbodi , Rosemary Walker , G. Thomas White
{"title":"Environmental and university opportunity factors and CPA exam performance","authors":"Arya Espahbodi , Hassanali Espahbodi , Linda Espahbodi , Reza Espahbodi , Rosemary Walker , G. Thomas White","doi":"10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2024.107208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2024.107208","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, we examine the role that opportunity, epitomized by the level of inequality a candidate faces (e.g., socioeconomic status and segregation) and the quality of the university the candidate attends (e.g., selectivity and type of accreditation), play in Certified Public Accountant (CPA) exam performance. The CPA exam is rigorous and its passage is a requirement for CPA licensure and for advancement in the accounting profession and in business. As such, the CPA constituents are interested in finding ways to improve candidates’ performance on the exam. The results of univariate analysis of CPA exam performance across various demographic and opportunity factors and those of multivariate models indicate that opportunity factors affect exam performance of all candidates and differentially so for the disadvantaged groups.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48070,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Accounting and Public Policy","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 107208"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140539157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Francesco De Luca , Jenice Prather-Kinsey , Sedat Erdogan , Ho-Tan-Phat Phan
{"title":"Cross-border listed firms’ IFRS-based financial reports: Are they comparable?","authors":"Francesco De Luca , Jenice Prather-Kinsey , Sedat Erdogan , Ho-Tan-Phat Phan","doi":"10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2024.107207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2024.107207","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Variations in the enforcement of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) across legal jurisdictions create skepticism about the degree of financial statement comparability (hereafter, “comparability”) of cross-border-listed (CBL) firms. This study tested whether IFRS financial reports of CBL firms domiciled in different legal environments are comparable. We examined the effects of differences in the legal enforcement of jurisdictions on comparability. We assessed comparability using an output-based method on a sample of CBL firms domiciled in 42 countries. The results do not provide evidence of comparability in the IFRS-based financial reports of different legal environments. The results also indicate that differences in legal enforcement are negatively associated with comparability. We also find evidence that the use of Big Four (Big 4) auditing services by CBL firms provides better comparability than the use of non-Big 4 services. These results suggest that CBL firms supplement country-level deficiencies in mandatory regulatory enforcement with voluntary firm-level structures such as auditor choice.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48070,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Accounting and Public Policy","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 107207"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140539159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Audit committee–CFO political dissimilarity and financial reporting quality","authors":"Robert Felix , Sattar Mansi , Mikhail Pevzner","doi":"10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2024.107209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2024.107209","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, we investigate the effect of political dissimilarity between the audit committee and the CFO, which captures the underlying differences in risk and novelty preferences between these parties, on financial reporting quality. We find that audit committee–CFO political dissimilarity is associated with a lower likelihood of financial misstatements and abnormal accruals. This effect is stronger for firms operating in more uncertain and complex environments, those that narrowly meet or beat analyst consensus forecasts, and those with less powerful CFOs. Audit committee–CFO political dissimilarity is also associated with fewer material weaknesses and a lower likelihood of having “small” profits. Further testing suggests the dissimilarity–financial reporting quality relation is salient in settings within the purview of the audit committee where decisions are inherently complex, can be subjective, and are more likely to be associated with disagreements with management, such as goodwill impairments and tax avoidance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48070,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Accounting and Public Policy","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 107209"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140535449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Narrative R&D disclosure and insider trading profitability: Evidence from China","authors":"Wan Huang , Qingwen Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2024.107210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2024.107210","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper investigates how narrative R&D disclosures affect firms’ information asymmetry from the perspective of insider trading profitability. Inconsistent with the traditional information economics theory that information disclosure can alleviate information asymmetry, we find robust evidence that insiders in firms with more narrative R&D disclosures gain significantly greater returns from their stock selling, but this positive relation is attenuated when the readability of R&D-related texts is higher. We examine two potential channels through which more narrative R&D disclosures increase information asymmetry, thus creating opportunities for insiders to trade profitably. One is managers’ obfuscation disclosure of narrative R&D information due to proprietary costs, and the other is the high information processing costs associated with the technical nature of R&D information. We also find that good corporate governance mechanisms can weaken the positive association between narrative R&D disclosure and insider trading profitability. In further analysis, we provide evidence that more narrative R&D disclosures indeed exert high information processing costs for investors and provide opportunities for insiders to trade more before bad news arrives. Overall, our research sheds light on the dark side of narrative R&D disclosure on firms’ information environment from the perspective of insider trading.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48070,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Accounting and Public Policy","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 107210"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140535450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Foreign exchange risk and audit pricing: Evidence from U.S. multinational corporations","authors":"Yuyuan Chang , Yangyang Fan , Lixin Nancy Su","doi":"10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2024.107196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2024.107196","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Foreign exchange volatility challenges auditors for not only demanding more audit efforts but also imposing heightened audit risk. We first show foreign exchange risks increase cash flow uncertainty and reduce financial reporting quality, supporting our premise that foreign exchange risks increase audit risk. Next, we find audit fees are higher for MNCs with greater exposure to foreign exchange volatility, but not when MNCs use financial hedging against foreign exchange risk. Furthermore, we show that the impact of foreign exchange risk on audit fees is attenuated by auditor MNC expertise, auditor busyness, and MNC’s operation diversity, whereas the impact is exacerbated for companies facing high pressure to avoid missing earnings targets and for auditors with high market concentration. Overall, our study provides novel evidence of the implications of MNCs’ exposure to foreign exchange risk on financial reporting and auditing, thereby enriching our understanding of MNCs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48070,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Accounting and Public Policy","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 107196"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140345408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Theoretical analysis of non-deductible expenses: Implications for the design of compensation contracts","authors":"Yutaro Murakami , Toshiaki Wakabayashi","doi":"10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2024.107195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2024.107195","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study analyzes how a tax system, in which expenses associated with business activities are only partially deductible for tax purposes, affects corporate behavior, including the effort level and compensation contracts. Since these activities create firm value and benefit the agent due to the inherent characteristics of consumption goods, the principal faces a trade-off between letting agents work with high-powered incentives and the tax payments resulting from non-deductible expenses. Further, we consider a government's behavior to analyze the case in which the government can flexibly change the non-deductible ratio. We find that the impacts of the corporate tax rate and the agent's preference for activities that incur tax non-deductible expenses depend on whether the non-deductible ratio is flexible. This result partially explains why various countries apply different rules for non-deductible expenses.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48070,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Accounting and Public Policy","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 107195"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140339887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Does the risk aversion of accountants matter? Female rank-and-file accounting employees and internal control quality","authors":"Chuchu Liang , Ben Lourie , Alexander Nekrasov","doi":"10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2024.107194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2024.107194","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Using novel data on corporate accounting employees, we find that the risk aversion of rank-and-file accounting employees, proxied by the proportion of female accountants, is negatively associated with the likelihood of internal control weaknesses. The results are incremental to controlling for other accounting employee characteristics, such as experience and quality, which are also associated with fewer internal control weaknesses. In contrast, female non-accounting employees explain operating risk and not internal control risk. We mitigate endogeneity concerns by using an entropy balanced sample and an instrumental variable approach that exploits variation in the external supply of female accountants. Our study is among the first to provide large-sample archival evidence that characteristics of accounting employees matter to financial reporting and how these effects differ from non-accounting employees.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48070,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Accounting and Public Policy","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 107194"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140163578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thomas R. Kubick , Thomas C. Omer , Courtney E. Yazzie
{"title":"Economic consequences of expanding sales tax nexus: Evidence from stock price reactions to the Wayfair decision","authors":"Thomas R. Kubick , Thomas C. Omer , Courtney E. Yazzie","doi":"10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2024.107190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2024.107190","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We analyze investor reactions to the United States Supreme Court decision in <em>South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc., Overstock.com, Inc., and Newegg, Inc.</em> (hereafter <em>Wayfair</em>), which overturned decades of judicial doctrine related to sales tax nexus. <em>Wayfair's</em> precedent provides a broadening of sales tax nexus and a significant increase in compliance costs. It also levels the playing field by requiring more firms without a physical presence to collect sales tax. We document negative stock market reactions surrounding the date the Supreme Court agreed to hear the case and the date the decision was announced for firms likely to experience increased compliance costs and a decrease in market share. In contrast, we observe positive market reactions for firms likely to benefit from states requiring firms lacking a physical presence to collect sales tax. Additional tests reveal that investments in auditor-provided tax and non-audit services increased, and the accuracy of analyst earnings forecasts decreased for firms most likely negatively affected by the decision. We also show that our sample firms identified as likely to be positively (negatively) affected by <em>Wayfair</em> experienced increased sales (operating costs) following the decision. Our results reveal that the court-induced expansion of the sales tax nexus doctrine significantly influenced investor perceptions of the costs and benefits for affected firms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48070,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Accounting and Public Policy","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 107190"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140030899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Parent firm dividend payouts and subsidiary earnings management: Evidence from mandatory dividend policy","authors":"Dongmin Kong , Mianmian Ji , Lihua Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2024.107192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2024.107192","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Despite the increasing prevalence of business group structures, earnings management within these groups has not been thoroughly explored, particularly concerning the impact of internal decision-making processes. This study fills this gap by investigating the effect of parent firm dividends on the earnings management of subsidiaries within a group. Using the establishment of China’s State-owned Capital Operating Budget System as an exogenous shock, we find that parent firm dividends significantly reduce the earnings management of subsidiaries. A mechanism analysis reveals that the improved earnings quality is primarily driven by the increased financing demand due to net capital outflow at subsidiaries rather than the agency problem mechanism based on dividend agency cost theory. Parent firm dividends primarily reduce downward earnings management and have a stronger influence on subsidiaries with shorter control chains. Heterogeneity analysis shows that this mitigating effect is more pronounced in firms with weaker external financial support and higher information asymmetry. Overall, we analyze how dividends paid by state-owned parent firms affect earnings management among their subsidiaries, offering valuable insights to business groups and state-owned entity managers involved in corporate governance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48070,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Accounting and Public Policy","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 107192"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140121878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Gender difference in CFO communication: Evidence from earnings calls","authors":"Julia Klevak , Joshua Livnat , Kate Suslava","doi":"10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2024.107193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2024.107193","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We examine gender differences in the language of CFOs who participate in quarterly earnings calls. Female executives are more concise and less optimistic, are clearer, use fewer idioms or clichés, and provide more numbers in their speech compared to their male counterparts. These differences are associated with more positive immediate market reactions and correlate with CFOs’ overconfidence, conservatism, and ethical standards.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48070,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Accounting and Public Policy","volume":"44 ","pages":"Article 107193"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140133915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}