Journal of Psycholinguistic Research最新文献

Harnessing Resilience to Mitigate the Effect of Test Anxiety on English Achievement: A Case of the Dual-Mode Hypothesis. 利用弹性减轻考试焦虑对英语成绩的影响：双模式假设的案例。

IF 2 2区文学

Journal of Psycholinguistic Research Pub Date : 2026-10-13 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-026-10318-w

Yuyang Cai

{"title":"Harnessing Resilience to Mitigate the Effect of Test Anxiety on English Achievement: A Case of the Dual-Mode Hypothesis.","authors":"Yuyang Cai","doi":"10.1007/s10936-026-10318-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10936-026-10318-w","url":null,"abstract":"Test anxiety has been found to impede English achievement. Much attention has been paid to motivational and cognitive factors (e.g., self-concept, strategic competence) in reducing test anxiety and its effects, leaving under-explored psychological variables such as resilience. Drawing on the Dual-Mode Hypothesis (DMH), we hypothesize that resilience can impact the effect of test anxiety on English achievement through two modes: reducing the level of test anxiety and subsequently its effectiveness in impairing English achievement (the effectiveness mode) and weakening the negative relationship between test anxiety and English achievement (the efficiency mode). To test these hypotheses, we recruited 823 12th graders (Mage = 17.97, SD = 0.60, females = 54%) from a high school in East China. Test anxiety and resilience were measured using two questionnaires, and English achievement was indicated by mid-term exam scores. Results of structural equation modeling showed that: (1) test anxiety was negatively and significantly associated with English achievement; (2) resilience was non-significantly associated with test anxiety (failing to confirm the effective mode); and (3) resilience weakened the negative association between test anxiety and English achievement (confirming the efficiency mode). Our findings provided insights regarding the complex relationship between resilience and test anxiety in impacting English achievement.","PeriodicalId":47689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research","volume":"55 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149185315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Contextual Facilitation Effect on EFL Learners' Reflexive Anaphora Resolution: Evidence from Eye Movements. 语境促进对英语学习者反身回指消解的影响：来自眼动的证据。

IF 2 2区文学

Journal of Psycholinguistic Research Pub Date : 2026-10-13 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-026-10316-y

Xiaoping Liu, Lin Fan, Xiaolu Wang

{"title":"Contextual Facilitation Effect on EFL Learners' Reflexive Anaphora Resolution: Evidence from Eye Movements.","authors":"Xiaoping Liu, Lin Fan, Xiaolu Wang","doi":"10.1007/s10936-026-10316-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10936-026-10316-y","url":null,"abstract":"Guided by cue-based retrieval theory, this study investigates Chinese EFL learners' reflexive anaphora resolution, focusing on whether gender information is utilized during online processing and whether prior discourse context supports this process under different levels of syntactic demand. Two eye-tracking experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 showed that learners exhibited early sensitivity to antecedent-reflexive gender mismatch when antecedent-related gender information was supported by prior discourse, although reading patterns did not differ reliably between strong- and weak-context conditions. Experiment 2 further showed that early gender-mismatch sensitivity remained detectable in garden-path sentences, despite increased processing demands associated with syntactic reanalysis. Together, these findings suggest that antecedent-related discourse information can support online L2 reflexive processing and that gender-sensitive processing remains available when reflexive resolution occurs under increased syntactic demands. The findings extend cue-based retrieval approaches by suggesting that prior discourse context can modulate the accessibility and weighting of retrieval cues during L2 reflexive processing.","PeriodicalId":47689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research","volume":"55 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149185233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Language-Switching Cost in Chinese-English Bilingual Reading Comprehension: Evidence from Eye-Tracking. 汉英双语阅读理解中的语言转换成本：来自眼动追踪的证据。

IF 2 2区文学

Journal of Psycholinguistic Research Pub Date : 2026-10-05 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-026-10315-z

Danyi Chen, Kiel Christianson

{"title":"Language-Switching Cost in Chinese-English Bilingual Reading Comprehension: Evidence from Eye-Tracking.","authors":"Danyi Chen, Kiel Christianson","doi":"10.1007/s10936-026-10315-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10936-026-10315-z","url":null,"abstract":"Code-switching, or language-switching, which is the use of elements from two or more languages in the same utterance or in the same stretch of conversation (Paradis et al., 2011), is prevalent among bilingual and multilingual speakers. According to the parallel activation hypothesis of language comprehension, both languages of a bilingual are activated during sentence processing, even when there is only monolingual input (Spivey & Marian, 1999). However, studies have also shown that such language mixing can slow down processing (Macnamara & Kushnir, 1971; Soares & Grosjean, 1984). This cost has been attributed to either the difficulty of switching languages or the appearance of an unexpected word or wordform. This eye-tracking experiment investigated the cognitive cost brought by code-switching in Chinese-English bilinguals. Specifically, we sought to determine the source of the baseline cost of language-switching in inter-sentential code-switching. Results suggest that narrative consistency and the amount of previous information had longer-lasting effects on bilinguals' total reading times, along with a brief disruption caused by unexpected wordforms. Taken together, the results indicate that the cognitive cost of language-switching arises more from the surprisal of encountering an unpredicted word or wordform, rather than encountering an unexpected language.","PeriodicalId":47689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research","volume":"55 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13638688/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149116622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Role of Iconicity and Givenness in the Acquisition of Mandarin Before- and After-Sentences. 象似性和给予性在汉语前后句习得中的作用。

IF 2 2区文学

Journal of Psycholinguistic Research Pub Date : 2026-10-03 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-026-10314-0

Mulin Cao, Zhuang Wu

{"title":"The Role of Iconicity and Givenness in the Acquisition of Mandarin Before- and After-Sentences.","authors":"Mulin Cao, Zhuang Wu","doi":"10.1007/s10936-026-10314-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10936-026-10314-0","url":null,"abstract":"The acquisition of temporal clauses involves complex relationships between linguistic structure and cognitive development. This study examines the roles of iconicity and information structure (givenness) in Mandarin-speaking children's comprehension of before- and after-sentences. Using a forced-choice picture-selection task and an act-out task, we tested 45 children aged 3-5 years and 15 adults. The results revealed a robust advantage for iconic structure across both experiments. Children consistently showed better comprehension of iconic after-sentences than non-iconic before-sentences, a pattern that challenges accounts based solely on semantic complexity. Evidence for the role of givenness was more limited. Although young children benefited from given-before-new ordering in some iconic conditions, the overall mixed-effects analyses did not reveal a significant Iconicity × Givenness interaction. The facilitative effect of givenness was most evident among the youngest children, suggesting that discourse-pragmatic cues may provide additional support under favorable processing conditions. We conclude that iconicity plays a central role in Mandarin-speaking children's comprehension of temporal clauses, whereas the contribution of givenness appears more modest and developmentally constrained. These findings underscore the role of structural iconicity in the acquisition of Mandarin temporal clauses while suggesting a more limited role for discourse-pragmatic factors.","PeriodicalId":47689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research","volume":"55 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149116714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Emotional Dialogue Predicts the Success of Prestige Television Episodes. 情感对话预示着电视剧的成功。

IF 2 2区文学

Journal of Psycholinguistic Research Pub Date : 2026-09-25 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-026-10312-2

Neil Franchuk, Jun Davidson-Lau, Raymond A Mar

{"title":"Emotional Dialogue Predicts the Success of Prestige Television Episodes.","authors":"Neil Franchuk, Jun Davidson-Lau, Raymond A Mar","doi":"10.1007/s10936-026-10312-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10936-026-10312-2","url":null,"abstract":"Whether a narrative succeeds in satisfying its audience is of paramount importance, but predicting this success is difficult. Although previous research has found that the textual characteristics of novels can predict how they are received, what about multimodal narratives like film and television? In a television show, the only text available is the dialogue, with so much of the story conveyed non-verbally (e.g., facial expressions and actions, cinematography, editing, music). Although dialogue is just one aspect of a television episode, might the emotional nature of the dialogue still be able to explain some of an episode's appeal? We gathered all of the dialogue for 45 prestige television series that vary widely in terms of genre, setting, themes, and characters. The ability for the dialogue to explain the success of these episodes was then examined within a series, to hold constant many other factors (e.g., writers, producers, characters, themes, marketing), using bidirectional stepwise linear regression models. The emotional nature of the dialogue spoken within an episode managed to successfully predict audience ratings of these episodes within a series. Moreover, these models proved to be robust and able to predict data \"out of sample.\" This result demonstrates that the emotional characteristics of dialogue alone can help explain the audience appeal of multimodal narratives, highlighting the importance of language even in the context of rich audiovisual information. Our findings have implications for those tasked with crafting compelling television stories.","PeriodicalId":47689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research","volume":"55 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149065135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Vowelization Effect in Arabic Reading: A Systematic Review and the Conditional Facilitation Account. 阿拉伯语阅读中的元音化效应：系统回顾和条件促进解释。

IF 2 2区文学

Journal of Psycholinguistic Research Pub Date : 2026-09-24 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-026-10297-y

Abeer Asli-Badarneh, Ibrahim Asadi

{"title":"The Vowelization Effect in Arabic Reading: A Systematic Review and the Conditional Facilitation Account.","authors":"Abeer Asli-Badarneh, Ibrahim Asadi","doi":"10.1007/s10936-026-10297-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10936-026-10297-y","url":null,"abstract":"The results of studies on Arabic vowelization have been mixed: some have shown that diacritical marks facilitate reading, while others document processing costs. These discrepancies suggest that vowelization effects are not uniform but conditional on multiple interacting factors. The present systematic review synthesizes empirical studies published between 2000 and 2025 to identify the conditions under which vowelization facilitates or constrains reading. Following PRISMA guidelines, 26 studies examining native Arabic readers across different developmental stages, reader profiles, and task paradigms were included. Results indicate that vowelization effects vary across four dimensions: reader development and proficiency, task demands and outcome measures, word level properties, and the diglossic structure of Arabic. Diacritics tend to facilitate reading in the early grades, when phonological decoding is still developing and lexical representations are weak, or when target words are phonologically ambiguous. When lexical knowledge is well established, full vowelization may slow recognition without improving accuracy, possibly because the added visual information interferes with pattern-based word identification. To account for these patterns, we propose a Conditional Facilitation Account (CFA), which treats vowelization effects as a function of the interaction among reader proficiency, lexical properties, task demands, and the sociolinguistic context of Arabic. The CFA has implications for reading theory and for decisions about vowelization in Arabic educational materials.","PeriodicalId":47689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research","volume":"55 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Comparison of Transposed-Character Effect Between Chinese and Japanese Speakers: Processing Position Information of Hanzi and Kanji Characters. 汉语和日语的转置字符效应比较：汉字和汉字位置信息的处理。

IF 2 2区文学

Journal of Psycholinguistic Research Pub Date : 2026-09-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-026-10279-0

Yaoyao Geng, Aiko Morita

{"title":"A Comparison of Transposed-Character Effect Between Chinese and Japanese Speakers: Processing Position Information of Hanzi and Kanji Characters.","authors":"Yaoyao Geng, Aiko Morita","doi":"10.1007/s10936-026-10279-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10936-026-10279-0","url":null,"abstract":"Transposed-letter (TL) effect implies that TL pseudowords (e.g., mnokey) are more likely to be recognized as their base words (e.g., monkey) than substituted-letter nonwords (e.g., markey). Compared to TL effect studies, transposed-character (TC) effect studies on logograms, such as Chinese Hanzi and Japanese Kanji, remain limited. This study compared the TC effect in Chinese and Japanese speakers through two experiments. Experiment 1 is a single-word lexical decision task, in which 20 Chinese and 21 Japanese speakers were presented the same two-character stimuli, including TC pseudowords (e.g., -), control nonwords with a substituted character (e.g., ), and real words as fillers. Chinese participants exhibited a TC effect: they took longer to reject TC pseudowords and misidentified them more frequently than they did control nonwords. Conversely, the Japanese participants showed no TC effect, and their reaction times and error rates showed no significant differences between the two conditions. In Experiment 2, 63 Chinese and 63 Japanese speakers participated in a masked-priming lexical decision task. The TC pseudowords (e.g., -) and control nonwords (e.g., ) used in Experiment 1 and their base words (e.g., ) were used as the three primes and prime times (i.e., 60 ms, 150 ms and 300 ms). Although the results show that TC effects were observed in both Chinese and Japanese speakers, the TC effect size was larger for Chinese speakers than for Japanese speakers. In conclusion, this study found that there is a difference in the strictness of Hanzi/Kanji character position information processing between Chinese and Japanese speakers. These findings suggest that Chinese speakers process Hanzi/Kanji characters more flexibly than do Japanese speakers.","PeriodicalId":47689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research","volume":"55 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13601190/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149031496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Do Readers Simulate the Color of Inferred Objects? Influence of Sentence Typicality and Context Position. 读者是否模拟推断对象的颜色？句子典型性与语境位置的影响。

IF 2 2区文学

Journal of Psycholinguistic Research Pub Date : 2026-09-12 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-026-10310-4

Masato Terai, Junko Yamashita

{"title":"Do Readers Simulate the Color of Inferred Objects? Influence of Sentence Typicality and Context Position.","authors":"Masato Terai, Junko Yamashita","doi":"10.1007/s10936-026-10310-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10936-026-10310-4","url":null,"abstract":"Embodied cognition assumes that language processing involves sensory, motor, and affective representations. However, further empirical research is required to reveal how embodied representations are used in language processing. This study investigated whether readers could represent the color of an object and whether the color was influenced by context. Thirty-five native English speakers performed a semantic Stroop task in which a sentence was presented (e.g., Joe was excited to see a bear in the woods/at the North Pole) to them. They were then presented with a word from the sentence (bear) in colored font. A series of linear mixed-effects modeling was performed to determine the reaction times under the following three-color conditions: typical (brown), atypical (white: polar bear), and an unrelated color (green). The results showed that regardless of the sentence (implying a typical brown bear or atypical white bear), typical colors received significantly faster reaction times than atypical and unrelated colors. These results were also observed when participants read context phrases (in the woods/at the North Pole) before the keywords. The findings thus suggest that readers represent typical colors of objects, regardless of context.","PeriodicalId":47689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research","volume":"55 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13570897/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148956864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

L2 Motivational Self System and Chinese Character Achievement: A Study of Beginning-Level Lao Mandarin Learners. 第二语言动机自我系统与汉字成就：对初级老挝汉语学习者的研究。

IF 2 2区文学

Journal of Psycholinguistic Research Pub Date : 2026-09-12 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-026-10311-3

Qingli Guo, Fong Peng Chew

引用次数: 0

Exploring the Dynamic Interplay Between Intrinsic Value, Perceived Costs, and Language Achievement: A Cross-Lagged Panel Analysis. 探究内在价值、感知成本和语言成就之间的动态相互作用：一个交叉滞后面板分析。

IF 2 2区文学

Journal of Psycholinguistic Research Pub Date : 2026-09-11 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-026-10298-x

Thi Hue Dong, Wen-Ta Tseng, Pey-Yan Liou, Sufen Chen

{"title":"Exploring the Dynamic Interplay Between Intrinsic Value, Perceived Costs, and Language Achievement: A Cross-Lagged Panel Analysis.","authors":"Thi Hue Dong, Wen-Ta Tseng, Pey-Yan Liou, Sufen Chen","doi":"10.1007/s10936-026-10298-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10936-026-10298-x","url":null,"abstract":"Research on language learning often explores the positive sides of task values and their link to language skills. However, the negative aspect (i.e., perceived costs) has been largely overlooked, despite its potential impact on academic behavior and outcomes. This study clarifies the temporal interplay among intrinsic value, perceived costs (effort/emotional cost and opportunity cost), and language achievement across three school years, with a particular focus on gender differences. Data were collected from a cohort of 314 Taiwanese adolescents (169 male, 145 female) across seven secondary schools. The cross-lagged panel model was estimated in R using the lavaan package. First, the results showed that the stability of English achievement was strong (T1 → T5 β = .70, p < .001), accounting for the great majority of the longitudinal variance in the distal outcome. In addition, only former intrinsic value retained a small but reliable unique effect on latter achievement (β = .13, p < .05). Second, intrinsic value consistently and negatively predicted subsequent effort/emotional cost over time, whereas the reverse path was weak and inconsistent. Third, multi-group analysis revealed that only intrinsic value uniquely predicted latter achievement for female students (β = .22, p < .01), whereas among male students, only effort/emotional cost did (β = -.21, p < .05). The findings suggest that motivation-achievement relations should be interpreted as co-developmental rather than unidirectional, and that interventions to support language achievement should be tailored to the gender-specific motivational pathway most at risk.","PeriodicalId":47689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research","volume":"55 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148945973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0