Cognitive Processing最新文献

{"title":"Higher- and lower-level processing in strategic reading: Reconceptualising the Survey of Reading Strategies (SORS).","authors":"Marcus Warnby","doi":"10.1007/s10339-026-01372-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10339-026-01372-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Survey of Reading Strategies (SORS) is widely used to assess English-as-a-second-language (ESL) students' metacognitive regulation of reading across three strategy dimensions (Global, Problem-Solving, Support), yet this three-factor structure has rarely undergone confirmatory validation. This study introduces HiLoLev, a theory-driven two-factor measurement reconceptualisation that distinguishes higher-level integrative/monitoring strategies from lower-level decoding/support strategies. Using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on data from 554 Swedish upper-secondary ESL students, legacy three-factor specifications (oblique, higher-order) were contrasted with the proposed theory-driven HiLoLev model based on SORS items. The original structures showed poor fit with high interfactor correlations and substantial cross-loadings; by contrast, an 11-item HiLoLev model fit well (RMSEA = 0.051, SRMR = 0.045) and offered clearer interpretability. While the full SORS remains pedagogically useful, its subscales should not be assumed to represent stable latent constructs for inferential analyses. For research applications (e.g., regression models, mediation analyses, or group comparisons), confirm the structure in-sample via CFA or consider using the 11-item HiLoLev model as a compact, cognitively grounded latent specification of SORS items.</p>","PeriodicalId":47638,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Processing","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148362365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emojis vs. black-and-white and colored drawings: comparing living and non-living things in oral naming.","authors":"Macarena Martínez-Cuitiño, Dolores Jazmín Zamora, Josefina Castillo Cerutti, Lucía Trevisán, Nicolás Nahuel Romero, Juan Pablo Barreyro","doi":"10.1007/s10339-026-01371-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-026-01371-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Language assessment tools have traditionally used black-and-white line drawings. However, recent research highlights color as a key feature to distinguish visually similar concepts. Emojis are simplified and conventionalized visual representations that integrate salient visual-perceptual attributes, such as shape and color, into the representation of concepts. This study aimed to compare semantic and lexical access to living (LTs) and non-living things (NLTs) across black-and-white drawings, colored drawings, and emojis. Ninety healthy adults completed a computerized oral-naming task including 64 stimuli (32 living and 32 non-living items) presented in one of the three visual formats. Accuracy was analyzed using a generalized linear mixed-effects model (GLMM), and reaction times were analyzed using a linear mixed-effects model (LMM). Accuracy analyses revealed a main effect of semantic domain, with higher accuracy for the NLTs domain, and a significant format and domain interaction, but no main effect of format was identified. The disadvantage in naming LTs was most evident for black-and-white drawings and was reduced for colored drawings and emojis. Reaction time analyses showed main effects of domain and format as well as a significant interaction, with slower naming of LTs in black-and-white format. Overall, the results suggest that performance across visual formats was broadly similar when considered globally, but that differences emerged when semantic domain was taken into account. LTs were particularly affected by the absence of color. This study highlights the potential of emojis as an experimental visual format and suggests that their role in oral naming and language assessment should be further examined.</p>","PeriodicalId":47638,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Processing","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148354258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive offloading, critical thinking and attitudes towards artificial intelligence in the era of ChatGPT: a comparative study of artificial intelligence-assisted and manual task performance in young adults.","authors":"Purvi Jain, Deshna Shajit, Ansh Maini, Yasmeen Shahin, Ayush Panda","doi":"10.1007/s10339-026-01375-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10339-026-01375-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools, like ChatGPT, are now widely integrated into a plethora of contexts. Although they present potential benefits like increased efficiency and reduced lower-level cognitive load, they are accompanied by serious risks such as over reliance and impacted independent critical reasoning. Research on how critical thinking and cognitive offloading interact with AI use is limited. Furthermore, research on attitudes towards AI and how they may influence how people offload cognition and engage in critical thinking is further understudied. Our mixed-methods study aims to reduce this gap. Initially, 124 participants were considered for the study. After filtering out the outliers, 120 young adults (AI group n = 57, Manual group n = 63) participated, with a subsample of 54 who were thematically analysed. Our experimental design incorporated a logical fallacies identification task (with/without ChatGPT) and three quantitative questionnaires: Artificial Intelligence Attitude Scale, Critical Thinking Rubric and Mental Effort Rating Scale. Nonparametric analyses (Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman's rho) revealed that the AI group were able to attain higher correct responses (H = 7.044, p < .01). Additionally, they reported significantly lower mental effort (H = 27.434, p < .01) for the experimental task. Qualitative trends saw high independent reasoning, verification, and metacognitive monitoring in manual participants. Conversely, a mix of complete delegation and selective use/strategic engagement was observed under the AI condition. Overall, we conclude that although AI improves task accuracy and lowers mental effort, it does not necessarily save time or uniformly enhance or reduce critical thinking. Moreover, we suggest that a user's approach to AI (delegation vs. strategic engagement) determines whether it acts as a replacement or scaffold. We highlight the need for intentional, reflective use of AI in educational contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":47638,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Processing","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148354109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"More caution or more lenient: deciphering the role of negative affect in recognition and inference.","authors":"Lu Li, Hehe Lu, Ke Jiang, Huilin Qiu, Chunting Lin","doi":"10.1007/s10339-026-01370-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-026-01370-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When individuals encounter familiar situations, they may apply behaviors from past experiences. This could be due to recognizing similarities between the situations or inferring characteristics from the past to the present, leading to similar responses. Recognition becomes more cautious in negative contexts, showing increased discrimination and ability to discern differences, known as the \"negative affective effect of recognition\". Conversely, generalized inference in negative situations tends to overgeneralize past attributes to current contexts, termed the \"negative affective effect of inference\". This study examines how recognition and inference interact under different affective states and their impact on cognitive processing. It employed an symmetrical design with affective contexts (positive, neutral, negative) to evaluate performance in two task sequences: inference-recognition and recognition-inference, using Signal Detection Theory under varying time pressures. The findings reveal that the sequence of cognitive tasks influences the magnitude of negative affective effects in recognition and inference, particularly indicating a complex, bidirectional interaction between these processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":47638,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Processing","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148354216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of facial expressions on space- and object-based attention by gaze cues.","authors":"Yunfei Gao, Yixuan Zheng, Jiulin Liu, Tianyi Yang, Jingjing Zhao, Yonghui Wang","doi":"10.1007/s10339-026-01363-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-026-01363-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous studies have shown that social cues, such as gaze direction, typically direct space-based attention rather than object-based attention in the two-rectangle paradigm. However, the inherent connection between eye gaze and facial expressions leaves unresolved questions about whether and how facial expressions influence gaze-driven selective attention. The present study aimed to explore the effects of facial expressions on both space- and object-based attention triggered by gaze cues. We used a modified two-rectangle paradigm incorporating gaze information from negative, neutral, and positive facial expressions while manipulating cue-target stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) at 150 ms, 300 ms, and 600 ms. The results revealed that facial expressions did not modulate space-based attention; however, distinct patterns emerged for object-based attention. Specifically, negative facial expressions did not induce object-based attention, while positive facial expressions produced a stronger object-based attentional effect compared to neutral expressions at 150 ms and 300 ms SOA conditions. These findings suggest that facial expressions in gaze cues elicit object-based attention, with positive expressions guiding attention to the entire object. This study provides new empirical evidence for investigating of social cognition and selective attention.</p>","PeriodicalId":47638,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Processing","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148340004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feature interaction in metaphor aptness: the impact of topic-and-vehicle applicable features and semantic distances.","authors":"Ryunosuke Oka, Takashi Kusumi","doi":"10.1007/s10339-026-01373-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-026-01373-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study utilizes the metaphor aptness rating task (how appropriate a metaphor was in the given context) and the feature arrangement task (participants arrange each of the presented features so that words with similar meanings are close together) to investigate the relationships between the semantic distances of topic (e.g., \"an anxiety\"), vehicle (e.g., \"a dense fog\"), features (e.g., \"dark,\" \"isn't clear,\" and \"unclear\"), and metaphor aptness (e.g., \"an anxiety is a dense fog\"). The results revealed that the number of topic-and-vehicle applicable features affected the metaphor aptness ratings. Furthermore, the results implied that the closer the semantic distances between features, the higher the metaphor aptness rating. These results suggest that not only the number of topic-and-vehicle applicable features but also the semantic integration and coherence among features play an important role in metaphor aptness. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that the feature arrangement task provides a non-rating-based method for evaluating participants' similarity judgments at the feature level, offering a complementary approach to traditional rating-based measures of metaphor processing.</p>","PeriodicalId":47638,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Processing","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148340077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Partner forgetfulness weakens responsible forgetting.","authors":"Kenji Ikeda","doi":"10.1007/s10339-026-01367-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-026-01367-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Responsible forgetting refers to an adaptive process whereby individuals intentionally forget information that does not need to be remembered. This study examined whether responsible forgetting is influenced by the forgetfulness of a partner in collaborative recall. Participants imagined preparing for a camping trip with a hypothetical friend. Each camping item was paired with a cue (You or Friend) indicating whether the participant or friend was responsible for remembering it. Participants in the forgetful condition were told that their friend was forgetful, whereas no information was provided about the friend in the control condition. Results demonstrated that the interaction effect between partner unreliability and memory-responsibility cue on recall performance was statistically significant (OR = 0.39, 95% CI [0.17, 0.90]). Participants in the forgetful condition recalled more friend-assigned items than those in the control condition. These findings indicate that responsible forgetting is flexibly moderated depending on the situation, such as a partner's forgetfulness.</p>","PeriodicalId":47638,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Processing","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148296929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of asymmetric cognitive load and task priority manipulation on dual-task interference.","authors":"Takehide Kimura","doi":"10.1007/s10339-026-01368-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-026-01368-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rather than viewing dual-task interference solely as a fixed structural limitation, recent strategic models suggest that it should be dynamically managed through active goal-protection strategies, such as task shielding. This study investigated how strategic control recruitment interacts with overall cognitive load and explicit task-priority instructions in asymmetric task environments. Twenty-four healthy adults performed two distinct paradigms: a low cognitive load paradigm (simple reaction task + go/no-go task) and a high cognitive load paradigm (simple arrow task + flanker arrow task), each composed of low- and high-difficulty components. The task priority was manipulated toward the lower-difficulty component, the higher-difficulty component, or equally between the two. Instructional compliance was objectively verified through a validation analysis of reaction times in 1-second lead time trials. The results revealed that, in the high cognitive load paradigm, explicit priority instructions significantly redistributed dual-task interference. Prioritizing one task component successfully reduces its performance decrement at the expense of the non-prioritized task. Conversely, the low-cognitive-load paradigm exhibited no significant differences in dual-task interference across priority conditions. These findings suggest that the implementation of strategic control, such as \"task shielding,\" is affected by cognitive load. Although many dual task combinations exist, task shielding and task priority shifts may emerge in paradigms that impose a sufficiently high cognitive load to necessitate proactive goal protection.</p>","PeriodicalId":47638,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Processing","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148296926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring working memory control: validation of a paradigm combining maintenance and inhibition.","authors":"Zulfikri Khakim, Satrio Priyo Adi, Ramadhan Dwi Marvianto, Tri Hutomo Pamungkas, Dina Silvana Sibagariang, Puspita Dian Arista, Galang Lufityanto","doi":"10.1007/s10339-026-01361-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-026-01361-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study introduces an integrative paradigm for assessing working memory control by combining cognitive inhibition and working memory tasks within a unified experimental framework. Traditional approaches often measure these executive functions separately, limiting ecological validity and underrepresenting their dynamic interplay in real-world cognition. We examined the predictive value of standard tasks, including the N-back, Stroop, and Stop Signal, for working memory control and its relation to set shifting. Participants were undergraduate psychology students (N = 238) in their third semester who completed a series of behavioural tasks as part of a Cognitive Psychology course, with voluntary consent for research use of their data. Findings revealed that performance on the N-back and Stroop tasks significantly predicted working memory control, supporting the notion that it arises from the interaction between active maintenance/manipulation and interference resolution. In contrast, the Stop Signal Task did not predict working memory control, highlighting the distinct contributions of cognitive inhibition over motor response inhibition in executive coordination. Furthermore, working memory control significantly predicted set shifting ability, with Stroop and N-back performance also indirectly predicting set shifting through their influence on working memory control. We also found that the relationship between cognitive inhibition, working memory, and set shifting differed according to working memory control capacity. Specifically, individuals with higher working memory control relied more on cognitive inhibition, whereas those with lower working memory control relied more on working memory ability to support set shifting performance. These results support a notion that inhibitory control and working memory can be assessed simultaneously within a single paradigm. Implications for theoretical models and future cognitive testing approaches are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":47638,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Processing","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148273458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring foot-based SNARC effect by hand posture: insights from embodied cognition.","authors":"Hakan Çetinkaya, Ezgi Gür, Merve Bulut, Elvin Naz Tunç, Seda Dural","doi":"10.1007/s10339-026-01366-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-026-01366-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spatial-numerical associations (SNAs), such as the SNARC effect, reflect the tendency to associate smaller numbers with the left side of space and larger numbers with the right. While robust in hand-based tasks, SNAs are flexible and influenced by sensorimotor context. This study examined how static hand posture shapes the SNARC effect in a foot-response paradigm by providing task-irrelevant postural cues, thereby isolating the influence of postural configuration from motor execution. Grounded in embodied cognition, we hypothesized that passive visual and proprioceptive cues would bias spatial-numerical mappings. These cues were provided by task-irrelevant hand postures. Participants (N = 103) completed a magnitude classification task using left and right foot pedals to indicate whether digits (1-4, 6-9) were smaller or larger than 5. Hand posture was manipulated between subjects: fingers interlaced (control), palms down, or palms up. The results revealed significant SNARC effects in the palms-down and palms-up conditions, but not in the control condition, while numerical distance effects were observed across all conditions. These findings indicate that static bodily configurations, even when unrelated to the response effector, can influence SNAs. The results support embodied accounts of numerical cognition, demonstrate that current sensorimotor states influence number-space mappings, and show the methodological utility of foot-based paradigms in disentangling posture effects from response modality.</p>","PeriodicalId":47638,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Processing","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148273432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}