Vanessa De Wilde, Simone E Pfenninger, Freek Van de Velde
{"title":"Tracing Causal Relationships in L2 Learning via Granger Causality.","authors":"Vanessa De Wilde, Simone E Pfenninger, Freek Van de Velde","doi":"10.1007/s10936-026-10286-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10936-026-10286-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this article we explore the use of Granger Causality as a method to shed light on causal relationships in studies on (second) language acquisition. Understanding such relationships remains a central challenge in longitudinal SLA research, where both learner variables and measures of linguistic development interact and evolve dynamically over time. We first explain the concept of Granger Causality and show how the method works, before providing an illustration using weekly measures of L2 development (C-Test performance and speech fluency) and individual difference variables (operation span, motivation and wellbeing) to explore their possible causal relationships in a longitudinal study with later-life language learners. The results reveal several asymmetric patterns. The findings are discussed in relation to the existing literature on later-life language learning and demonstrate that Granger causality is a valuable method for examining the directionality of relationships between variables in longitudinal data.</p>","PeriodicalId":47689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research","volume":"55 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148654817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Universal Ontological Knowledge and Linguistic Relativity: A Review of the Experimental Procedure.","authors":"Carlota G Llorente","doi":"10.1007/s10936-026-10287-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10936-026-10287-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The thesis of the Ontogenesis of Reference by Quine (1960, 1969, 1973) has aroused the interest of certain authors in developmental psychology. This theory claims that ontology is acquired only through language learning by the child, rejecting the possibility of an innate conceptual ontology. Developmental psychologists have attempted to test the plausibility of this hypothesis by conducting several experiments with children, generally concluding that Quine was mistaken. However, it will be argued that none of the experiments really affect Quinean philosophy. For this, a deep insight into his philosophical position is needed, to properly understand the theoretical notions that the psychologists confuse in their experiments.</p>","PeriodicalId":47689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research","volume":"55 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148654786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Discrepant Prosodic Effects on PP-Attachment Ambiguity Processing by L1 and L2 Listeners.","authors":"Yuanyuan Zhang, Enze Tang, Hongwei Ding","doi":"10.1007/s10936-026-10280-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10936-026-10280-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While the impact of prosody on sentence processing in a first language (L1) has been widely studied and is well-documented, the extent to which second language (L2) learners utilize prosodic cues remains less clear. This study investigated how prosody affects the resolution of prepositional phrase (PP) attachment ambiguity, particularly when combined with visual contextual cues, and compared the performance by native English speakers and Chinese learners of English. Participants' attachment preferences alongside their reaction time from both correct and incorrect responses were analyzed to assess differences in L1 and L2 sentence processing. The results reveal that native participants were able to make effective use of prosodic information to resolve PP-attachment ambiguity, even when the accompanying visual context biased a noun phrase attachment. In contrast, the Chinese L2 learners showed a strong and consistent preference for the verb phrase attachment. This suggests that their sentence processing relied more heavily on the structure-based parsing strategies. These contrasting patterns between L1 and L2 speakers highlight the challenges L2 learners have in coordinating multiple information sources, such as prosody and visual context, during language comprehension.</p>","PeriodicalId":47689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research","volume":"55 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148654770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"What Is the Unique Contribution of Compounding and Inflectional Morphological Awareness to Word Reading and Reading Comprehension in Greek, a Transparent Orthography?","authors":"Kyriakoula M Rothou","doi":"10.1007/s10936-026-10285-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10936-026-10285-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Studies in alphabetic languages have consistently demonstrated the significant contribution of morphological awareness to word reading and reading comprehension in elementary school aged children. However, there are mixed findings regarding the size of the effect of morphological awareness to reading skills while there is limited research on the relationship between compounding morphological awareness and reading. In this study we aimed to examine the unique contribution of compounding morphological awareness and inflectional morphological awareness to reading in Greek language. One hundred and twenty children in Grade 1 and one hundred and twenty-six children in Grade 3 were assessed on measures of phonological awereness, vocabulary, decoding, reading comprehension, inflectional morphological awareness and compounding morphological awareness. Results of hierarchical regression analyses showed that compounding morphological awareness made significant consistent contributions to word reading in Grade 1 and in Grade 3 when phonological awareness and vocabulary were accounted for but not when we controlled for inflectional morphological awareness, phonological awareness, and vocabulary. However, only in Grade 3 compounding morphological awareness remained a significant predictor of reading comprehension even after controlling for inflectional morphological awareness, word reading, for but not when we controlled for inflectional morphological awareness, phonological, and vocabulary. The semantic transparency of compounds appeared to affect the relation between compounding morphological awareness and reading comprehension.</p>","PeriodicalId":47689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research","volume":"55 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148654759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Primability as a Predictor of L2 Alignment and Writing Performance: Evidence from a Comparative Continuation Task.","authors":"Tianqi Wu, Min Wang, Shaofeng Li","doi":"10.1007/s10936-026-10278-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10936-026-10278-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alignment refers to the tendency of interlocutors to reuse each other's language patterns during interaction, which has been regarded as a learning mechanism in second language (L2) development. Existing research has primarily examined how task-related factors shape L2 alignment, whereas much less is known about whether learner-related individual differences are associated with variation in alignment and with its subsequent learning benefits. This study examined whether learners' implicit capacity for adaptation was associated with the magnitude of L2 alignment and writing development in a comparative continuation task. Participants completed a baseline writing task, a continuation task, two priming-based measures of implicit capacity for adaptation (i.e., L1 lexical priming and L1 syntactic priming), and LLAMA_D as a supplementary measure of implicit phonological sensitivity. Results showed that sensitivity to L1 lexical priming was positively correlated with the magnitude of L2 lexical alignment, and sensitivity to L1 syntactic priming was positively correlated with the magnitude of L2 syntactic alignment. Furthermore, sensitivity to L1 syntactic priming positively predicted gains in overall L2 writing quality, accuracy, and fluency, whereas sensitivity to L1 lexical priming positively predicted gains in fluency alone; LLAMA_D was a positive predictor and sensitivity to L1 syntactic priming a negative predictor of gains in syntactic complexity. These findings highlight the role of implicit capacity for adaptation in L2 alignment and writing development, shedding new light upon individual differences in L2 learning.</p>","PeriodicalId":47689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research","volume":"55 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148654729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Retraction Note: Accelerated English Teaching Methods: The Role of Digital Technology.","authors":"Xiaoyan Fan","doi":"10.1007/s10936-026-10289-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10936-026-10289-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research","volume":"55 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148580676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Retraction Note: Motivation as an Axiological Factor in Learning Chinese.","authors":"Dinara Turkpenova","doi":"10.1007/s10936-026-10288-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10936-026-10288-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research","volume":"55 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148449758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cognitive Individual Differences in Multilingualism: Language Aptitude and Working Memory in L3 Learners.","authors":"Elifcan Öztekin, Gülcan Erçetin","doi":"10.1007/s10936-026-10268-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10936-026-10268-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the relationships of language aptitude (LA) with working memory (WM) and their predictive roles in explaining third language (L3) comprehension. A sample of L1 Turkish-speaking English language teaching majors (N = 109) completed the LLAMA version 3 (Meara & Rogers, 2019), forward digit span, rotation, symmetry, and operation span tasks (Foster et al., 2015). L3 listening and reading comprehension measures were also administered to a subgroup of participants with L3 learning experience (N = 33). A factor analysis indicated verbal/phonological memory (digit span, operation span, and partially LLAMA D), visuospatial WM (symmetry and rotation span), and LLAMA (LLAMA B, E, F, partially D) factors. The L3 experience was not significantly correlated with any of the cognitive factors. The cognitive factors did not significantly contribute beyond L3 experience in explaining variance in L3 reading and listening comprehension. Findings were discussed regarding the verbal abilities shared by LA and WM and the potential sources of variation within L3 experience in young adult populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":47689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research","volume":"55 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13323783/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148363071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Grasp Motor Representations Facilitate Conceptual Preparation in Speech Production.","authors":"Xin Xin, Yulu Xu, Guiqin Ren","doi":"10.1007/s10936-026-10282-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10936-026-10282-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding the cognitive mechanisms of spoken language production is essential for explaining human communication. Grounded in embodied cognition theory, this study investigates how object-directed sensorimotor features shape the conceptual preparation stage underlying concept selection. In Experiment 1, participants selected concepts from two dimensions: graspability (graspable vs. non-graspable) and semantic category (artificial vs. natural). This was done under three levels of response competition. Results showed a robust processing advantage for graspable objects over non-graspable ones across all tasks. More importantly, a systematic and pervasive advantage for artificial objects over natural ones was also found specifically in the control and low-choice task conditions. Experiment 2, which also employed the concept selection paradigm, examined graspable objects only, distinguishing between precision and power grips. Results revealed that precision-grip objects were selected faster than power-grip objects, an advantage that was most pronounced in the low-choice condition. Notably, this precision motor facilitation was reliable for both artificial and natural objects. Moreover, the advantage for artificial objects over natural objects remained significant and was independent of the grip-type effect. These findings demonstrate that motor representations are automatically and robustly activated during conceptual preparation. Their facilitatory influence is characterized by a consistent categorical advantage for artifacts and an additive benefit from fine-grained motor parameters, with the expression of these effects being dynamically calibrated, but not abolished, by task-imposed cognitive demands. This study underscores the hierarchical and context-sensitive interplay between sensorimotor and semantic systems in concept selection during spoken language production.</p>","PeriodicalId":47689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research","volume":"55 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148346886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Lexical Tone Partially Depends on Segments: Evidence from Visual-World Eye Tracking.","authors":"Zhenyan Cai, Haibin Han, Longshun Feng, Wei Shen","doi":"10.1007/s10936-026-10272-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10936-026-10272-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the extent to which the role of lexical tone is contingent upon phonemic segments. Employing the printed-word paradigm, this study presented native Mandarin speakers with a visual display comprising a target word (e.g., \"\" /chai2huo3/, \"firewood\"), a same-tone competitor (e.g., \"\" /cha2dao4/, \"tea ceremony\"), a different-tone competitor (e.g., \"\" /cha1kong3/, \"socket\"), and two distractors. Simultaneously, participants listened to an auditory target word. Critically, the phonological competitors shared partial segmental information with the spoken target words. Participants were then required to select the visual target word in the visual display. Results revealed substantial phonological competition effects in both the same-tone and different-tone conditions, with the former exhibiting a more pronounced effect. These results elucidate that the role of lexical tone partially depends on the availability of segmental information. Even in cases where certain segments are accessible, lexical tone can still influence the activation degree of the lexical candidate based on the tonal similarity, where the more similar candidates are activated to a higher degree than the less similar ones.</p>","PeriodicalId":47689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research","volume":"55 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148346896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}