Journal of General Psychology最新文献

{"title":"Interplay between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, educational attainment, and vascular risk factors: Insights from Mendelian randomization analyses.","authors":"Jiahao Song, Da Zhou, Haiyue Zhang, Jingrun Li, Chuanjie Wu, Lili Cui, Haiqing Song, Xunming Ji, Lina Jia, Ran Meng","doi":"10.1080/00221309.2025.2525809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2025.2525809","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The causal relationships between attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD) and vascular risk factors remain insufficiently understood. This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the causal effects of ADHD on vascular risk factors and identify crucial mediators in these relationships. Utilizing instrumental variables from genome-wide association study (GWAS) datasets, we applied two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) to explore the causal influences of ADHD on adiposity-related traits, blood pressure regulation, glucose metabolism, lipid profiles, lifestyle habits, chronic kidney disease, and systemic inflammation. Additionally, two-step MR was employed to evaluate the mediating effect of educational attainment (EA) in each newly established causal pair. Genetically determined ADHD was causally linked to increased body mass index (BMI, β = 0.054, <i>p</i> = 1.01E-08), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR, β = 0.041, <i>p</i> = 1.65E-07), waist circumference (WC, β = 0.048, <i>p</i> = 5.78E-15), body fat percentage (BF%, β = 0.024, <i>p</i> = 7.19E-05), risk of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM, OR = 1.104, <i>p</i> = 6.07E-07), and number of cigarettes smoked per day (β = 0.094, <i>p</i> = 3.99E-06), earlier smoking initiation (β = 0.115, <i>p</i> = 2.71E-12), and higher levels of C-reactive protein (CRP, β = 0.054, <i>p</i> = 6.35E-14). Furthermore, EA was demonstrated to play a key mediating role in these causal relationships, with mediation proportions ranging from 41.67% to 11.30%. Our MR analyses supported the causal impacts of ADHD on several vascular risk factors, including BMI, WHR, WC, BF%, T2DM, early smoking initiation, cigarettes consumed per day, and CRP. Moreover, we recognized EA as a critical mediator underlying the established causal pathways. Overall, this study highlighted that individuals with ADHD were more likely to suffer from obesity, T2DM, poor lifestyle habits, and intense inflammation.</p>","PeriodicalId":47581,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144683394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Someone just posted on Instagram: Conspicuous consumption, anticipated engagement, and trait mindfulness.","authors":"Cleoputri Yusainy, Ika Fitria, Thoyyibatus Sarirah, Muhammad Haikal Azaim Barlaman, Jeremy Alexander Timothy, Michelle Gloria Effendi, Yeni Setiawati, Nora Silvana, Wahyu Wicaksono, Adjie Santosoputro","doi":"10.1080/00221309.2024.2404399","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00221309.2024.2404399","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The practice of \"flexing,\" showing off one's wealth and status, gradually penetrates daily life on various social media platforms, most notably Instagram. We investigated the extent to which exposure to conspicuous consumption by a stranger stimulated the viewers' materialistic aspiration and whether this effect could be mediated by anticipated engagement and moderated by trait mindfulness. A large number of Instagram users in Indonesia (<i>N</i> = 2,296, 75.30% female; <i>M</i>_age = 31.14 years old, <i>SD</i>_age = 7.09) completed the trait mindfulness scale, randomly received a single Instagram photo showcasing luxury material vs. experiential purchase, provided an estimate of the intensity of love and comment from other viewers (i.e., anticipated engagement), and filled out the materialistic aspiration scale. Participants exposed to material purchase reported higher aspiration than those exposed to experiential purchase, but lower anticipated engagements also reduced materialistic aspiration. Participants with higher trait mindfulness were better at distinguishing the effects of conspicuous consumption on anticipated engagement and materialistic aspiration. These findings indicate that the viewers' anticipation of collective attention could reverse the impact of exposure to conspicuous consumption and the potential of trait mindfulness as an anti-mimetic quality for situational materialism.</p>","PeriodicalId":47581,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"403-428"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142366948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The two-way relationship of interpersonal curiosity and daily envy.","authors":"Jiali He, Liu Hanshu","doi":"10.1080/00221309.2024.2405042","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00221309.2024.2405042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Envy and interpersonal curiosity are common emotional and psychological phenomena in relationships that collectively influence our social behavior and experiences. However, there is a research gap regarding the interaction between interpersonal curiosity and envy. Therefore, this study will primarily utilize daily diary methods to investigate the relationship between interpersonal curiosity and envy.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Using the Benign and Malicious Envy Scale and the Chinese Adolescents' Interpersonal Curiosity Questionnaire, Study 1 conducted a preliminary study on 392 middle school students using cross-sectional data. Based on the data from Study 1, we selected the ten items (2 items per variable) with the highest factor load for the daily measurement of Study 2. Study 2 utilized the diary method and recruited 81 adolescents as participants for a 14-day measurement period.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results of Study 1indicate a significant correlation between malicious envy and interpersonal curiosity, as well as a significant correlation between benign envy and interpersonal curiosity (excluding general interpersonal curiosity). The findings from Study 2 indicate that daily malicious envy can enhance private interpersonal curiosity and general interpersonal curiosity, daily benign envy can enhance curiosity exploration, and daily curiosity exploration can also enhance benign envy.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This study enhances comprehension of the two-way relationship between adolescent envy and interpersonal curiosity within the framework of social comparison theory. The findings underscore the significance of adolescents recognizing and respecting others' boundaries to mitigate the adverse effects linked to malicious envy. Furthermore, adolescents are encouraged to channel benign envy into a source of motivation, fostering personal growth and fostering positive relationships through curiosity exploration.</p>","PeriodicalId":47581,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"429-447"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142298628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Judgments of learning reactively affect memory by inducing covert retrieval.","authors":"Xiaojing Zhang, Yanlin Guo, Yingjie Jiang, Yuan Yuan","doi":"10.1080/00221309.2024.2409785","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00221309.2024.2409785","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Making judgments of learning (JOLs) can directly influence memory, a phenomenon termed the reactivity effect of JOLs. However, controversy surrounds the mechanism behind JOL reactivity. This study employs related and unrelated word pairs as learning materials to compare memory outcomes across different JOL conditions. We contrasted the traditional JOL reactivity paradigm with a covert retrieval induction paradigm to explore whether JOLs impact memory through covert retrieval. In Experiment 1, data from 40 participants (18 females, 22 males) were analyzed, revealed distinct patterns between the two paradigms. When word pairs are presented entirely, the JOL group outperforms the no-JOL group in memorizing related pairs, aligning with traditional JOL reactivity. Conversely, when target words are omitted, the JOL group's memory resembles that of the no-JOL group. This comparison suggested that JOLs may prompt covert retrieval. In Experiment 2, which involved manipulating the retrieval strength, data from 52 participants (46 females, 6 males) were analyzed, yielded results consistent with those of Experiment 1. We conclude that covert retrieval significantly contributes to the JOL reactivity effect, enhancing memory through JOL-induced covert retrieval.</p>","PeriodicalId":47581,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"497-525"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142336968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mindfulness matters: Unveiling the relationship between trait mindfulness and procrastination - A three level meta-analysis.","authors":"Yidi Mao, Juan Zhang, Yijun Liu, Yihui Wang","doi":"10.1080/00221309.2024.2407426","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00221309.2024.2407426","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Procrastination is a personality tendency with several deleterious consequences. Trait mindfulness has been found to be associated with procrastination. Nevertheless, the relationship between trait mindfulness and procrastination has yielded inconsistent results in previous studies. Therefore, by utilizing a three-level random-effects meta-analysic model, the present study synthesized previous studies to investigate the relationship between trait mindfulness and procrastination and explore the potential moderators that may affect this relationship. A significant and negative relationship between trait mindfulness and procrastination (<i>r</i> = -0.365; <i>p</i> < 0.0001) was found by analyzing 36 effect sizes from 19 studies with 14,094 participants. The subsequent moderator analysis did not reveal any significant moderators. Overall, the current meta-analysis shed insightful light on information for future research on reducing procrastination by considering utilizing mindfulness-based interventions that make it easier for individuals to maintain a mindfulness state and enhance trait mindfulness, thereby reducing procrastination.</p>","PeriodicalId":47581,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"475-496"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142336969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reality Cheque: Different Methods of Eliciting Fear-Related Beliefs Reveal Multiple Representations of Threat.","authors":"James W B Elsey, Vivian N Metselaar, Elias Geiser, Donna F Knoop, Suraya M Gangadien, Nella A Schrijver, Lena M van den Nieuwenhof, Véra M Spiekman, Marta J Jakschik, Casper M Enkelaar, Esperanza S J Visbeek, Marieke Effting, Merel Kindt","doi":"10.1080/00221309.2024.2405876","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00221309.2024.2405876","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Influential models of fears and phobias suggest that irrational threat beliefs underpin excessive fear. Yet, many fearful individuals recognize their fear is not justified. Drawing on memory competition/multiple representations theory, we developed a novel, fear-relevant procedure, which reveals conflicting representations of threat. In three experiments (Experiment 1, <i>N</i> = 49, Experiment 2, <i>N</i> = 47, Experiment 3, <i>N</i> = 75), fearful and non-fearful participants not only provided Probability Ratings for fear-related outcomes in a fear-relevant exposure task, but placed Bets, with payoffs depending on what happened in reality. Fearful participants displayed much higher Probability Ratings than Low fear participants. However, Bets revealed far less consistent group differences, even when proximal to threat (Experiments 1 and 2), and differences between High and Low fear participants' Bets disappeared when they could not be anchored to previous Probability Ratings (Experiment 3). A Neutral Betting task also showed that general betting strategies were comparable between groups. We suggest that these findings may reflect the multi-representational nature of belief, in which both adaptive and maladaptive representations of a feared object may exist in parallel, with personal and contextual factors determining which form of representation is retrieved or expressed. This perspective can provide insights into the complex interplay of adaptive and maladaptive beliefs that is a central focus of currently dominant therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":47581,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"448-474"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142298627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agency.","authors":"Peter R Killeen, Stephen Helms Tillery, Felipe Cabrera","doi":"10.1080/00221309.2024.2433277","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00221309.2024.2433277","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Agency is action aimed at goals selected by an agent. A deterministic world view leaves scant room for agency. To reconcile the arguments, we represent action as nested control systems, ranging from clearly deterministic to clearly volitional. Negative feedback minimizes deviations from setpoints (goals). Goals are determined by higher modules in a hierarchy of systems, ranging from gamma-efferent spindles through reflexes to operant responses; these last, and the larger system that contains them, called the Self, comprise volitional agents. When operants become habitual they descend to closed teleonomic systems-automaticity. Change in emotional states, and unpredicted changes in the context-raise them back to full volitional systems. At the highest level is the Self-the brain's model of the agent. When aroused out of open teleonomic functioning, it must reconsider means and ends. It does so by simulating action plans, using the same neural systems it uses to effect them. The simulated stimuli and responses are conscious, approximating their perceptions as experienced in real time; this verisimilitude gives them their hedonic value. Positive feedback plays a key role in these complex adaptive systems, as it focuses and holds attention on the most salient percepts and goals, permitting the self-organization of action plans. The Self is not a separate entity, but a colloquy of command modules wearing the avatar of the agent. This system is put into correspondence with Grossberg's Adaptive Resonance Theory. Free will and determinism emerge not as binary opposites, but the modulating inputs to a spectrum of systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":47581,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"526-576"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142792320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Misperception of non-Happy Facial Features: Overshadowing and Priming by a Smiling Mouth.","authors":"Aida Gutiérrez-García, Andrés Fernández-Martín, Sonia Alguacil, Manuel G Calvo","doi":"10.1080/00221309.2025.2505015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2025.2505015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A smile underlies the well-known recognition advantage of prototypical happy faces. However, a smiling mouth also has side effects: It biases a tendency to incorrectly judge as \"happy\" <i>blended</i> expressions with non-happy eyes (neutral, sad, etc.). This reveals interference with the processing of such mixed-smile expressions, which are otherwise ubiquitous in social settings (hence its practical importance). To account for this effect, we investigated two mechanisms: Perceptual overshadowing driven by the smile visual saliency, and categorical priming driven by the smile diagnostic value. In Experiment 1, we obtained diagnostic values for the mouth and eye regions of facial expressions of emotion. In Experiment 2, facilitation and interference effects of prime mouths on probe eyes were examined as a function of such values. In Experiment 3, overshadowing and priming were compared. Results showed, first, a high diagnostic value of the smiling mouth, followed by disgusted, sad, and angry mouths. Second, in correspondence with such values, the mouth expressions facilitated the recognition of congruent eyes. Importantly, the presence of a smiling mouth especially impaired the accurate recognition of non-happy eyes. This supports the categorical priming hypothesis. And, third, the smiling mouth still caused some (albeit limited) interference with the processing of facial information unrelated to expression (masculine/feminine appearance of the expresser). This is consistent with an overshadowing-inattentional blindness hypothesis. An alternative affective priming hypothesis is discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":47581,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-31"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144079752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Personality Profiles: A Person-Centered Approach to Assessing Personality Traits and Links to Emotion Regulation Processes.","authors":"Ali Karababa","doi":"10.1080/00221309.2025.2502333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2025.2502333","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to identify personality profiles using dimensions of the five-factor model and examined whether resultant profiles were associated with emotion regulation processes. The participants included a normative sample of 383 (201 females and 182 males) Turkish university-attending emerging adults who were 18 to 25 years old. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was employed to identify distinct patterns of Big Five personality traits. The findings demonstrated that the 3-profile solution proved best-fitting: Resilient (higher openness, extraversion, conscientiousness, and agreeableness and lower neuroticism; N = 183 (97 females), 47.8%), overcontrolled (higher neuroticism and agreeableness, moderate conscientiousness, and lower openness and extraversion; N = 153 (80 females), 39.9%), and undercontrolled (higher neuroticism, extraversion, and openness and lower conscientiousness and agreeableness; N = 47 (24 females), 12.3%). The findings demonstrated that resilients, compared to overcontrollers and undercontrollers, were more likely to engage in cognitive reappraisal. On the other hand, overcontrollers tended to use the expressive suppression strategy more than resilients.</p>","PeriodicalId":47581,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-22"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144034490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recharging for the future: how micro-breaks shape work prospection among Chinese employees.","authors":"Pengcheng Yang, Suchuan Zhang","doi":"10.1080/00221309.2025.2502337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2025.2502337","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite a surge of research on micro-breaks in recent years, the interactional nature of this recovery behavior during working hours still needs to be explored. Drawing on the Social Exchange Theory and Conservation of Resources Theory, first, we found from a study that included three online vignette experiments (Study 1, <i>N</i> = 551) that three micro-break support conditions (management support, supervisor norms, and coworker norms) enhanced the positive relationship between micro-breaks and three affective relationships (affective organizational commitment, affective supervisor-subordinate guanxi, and friendship prevalence), respectively. Second, a two-wave time-lag survey study (Study 2, <i>N</i> = 208) replicated the findings of Study 1 and verified the positive relationship between micro-breaks and positive affective work prospection and the mediating role of affective relationships therein and the moderating effect of micro-break support. Furthermore, through supplementary analyses, we found possible recursive relationships among the three affective relationships; supervisor-subordinate guanxi are likely to be antecedents of organizational commitment. This study's findings provide essential theoretical contributions to promote employee recovery in the workplace from a reciprocal perspective and provide insights into best practices in human resource management. Organizations and managers must provide an environment that supports micro-breaks for employees, as these supports help employees build affective relationships in the organization, leading to resource supplementation and, ultimately, resource gain. Finally, we discuss the limitations of the study and future research directions.</p>","PeriodicalId":47581,"journal":{"name":"Journal of General Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"1-29"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144051956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}