{"title":"Retraction Note: Motivation as an Axiological Factor in Learning Chinese.","authors":"Dinara Turkpenova","doi":"10.1007/s10936-026-10288-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10936-026-10288-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research","volume":"55 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148449758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cognitive Individual Differences in Multilingualism: Language Aptitude and Working Memory in L3 Learners.","authors":"Elifcan Öztekin, Gülcan Erçetin","doi":"10.1007/s10936-026-10268-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10936-026-10268-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the relationships of language aptitude (LA) with working memory (WM) and their predictive roles in explaining third language (L3) comprehension. A sample of L1 Turkish-speaking English language teaching majors (N = 109) completed the LLAMA version 3 (Meara & Rogers, 2019), forward digit span, rotation, symmetry, and operation span tasks (Foster et al., 2015). L3 listening and reading comprehension measures were also administered to a subgroup of participants with L3 learning experience (N = 33). A factor analysis indicated verbal/phonological memory (digit span, operation span, and partially LLAMA D), visuospatial WM (symmetry and rotation span), and LLAMA (LLAMA B, E, F, partially D) factors. The L3 experience was not significantly correlated with any of the cognitive factors. The cognitive factors did not significantly contribute beyond L3 experience in explaining variance in L3 reading and listening comprehension. Findings were discussed regarding the verbal abilities shared by LA and WM and the potential sources of variation within L3 experience in young adult populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":47689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research","volume":"55 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13323783/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148363071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Grasp Motor Representations Facilitate Conceptual Preparation in Speech Production.","authors":"Xin Xin, Yulu Xu, Guiqin Ren","doi":"10.1007/s10936-026-10282-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10936-026-10282-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding the cognitive mechanisms of spoken language production is essential for explaining human communication. Grounded in embodied cognition theory, this study investigates how object-directed sensorimotor features shape the conceptual preparation stage underlying concept selection. In Experiment 1, participants selected concepts from two dimensions: graspability (graspable vs. non-graspable) and semantic category (artificial vs. natural). This was done under three levels of response competition. Results showed a robust processing advantage for graspable objects over non-graspable ones across all tasks. More importantly, a systematic and pervasive advantage for artificial objects over natural ones was also found specifically in the control and low-choice task conditions. Experiment 2, which also employed the concept selection paradigm, examined graspable objects only, distinguishing between precision and power grips. Results revealed that precision-grip objects were selected faster than power-grip objects, an advantage that was most pronounced in the low-choice condition. Notably, this precision motor facilitation was reliable for both artificial and natural objects. Moreover, the advantage for artificial objects over natural objects remained significant and was independent of the grip-type effect. These findings demonstrate that motor representations are automatically and robustly activated during conceptual preparation. Their facilitatory influence is characterized by a consistent categorical advantage for artifacts and an additive benefit from fine-grained motor parameters, with the expression of these effects being dynamically calibrated, but not abolished, by task-imposed cognitive demands. This study underscores the hierarchical and context-sensitive interplay between sensorimotor and semantic systems in concept selection during spoken language production.</p>","PeriodicalId":47689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research","volume":"55 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148346886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Lexical Tone Partially Depends on Segments: Evidence from Visual-World Eye Tracking.","authors":"Zhenyan Cai, Haibin Han, Longshun Feng, Wei Shen","doi":"10.1007/s10936-026-10272-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10936-026-10272-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the extent to which the role of lexical tone is contingent upon phonemic segments. Employing the printed-word paradigm, this study presented native Mandarin speakers with a visual display comprising a target word (e.g., \"\" /chai2huo3/, \"firewood\"), a same-tone competitor (e.g., \"\" /cha2dao4/, \"tea ceremony\"), a different-tone competitor (e.g., \"\" /cha1kong3/, \"socket\"), and two distractors. Simultaneously, participants listened to an auditory target word. Critically, the phonological competitors shared partial segmental information with the spoken target words. Participants were then required to select the visual target word in the visual display. Results revealed substantial phonological competition effects in both the same-tone and different-tone conditions, with the former exhibiting a more pronounced effect. These results elucidate that the role of lexical tone partially depends on the availability of segmental information. Even in cases where certain segments are accessible, lexical tone can still influence the activation degree of the lexical candidate based on the tonal similarity, where the more similar candidates are activated to a higher degree than the less similar ones.</p>","PeriodicalId":47689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research","volume":"55 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148346896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Unearthing Perfectionism and L2 Speaking Performance among Iranian EFL Learners: The Moderating Role of Cultural Collectivism.","authors":"Maryam Atai Tabar, Tahereh Heydarnejad","doi":"10.1007/s10936-026-10281-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10936-026-10281-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The current study examined the moderating role of cultural collectivism in the relationship between multidimensional perfectionism and L2 speaking performance among Iranian EFL learners. Using a quantitative correlational design with multiple regression analysis, 210 Iranian EFL learners from seven educational institutions participated in this investigation. Participants completed the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS), modified Individualism-Collectivism Scale (INDCOL), and underwent standardized IELTS speaking assessments evaluated across four micro-skills: fluency and coherence, grammatical range and accuracy, lexical resource, and pronunciation. Cluster analysis distinguished three perfectionism profiles with significant performance differences (F = 12.34-25.67, p<.001). Maladaptive perfectionism, particularly Concern over Mistakes, consistently predicted poorer speaking performance (β=-0.42 to - 0.51, p<.001). Multiple regression analysis, incorporating interaction terms between standardized variables, demonstrated that cultural collectivism functions as a moderator: vertical collectivism amplified maladaptive perfectionism's negative effects (interaction β=-0.052, p<.05), while horizontal collectivism provided selective protection for lexical resource development (interaction β = 0.042, p<.05). The regression models explained substantial variance in speaking performance (R²=0.28-0.45). Cultural collectivism, specifically vertical collectivism, moderates the perfectionism-speaking performance relationship in Iranian EFL contexts. These findings underscore the necessity for culturally sensitive pedagogical approaches when addressing perfectionism-related speaking difficulties in collectivist educational environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":47689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research","volume":"55 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148340294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Child Bilingual Acquisition of Spanish Dative (Non-)clitic Doubling Structures: A Case Study Approach to Home and Community Input Conditions.","authors":"Raquel Fernández Fuertes, Silvia Sánchez Calderón","doi":"10.1007/s10936-026-10284-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10936-026-10284-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We investigate the acquisition of dative clitic doubling (CD) and non-clitic doubling (NCD) in Spanish-English child bilinguals who are exposed to Spanish as their first language (L1) (a) in a minority language context (i.e., H(eritage) L(anguage) bilingual children) and (b) in a majority language context (i.e., L1 bilingual children) to address how input and social conditions shape the early bilingual language acquisition stages. These data are compared to those of Spanish monolinguals. The two constructions emerge at around the age of 2 in the two bilingual child groups and in the monolingual group. This points to the fact that the three child groups have equally acquired the shared complex predicate structure upon which dative CD and NCD structures are built. Moreover, dative NCD constructions are less frequent than dative CD in the two bilingual groups and in the monolingual group, which is in tune with the child-directed speech production patterns. Thus, taking the Spanish monolinguals' results as the baseline, the social and/or the family context in which Spanish is being acquired from early on as an HL or as an L1 does not seem to interfere in the acquisition of the grammatical properties and patterns of use of these constructions.</p>","PeriodicalId":47689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research","volume":"55 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13309365/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148340131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anne Wienholz, Derya Nuhbalaoglu-Ayan, Nivedita Mani, Annika Herrmann, Markus Steinbach
{"title":"Using Eye Tracking to Examine Effects of Overt Localization on Referential Processing in German Sign Language Sentence Processing.","authors":"Anne Wienholz, Derya Nuhbalaoglu-Ayan, Nivedita Mani, Annika Herrmann, Markus Steinbach","doi":"10.1007/s10936-026-10283-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10936-026-10283-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The processing of referential expressions is influenced by their form, but also by the accessibility of their antecedents. In sign languages, discourse referents are typically assigned to referential loci (R-loci) in the signing space, which can be used to identify discourse referents later on. This study on German Sign Language (DGS) examines whether overt manual localization of a discourse referent with an INDEX sign can be used to increase the prominence and, hence, accessibility of the corresponding discourse referent. Using an eye tracking paradigm, deaf adult DGS signers were presented with DGS videos containing two-sentence discourses introducing two discourse referents in the first sentence. The marking of the two new discourse referents varied by either lack of overt localization or localization of one of the two discourse referents with the INDEX sign. The second sentence started with either the subject or object of the first sentence as a bare noun. Overall, signers fixated the discourse referent that was continued with in the second sentence. However, overt manual localization did not affect signers' gaze suggesting that overt localization did not lead to facilitatory processing of referential expressions. We speculate that localization may either not carry the linguistic function of enhancing prominence or that the stimuli used in this experiment did not allow for revealing that function.</p>","PeriodicalId":47689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research","volume":"55 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13309445/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148340219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Anaphoric Interpretation Among Chinese EFL Learners: Evidence from a Text-Based Approach.","authors":"Leyi Qian, Rongrong Huang, Yan Cheng","doi":"10.1007/s10936-026-10255-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10936-026-10255-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study is to refresh the extant literature regarding anaphoric interpretation from the perspective of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), a text-based approach that has been long missing in the prior studies. Within an SFL-oriented model of cohesion-driven anaphoric relations, a total of 132 participants participated in two tasks examining how Chinese EFL learners interpreted six anaphora subcategories-reference (coreference), ellipsis & substitution, repetition, synonymy, hyponymy and collocation (non-coreference or associative anaphora)-both at inter- and intra-sentential levels in two narratives. Results indicated low accuracy across multiple anaphoric relations. Proficiency did not explain variance in performance, whereas statistically significant within-genre topic effects were reported. In addition, these findings have implications for instructors, learners, and researchers.</p>","PeriodicalId":47689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research","volume":"55 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148340147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Weakened and Delayed Tonal Processing in L2 Mandarin Syllable Perception: Evidence from Mismatch Negativity.","authors":"Mengchen Li, Siqin Yang, Minghu Jiang, Xiao Cai","doi":"10.1007/s10936-026-10276-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10936-026-10276-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present study systematically compared the neural processing of tones, vowels, and consonants in Mandarin syllable perception for both first language (L1) and second language (L2) listeners. Using a passive oddball paradigm, we evaluated participants' syllable perception at a pre-attentive stage with mismatch negativity (MMN). Results confirmed that both L1 and L2 groups exhibited typical MMNs to consonant-, vowel-, and tone-deviant syllables due to their acoustic and/or phonological differences. Specifically, the L1 group exhibited similarly larger MMNs to the vowel- and tone-deviant syllables than to the consonant-deviant syllables, with vowels eliciting the earliest latencies, followed by tones, and consonants demonstrating the latest latencies. The L2 group exhibited graded MMN amplitudes and latencies across three deviation types, with vowels eliciting the strongest and earliest response, consonants an intermediate response, and tones the weakest and latest response. Group comparisons highlighted overall weakened and delayed MMNs for the L2 listeners than L1 listeners, in support of the reduced automaticity inherent in L2 perception. Taken together, our findings reveal the extent and efficiency of Mandarin sub-syllabic processing for both L1 and L2 listeners, and are particularly informative of the neural basis underlying the L2 tone-to-segmental disadvantage.</p>","PeriodicalId":47689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research","volume":"55 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148309985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enhancing Second Language Acquisition: The Role of Code-Switching in Mobile English Language Learning.","authors":"Manman Li, Bin Tan","doi":"10.1007/s10936-026-10270-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10936-026-10270-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>English language learning through mobile devices has significantly transformed educational practices over the past decade. With the increasing prevalence of smartphones and tablets, learners can access a wealth of resources that enhance their language acquisition process. This study investigates the impact of mobile-assisted English language education, focusing on seamless learning and the integration of multilingualism. Using a quantitative methodology, data were collected through questionnaires from 134 teachers and 190 students and analyzed using SPSS software. The findings reveal several important insights. Purposeful and strategic use of code-switching emerges as an effective pedagogical tool for enhancing second language learning in English classrooms. Additionally, integrating information and communication technologies into English language instruction positively impacts students' multilingualism and language acquisition. Furthermore, learners engaging with various forms of English demonstrate distinct language preferences and proficiencies, often shaped by regional sociocultural factors. The study's novelty lies in its exploration of multilingualism and code-switching in the learning process, emphasizing the importance of embracing linguistic diversity in educational settings and understanding its profound influence on language acquisition. Practical recommendations are provided to improve English language learning outcomes through mobile learning strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":47689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research","volume":"55 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148296921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}