Topics in Cognitive Science最新文献_第8页

The Wisdom of the Crowd is not a Forgone Conclusion. Effects of Self-Selection on (Collaborative) Knowledge Construction. 群众的智慧不是被遗忘的结论。自我选择对（合作）知识构建的影响。

IF 3 2区心理学

Topics in Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Epub Date: 2023-04-22 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12647

Marie-Christin Krebs, Aileen Oeberst, Ina von der Beck

{"title":"The Wisdom of the Crowd is not a Forgone Conclusion. Effects of Self-Selection on (Collaborative) Knowledge Construction.","authors":"Marie-Christin Krebs, Aileen Oeberst, Ina von der Beck","doi":"10.1111/tops.12647","DOIUrl":"10.1111/tops.12647","url":null,"abstract":"Web 2.0 has elevated the possibilities of collaboration to unprecedented levels. Therein lies great potential, as the aptly coined phenomenon \"Wisdom of the Crowd\" implies. When it comes to controversial topics, however, there is no safety in numbers alone. On the contrary, collaboration among only like-minded people may even exacerbate biases (e.g., Echo Chambers). Yet, it is human nature to seek out like-minded others. Consequently, the process of self-selection is crucial if the heterogeneity of opinions serves as a safeguard against undesirable effects of group processes (e.g., attitude polarization). Accordingly, online environments that invite more heterogeneous (vs. homogeneous) users should produce less biased content. We tested this hypothesis in a field study, comparing articles on the same 20 controversial topics from the online encyclopedias Conservapedia and RationalWiki with Wikipedia (and Britannica serving as a gold standard) and exploring the opinions of discussants in the three online encyclopedias. As expected, articles from Conservapedia and RationalWiki were significantly less balanced than articles from Wikipedia and Britannica. We replicated this finding in a lab study with 257 participants who self-selected to one of three online wikis (Vegan Love, Nutrition, Meat & Fish) and individually as well as collaboratively wrote an encyclopedia-like article about \"Diets.\" As expected, Wikis with a specific focus (Vegan Love, Meat & Fish) predominantly attracted authors with a positive attitude toward this focus and, as a consequence, resulted in more biased content than in the Nutrition Wiki. Overall, our results suggest that crowds alone do not guarantee wisdom-self-selection is a crucial process that needs to be taken into account.","PeriodicalId":47822,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Cognitive Science","volume":" ","pages":"206-224"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9658149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

What Makes Us Smart? 是什么让我们变得聪明？

IF 3 2区心理学

Topics in Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Epub Date: 2023-04-22 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12656

Joseph Henrich, Michael Muthukrishna

{"title":"What Makes Us Smart?","authors":"Joseph Henrich, Michael Muthukrishna","doi":"10.1111/tops.12656","DOIUrl":"10.1111/tops.12656","url":null,"abstract":"How did humans become clever enough to live in nearly every major ecosystem on earth, create vaccines against deadly plagues, explore the oceans depths, and routinely traverse the globe at 30,000 feet in aluminum tubes while nibbling on roasted almonds? Drawing on recent developments in our understanding of human evolution, we consider what makes us distinctively smarter than other animals. Contrary to conventional wisdom, human brilliance emerges not from our innate brainpower or raw computational capacities, but from the sharing of information in communities and networks over generations. We review how larger, more diverse, and more optimally interconnected networks of minds give rise to faster innovation and how the cognitive products of this cumulative cultural evolutionary process feedback to make us individually \"smarter\"-in the sense of being better at meeting the challenges and problems posed by our societies and socioecologies. Here, we consider not only how cultural evolution supplies us with \"thinking tools\" (like counting systems and fractions) but also how it has shaped our ontologies (e.g., do germs and witches exist?) and epistemologies, including our notions of what constitutes a \"good reason\" or \"good evidence\" (e.g., are dreams a source of evidence?). Building on this, we consider how cultural evolution has organized and distributed cultural knowledge and cognitive tasks among subpopulations, effectively shifting both thinking and production to the level of the community, population, or network, resulting in collective information processing and group decisions. Cultural evolution can turn mindless mobs into wise crowds by facilitating and constraining cognition through a wide variety of epistemic institutions-political, legal, and scientific. These institutions process information and aid better decision-making by suppressing or encouraging the use of different cultural epistemologies and ontologies.","PeriodicalId":47822,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Cognitive Science","volume":" ","pages":"322-342"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9386827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

How to Become a Memory: The Individual and Collective Aspects of Mnemicity. 如何成为记忆：记忆的个人和集体方面。

IF 3 2区心理学

Topics in Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Epub Date: 2023-04-17 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12646

Johannes B Mahr

{"title":"How to Become a Memory: The Individual and Collective Aspects of Mnemicity.","authors":"Johannes B Mahr","doi":"10.1111/tops.12646","DOIUrl":"10.1111/tops.12646","url":null,"abstract":"Human adults distinguish their mental event simulations along various dimensions-most prominently according to their \"mnemicity\": we track whether these simulations are outcomes of past personal experiences or not (i.e., whether we are \"remembering\" or \"imagining\"). This distinction between memory and imagination is commonly thought to reflect a deep architectural distinction in the mind. Against this idea, I argue that mnemicity is not based on a fundamentalstructural difference between memories and imaginations but is instead the result of metacognitive attribution and social construction. On this attributional view, mnemicity is likely a uniquely human capacity that both serves collective functions and has been shaped by collective norms. First, on the individual level, mnemicity attribution is an outcome of metacognitive learning: it relies on acquired interpretations of the phenomenal features of mental event simulations. Such interpretations are in part acquired through interactive reminiscing with other community members. Further, how the distinction between memory and imagination is drawn is likely sensitive to cultural norms about what remembering is, when it is appropriate to claim to remember, what can be remembered, and what remembering entails. As a result, how individuals determine whether they remember or imagine is bound to be deeply enculturated. Second, mnemicity attribution solves an important collective challenge: who to grant epistemic authority about the past. Solving this challenge is important because-for humans-the past represents not just an opportunity to learn about the future but to coordinate present social realities. How a community determines such social realities both draws on individuals' remembering and in turn shapes when, what, and how individuals remember.","PeriodicalId":47822,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Cognitive Science","volume":" ","pages":"225-240"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9696696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

By Design: How People Adapt to Cognitive Limitations in Politics. 设计：人们如何适应政治中的认知局限》（How People Adapt to Cognitive Limitations in Politics）。

IF 3 2区心理学

Topics in Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12690

Arthur Lupia

引用次数: 0

The Collaborative Nature of Testimonial Learning. 证明学习的合作性质。

IF 3 2区心理学

Topics in Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-13 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12707

Pearl Han Li, Erika R DeAngelis, Norwood Glaspie, Melissa A Koenig

引用次数: 0

The Emergence of Specialized Roles Within Groups. 群体内专业角色的出现。

IF 3 2区心理学

Topics in Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Epub Date: 2023-02-26 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12644

Robert L Goldstone, Edgar J Andrade-Lotero, Robert D Hawkins, Michael E Roberts

{"title":"The Emergence of Specialized Roles Within Groups.","authors":"Robert L Goldstone, Edgar J Andrade-Lotero, Robert D Hawkins, Michael E Roberts","doi":"10.1111/tops.12644","DOIUrl":"10.1111/tops.12644","url":null,"abstract":"Humans routinely form groups to achieve goals that no individual can accomplish alone. Group coordination often brings to mind synchrony and alignment, where all individuals do the same thing (e.g., driving on the right side of the road, marching in lockstep, or playing musical instruments on a regular beat). Yet, effective coordination also typically involves differentiation, where specialized roles emerge for different members (e.g., prep stations in a kitchen or positions on an athletic team). Role specialization poses a challenge for computational models of group coordination, which have largely focused on achieving synchrony. Here, we present the CARMI framework, which characterizes role specialization processes in terms of five core features that we hope will help guide future model development: Communication, Adaptation to feedback, Repulsion, Multi-level planning, and Intention modeling. Although there are many paths to role formation, we suggest that roles emerge when each agent in a group dynamically allocates their behavior toward a shared goal to complement what they expect others to do. In other words, coordination concerns beliefs (who will do what) rather than simple actions. We describe three related experimental paradigms-\"Group Binary Search,\" \"Battles of the Exes,\" and \"Find the Unicorn\"-that we have used to study differentiation processes in the lab, each emphasizing different aspects of the CARMI framework.","PeriodicalId":47822,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Cognitive Science","volume":" ","pages":"257-281"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10780696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Effects of Group Composition and Dynamics on Collective Performance. 群体构成和动力对集体绩效的影响。

IF 3 2区心理学

Topics in Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-05 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12706

Abdullah Almaatouq, Mohammed Alsobay, Ming Yin, Duncan J Watts

{"title":"The Effects of Group Composition and Dynamics on Collective Performance.","authors":"Abdullah Almaatouq, Mohammed Alsobay, Ming Yin, Duncan J Watts","doi":"10.1111/tops.12706","DOIUrl":"10.1111/tops.12706","url":null,"abstract":"As organizations gravitate to group-based structures, the problem of improving performance through judicious selection of group members has preoccupied scientists and managers alike. However, which individual attributes best predict group performance remains poorly understood. Here, we describe a preregistered experiment in which we simultaneously manipulated four widely studied attributes of group compositions: skill level, skill diversity, social perceptiveness, and cognitive style diversity. We find that while the average skill level of group members, skill diversity, and social perceptiveness are significant predictors of group performance, skill level dominates all other factors combined. Additionally, we explore the relationship between patterns of collaborative behavior and performance outcomes and find that any potential gains in solution quality from additional communication between the group members are outweighed by the overhead time cost, leading to lower overall efficiency. However, groups exhibiting more \"turn-taking\" behavior are considerably faster and thus more efficient. Finally, contrary to our expectation, we find that group compositional factors (i.e., skill level and social perceptiveness) are not associated with the amount of communication between group members nor turn-taking dynamics.","PeriodicalId":47822,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Cognitive Science","volume":" ","pages":"302-321"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71487516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Enhanced Literate Mind Hypothesis. 增强识字能力假说。

IF 3 2区心理学

Topics in Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-03-30 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12731

Falk Huettig, Jan Hulstijn

引用次数: 0

Extending the Architecture of Language From a Multimodal Perspective. 从多模态视角扩展语言架构

IF 3 2区心理学

Topics in Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-03-17 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12728

Peter Hagoort, Aslı Özyürek

引用次数: 0

Discourse Production Across the Adult Lifespan: Microlinguistic Processes. 跨越成人生命周期的话语生产：微观语言学过程。

IF 3 2区心理学

Topics in Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-03-13 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12729

Hana Kim, Stephen Kintz

{"title":"Discourse Production Across the Adult Lifespan: Microlinguistic Processes.","authors":"Hana Kim, Stephen Kintz","doi":"10.1111/tops.12729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tops.12729","url":null,"abstract":"Successful spoken discourse requires a speaker to be informative to deliver a coherent, meaningful message. The informativeness of discourse can be conveyed by the variety of vocabulary produced (i.e., lexical diversity [LD]), the typicality of vocabulary items used (i.e., core lexicon [CL]), and the amount of relevant content produced (i.e., information units). Yet, it is well documented that older adults produce less informative content compared to younger adults despite relatively subtle changes to LD. The typicality of core lexical items has not been assessed in healthy aging. Paradoxically, these results indicate that some aspects of discourse informativeness remain stable or even improve across the adult lifespan, while other aspects decline. The purpose of the current study is to understand how microlinguistic processes of informativeness change across the adult lifespan. The cross-sectional study included narrative language samples from two wordless picture books collected from 420 healthy participants between 20 and 89 years old. LD and percent of correct information units (%CIUs) were analyzed, as well as CL nouns and verbs. The results indicate that %CIUs and CL nouns demonstrate a quadratic decline starting around the ages of 40 and 60, respectively. LD shows a slight linear decline as a function of age. CL verbs are resistant to age-related changes but are influenced greater by education. The differing findings across the microlinguistic measures can be explained by the weakened connections within the language system and the differential characteristics of the measures. The findings contribute to the aging literature by systematically identifying the trajectory of how variables of informativeness change with age.","PeriodicalId":47822,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Cognitive Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140121038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0