{"title":"Robotics and labor costs: Not a duel, but a dual advantage","authors":"Pavan Kulkarni , Snehal Awate , Amit J. Chauradia","doi":"10.1016/j.intman.2026.101347","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intman.2026.101347","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We examine the joint effect of robotics and labor cost on MNE's FDI location decision. Drawing on nine years of data (2008–2016) on industrial robot purchases and greenfield FDI, we find that a country's wage advantage continues to remain relevant, such that MNEs select lower-wage countries with higher robot stocks as their FDI destinations. Our finding of the dual benefits of robotics and low wages, accrued to developing countries, offers a fresh perspective on FDI location strategies in the age of automation. We contribute to the Industry 4.0 dynamic by examining the effect of a country's robotic deployments on MNE's location strategy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Management","volume":"32 2","pages":"Article 101347"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147452901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tianle Yang , Luobin Zhang , Lei Li , Ruiyi Luo , Qunyang Du
{"title":"How does internationalization affect innovation of Chinese MNEs? A revisit amid the U.S.-China trade war","authors":"Tianle Yang , Luobin Zhang , Lei Li , Ruiyi Luo , Qunyang Du","doi":"10.1016/j.intman.2026.101345","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intman.2026.101345","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The relationship between internationalization and innovation has been a central topic in the research on EMNEs. Elia et al. (2020) draw upon a newly proposed geographic relational perspective to theorize the relationship and find that M&A-based, geographically dispersed, and culturally distant internationalization positively influences innovation of Chinese MNEs, and the impact of M&A investments is more positive when located in developed countries. We acknowledge the importance of the study in terms of its emphasis on the impact of <em>where and how</em> to internationalize over time, but contend that the robustness of the results should be further examined, considering the recent worldwide geopolitical and institutional changes and the transformation of the innovation landscape of Chinese MNEs in the recent decade. Therefore, the present study replicates Elia et al. (2020) by utilizing the patent data not only from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) but also from China's National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA). In addition, we extend our observations to cover the period from 2008 to 2022, taking into account the impact of the U.S.-China trade war starting from 2018. We find that the original findings are only partially confirmed, and there are some substantive changes with the inception of the U.S.-China trade war. A reflection on our differing results, in contrast to the original ones, sheds new light on the relationship between internationalization and innovation of Chinese MNEs in the context of the dynamic global institutional environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Management","volume":"32 2","pages":"Article 101345"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147452908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Does transaction cost analysis explain virtual export channel choice?","authors":"Bin Chang , Dasol Sim","doi":"10.1016/j.intman.2026.101329","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intman.2026.101329","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transaction cost analysis (TCA) has long been a dominant theoretical framework for understanding export channel decisions, particularly in traditional contexts. However, limited research has explored whether TCA remains applicable in the context of virtual export channels (VECs), such as building corporate websites, leveraging social media, or using digital platforms. This study investigates whether TCA remains a valid lens in the virtual export context. Using 148 U.S. SMEs, we find that internal uncertainty increases the likelihood of selecting the low-control VEC (social media and digital platforms) relative to the high-control VEC (corporate website), while asset specificity and external uncertainty do not predict the high−/low-control choice. Among low-control options, only asset specificity is significant and shows a negative relationship with using social media rather than digital platforms, while internal and external uncertainty are not significant. Thus, TCA has only partial relevance in virtual contexts. We call for adapting TCA to account for virtual export channels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Management","volume":"32 2","pages":"Article 101329"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147452911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Exploring self-assessment and other-assessment of cultural intelligence: An attribution theoretical perspective to surface potential bias blind spot","authors":"Alfred Presbitero","doi":"10.1016/j.intman.2025.101314","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intman.2025.101314","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Utilizing the attribution theoretical perspective, this study aims to surface potential bias blind spot in cultural intelligence (CQ) by exploring self-assessment and other-assessment of CQ. Situated within the context of intercultural service encounters involving 497 samples across two interrelated studies (Study 1: <em>N</em> = 214; Study 2: <em>N</em> = 283), the findings indicate that low self-assessment of CQ does not exert influence on the relationship between customer entitlement and verbal/nonverbal reactions, whereas low other-assessment of CQ does. These suggest a potential bias blind spot in attribution, where individuals tend to ascribe low CQ to others compared to themselves, which can influence interpersonal interactions and exacerbate undesirable cross-cultural encounters. Building on these novel insights, the implications for CQ research are discussed. Future research directions are also identified, and practical recommendations are generated to manage these potential blind spots in CQ.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Management","volume":"32 1","pages":"Article 101314"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145915368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rai Siddhant Sinha , M.K. Nandakumar , Martina Battisti
{"title":"When agency theory weds prospect theory! How does VC–entrepreneur's dyadic interplay impact internationalization of a born global firm?","authors":"Rai Siddhant Sinha , M.K. Nandakumar , Martina Battisti","doi":"10.1016/j.intman.2025.101325","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intman.2025.101325","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work theorizes about the dyadic interplay between entrepreneurs and VCs and how these individual-level interactions lead to firm-level outcomes such as the decision to internationalize. We integrate agency and prospect theories to explain how different combinations of risk preferences between entrepreneurs and VCs can reduce or increase agency effects and the subsequent effect on the propensity to internationalize. Using prospect theory's utility curve, we conceptualize the reference point as an individual's aspiration to illustrate how higher entrepreneurial aspiration (reference point shifting) helps mitigate agency effects and increases the propensity to internationalize. We further enhance the explanatory power of our theory by introducing the notion of (shared) mental models and cross-understanding to the internationalization literature. Based on six different scenarios, we provide several testable propositions and future research directions that can enrich international entrepreneurship theory and practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Management","volume":"32 1","pages":"Article 101325"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145915363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sustaining ecosystems amid geopolitical conflicts: Evidence from Chinese EMNEs","authors":"Yi Sun , Yong Lin , Yongjiang Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.intman.2025.101324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intman.2025.101324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines how emerging-market multinational enterprises (EMNEs) sustain their international operations through ecosystem-level resource orchestration amid geopolitical conflicts. Unlike advanced-market multinational enterprises (AMNEs) that rely on well-established valuable, rare, inimitable, and non-substitutable (VRIN) resources, EMNEs often compensate for institutional and resource deficiencies by acquiring VRIN resources abroad while leveraging home-country capabilities. Yet these traditional strategies, developed under assumptions of global integration, are increasingly disrupted by geopolitical shocks that constrain resource mobility and accessibility. Adopting an ecosystem perspective, we investigate how EMNEs coordinate resource flows across home and host ecosystems to adapt to systemic uncertainty. Based on multiple case studies of three Chinese engineering and construction EMNEs, we conceptualize geopolitical-ecosystemic rupture and geopolitical-ecosystemic erosion as dual manifestations of geopolitical disruption that jointly propel EMNE ecosystems into a new sustaining stage of ecosystem evolution. In this stage, firms shift from expansion toward risk mitigation through three ecosystem resource geo-strategies: integrating home-ordinary with host-VRIN resources, bundling home-ordinary with host-ordinary resources, and reconfiguring home-VRIN with host-VRIN resources. This study advances EMNE theory by revealing how geopolitical conflicts reshape global resource management, extends ecosystem theory by introducing a sustaining stage of evolution, and broadens the resource-based view (RBV) and the composition-based view (CBV) to the ecosystem level, highlighting a shift from resource acquisition to cross-ecosystem recombination and the resilience-enhancing role of host-country ordinary resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Management","volume":"32 1","pages":"Article 101324"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145915362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How do international springboard acquisitions impact intangible asset creation in foreign target firms? An international comparative analysis of emerging and developed market MNE acquirers","authors":"Ludan Wu , Dylan Sutherland , Qi Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.intman.2025.101316","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intman.2025.101316","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Springboard theory emphasizes the imperative for emerging market multinational enterprises (EMNEs) to catch up with developed market MNEs (DMNEs) by acquiring and repatriating assets from strategic asset-rich foreign targets. However, the theory underemphasizes the location-bound nature of many target firm capabilities, which may compel acquirers to invest in those firms in situ. We hypothesize that EMNEs, in pursuing firm-level catch-up, are more likely than DMNEs to foster post-acquisition intangible asset growth in target firms. We further argue that (a) institutional distance and (b) related international experience positively moderate this effect for EMNEs, while (c) cultural distance exerts a comparatively stronger negative impact on them. Using a longitudinal sample of 1975 intangible asset-rich target firms and 1373 acquirers from 2010 to 2019, we employ propensity score matching and time-varying difference-in-differences analysis. Our results support the hypothesized differences and offer implications for EMNE strategy, the refinement of springboard theory, and policy design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Management","volume":"32 1","pages":"Article 101316"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145915369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paolo Barbieri , Cristina Di Stefano , Stefano Elia , Luciano Fratocchi , Cristina Pensa
{"title":"Supply backshoring as a strategy to reduce transaction costs in an era of global value chain reconfiguration","authors":"Paolo Barbieri , Cristina Di Stefano , Stefano Elia , Luciano Fratocchi , Cristina Pensa","doi":"10.1016/j.intman.2025.101313","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intman.2025.101313","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, the global economic landscape has become increasingly turbulent, exposing Global Value Chains (GVCs) to unexpected disruptions and leading companies to reassess their international strategies. To enhance their resilience and reduce dependencies on unstable markets, firms are adopting, among others, relocation strategies, including supply backshoring: the substitution of foreign suppliers with those in the home country. In this paper, we investigate the supply backshoring phenomenon through the lens of Transaction Cost Economics (TCE). Our empirical analysis, based on a dataset of Italian manufacturing companies integrating primary data from a survey conducted from June 2021 to February 2022 and archival data, supports the hypothesis that firms with higher asset specificity—measured by R&D and advertising intensity, as well as Intellectual Property rights intensity—display a greater likelihood of adopting supply backshoring. We also find some contingent effect, i.e., the positive relationship between firm asset specificity and the probability of implementing a supply backshoring strategy is stronger for medium-sized firms and for supplier-dominated and specialized supplier industries, while we do not find significant differences between firms operating in high-tech and low-tech industries. Our findings contribute to the understanding of supply backshoring by empirically validating TCE's relevance in this context and highlighting the role of asset specificity in firms' strategic decisions. This study offers one of the first comprehensive characterizations of the supply backshoring phenomenon, providing valuable insights for both scholars and practitioners.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Management","volume":"32 1","pages":"Article 101313"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145915367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Unravelling the interplay between institutional logics, organizational identity, and the embeddedness of MNE subsidiaries in host countries","authors":"Xinxiang Li , Noelia-Sarah Reynolds , Le Bo","doi":"10.1016/j.intman.2025.101311","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intman.2025.101311","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Amid growing scholarly interest in institutional perspectives on MNE subsidiary embeddedness, this study develops a theoretical framework to explain how longstanding MNE subsidiaries navigate competing institutional logics by constructing organizational identities to develop embeddedness strategies in host-country contexts. Drawing on a qualitative case study of a Chinese MNE subsidiary in Ghana, we identify three embeddedness strategies – active engagement, pronounced resistance, and deliberate avoidance – that reflect subsidiaries' ability, willingness and constraints in responding to competing institutional logics. The study contributes to current literature by highlighting how organizational identity serves as a strategic lens for aligning or preserving selected organizational identities and shaping the strategic choices of embeddedness pathways. In particular, we highlight the agentic capabilities of subsidiary managers who, by acknowledging the inevitability of institutional constraints arising from competing institutional logics, adaptively mobilize alternative embeddedness strategies to mitigate and bypass potential institutional frictions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Management","volume":"32 1","pages":"Article 101311"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145915366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Multicultural managers and competitive advantage: the second leg. Replicating the effect of managers' multicultural backgrounds on organizational performance","authors":"Mike Szymanski, Junbeom Park","doi":"10.1016/j.intman.2025.101317","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.intman.2025.101317","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study replicates and extends the findings of Szymanski et al. (2019) on the impact of multicultural managers on organizational performance. Using a significantly larger dataset of 810 teams, we confirm the original results, demonstrating that multicultural leaders positively influence organizational outcomes in highly diverse competitive environments. Additionally, we test the robustness of these findings in a new but related context—female football teams (<em>N</em> = 295)—providing further evidence of the generalizability of multicultural leadership effects. Our study contributes to the international management literature by reinforcing the reliability of prior research and showcasing the advantages of sports data for replication studies. Sports contexts offer publicly available, transparent, and high-quality performance data, facilitating rigorous and replicable research. In an era of increasing concerns about transparency and data accessibility in management research, our findings highlight the potential of sportsbased studies to enhance methodological rigor and strengthen the empirical foundations of international business research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47937,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Management","volume":"32 1","pages":"Article 101317"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145915364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}