{"title":"Can child benefit reductions increase maternal employment? Evidence from Japan","authors":"Shinsuke Asakawa , Masaru Sasaki","doi":"10.1016/j.jjie.2022.101231","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jjie.2022.101231","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study estimates the policy impacts of the resumption of income thresholds for receiving child benefits (CB), in April 2012, on maternal labor market participation, childcare services use, and child health outcomes in Japan. Using data from the Longitudinal Survey of Newborns in the 21st Century and employing a regression discontinuity design, we found that the reduction of CB payments in higher-earning households, where the annual income of the household head exceeded their threshold, promoted intensive and extensive margins of maternal labor supply, especially for part-time workers and the self-employed. Furthermore, mothers returned to the workplace using non-accredited childcare and increasing the total childcare costs but having no impact on children's health outcomes. Heterogeneous effects were also observed in prefectures with low availability of accredited childcare; mothers incurring CB reduction used non-accredited childcare to start full-time employment. These findings imply that CB reduction had the advantage of encouraging maternal employment and, especially in prefectures with few childcare facilities, increasing the number of accredited childcare centers and that reducing the price of non-accredited childcare services can make it easier for mothers to return to the workforce after giving birth.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japanese and International Economies","volume":"66 ","pages":"Article 101231"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82544901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Quantifying the impact of the Tokyo Olympics on COVID-19 cases using synthetic control methods","authors":"Taro Esaka , Takao Fujii","doi":"10.1016/j.jjie.2022.101228","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jjie.2022.101228","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper uses a synthetic control method (SCM) and a Ridge Augmented SCM to estimate the impact of holding the Tokyo Olympic games on the number of newly confirmed COVID-19 cases in Tokyo (Japan). Our analysis with these methods enables us to estimate the causal impact of the Tokyo Olympics on COVID-19 cases by constructing counterfactual COVID-19 cases for Tokyo (Japan) as the optimal weighted average of COVID-19 cases of OECD countries that are not affected by holding the Olympics through a data-driven approach. Based on reliable estimates obtained from different analytical settings, we find that, compared to the counterfactuals, holding the Tokyo Olympics significantly increased the daily average number of COVID-19 cases by 105 to 132 cases in Tokyo (47 to 65 cases in Japan as a whole) per million people. This result suggests that holding the Olympics likely led to the spread of COVID-19 infection in Tokyo (Japan).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japanese and International Economies","volume":"66 ","pages":"Article 101228"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9376984/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10266002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Displacement effects of public libraries","authors":"Kyogo Kanazawa , Kohei Kawaguchi","doi":"10.1016/j.jjie.2022.101219","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jjie.2022.101219","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>If free lending in public libraries is displacing sales in bookstores, some compensation may be needed to maintain incentives for authors to create new works. To determine whether this is indeed the case, we created a novel dataset that integrated bookstore sales data with public library copy data in Japan and quantified the displacement effects of public libraries. Controls for title-municipality, months-after-publication, and municipality-month-specific unobserved heterogeneity were introduced. The study found that a library copy displaced the sales of the title in the municipality by approximately 0.24 copies per month for the top 1/6 popular books and 0.52 copies for bestsellers. Various robustness checks were consistent with the baseline results; thus, the study confirmed the displacement effects of popular books.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japanese and International Economies","volume":"66 ","pages":"Article 101219"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889158322000284/pdfft?md5=d1320c9473791614ea7d11bb41a5eb90&pid=1-s2.0-S0889158322000284-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79896547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bank–firm relationship and loan maturity: Evidence from Japanese SMEs","authors":"Islam Kachkach , Hirofumi Uchida","doi":"10.1016/j.jjie.2022.101229","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jjie.2022.101229","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We use unique data on Japanese SMEs to investigate how the bank-firm relationship affects the loan maturity of SMEs in Japan. We apply Diamond's (1991) model on the firms’ choice of long- versus short-term debt to the context of SME lending and test a prediction in a manner faithful to the applied model. We find that the ratio of long-term loans decreases with the strength of bank-firm relationships as measured by their duration. This finding is consistent with the prediction and suggest that SMEs take into account the benefit of information production by banks and the cost of liquidation when determining the loan maturity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japanese and International Economies","volume":"66 ","pages":"Article 101229"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75461854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Impacts of firm's GVC participation on productivity: A case of Japanese firms","authors":"Shujiro Urata , Youngmin Baek","doi":"10.1016/j.jjie.2022.101232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjie.2022.101232","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article examined the effect of participation in global value chains (GVCs) on productivity for Japanese manufacturing firms by using firm-level data obtained from the Basic Survey of Japanese Business Structure and Activities [Kigyo Katsudo Kihon Chosa], Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. We define a firm engaged in both importing and exporting as a GVC firm. Our analysis is conducted for the period 1994–2018, and it covers approximately 10,000 firms for each year with some variations during the period. We combine the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) and Difference in Differences (DID) estimation methods, in order to examine the impact of a shift from non-GVC firm to GVC firm, or participation in GVC by a non-GVC firm, on its productivity. To test the importance of experiences in GVC participation on productivity (learning effect), we estimated the impact not only for the first year of GVC participation but also for subsequent five years. Our analysis showed the impact of GVC participation on productivity is positive for our 110 estimations with few exceptions, and the estimated coefficients are statistically significant for approximately 35 percent of the cases. These findings indicate that the impact of GVC participation on productivity for Japanese manufacturing firms is generally positive, but the impact is not very strong. We also found that the magnitude of positive coefficient increased over time, indicating that it takes GVC participating firms time and experiences to assimilate new technology and management know-how they acquired through GVC participation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japanese and International Economies","volume":"66 ","pages":"Article 101232"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136799224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Erratum to ‘Political conflict and angry consumers: Evaluating the regional impacts of a consumer boycott on travel services trade’ [Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 65 (2022) Article Number 101216]","authors":"JaeBin Ahn , Theresa M. Greaney , Kozo Kiyota","doi":"10.1016/j.jjie.2022.101227","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jjie.2022.101227","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japanese and International Economies","volume":"66 ","pages":"Article 101227"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889158322000363/pdfft?md5=86153a0d2bf83f528f045c9d312bd729&pid=1-s2.0-S0889158322000363-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72580694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Political conflict and angry consumers: Evaluating the regional impacts of a consumer boycott on travel services trade","authors":"JaeBin Ahn , Theresa M. Greaney , Kozo Kiyota","doi":"10.1016/j.jjie.2022.101216","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jjie.2022.101216","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Political conflict between nations sometimes leads to consumer boycotts. We examine the regional impacts of bilateral boycott activity by investigating the 2019 Korean consumer boycott of travel to Japan. Employing triple- and double-differences designs, we find that the impact of the boycott is large and regionally heterogeneous. Japanese prefectures with high (i.e., 75th percentile) pre-boycott dependency on visitors from Korea suffer bilateral export losses of 56.9 to 60.9 percent and aggregate export losses of 10.5 to 13.3 percent. Prefectures with low (i.e., 25th percentile) Korea dependency experience bilateral losses of 47.8 to 49.7 percent and aggregate losses of 3.3 to 4.2 percent.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japanese and International Economies","volume":"65 ","pages":"Article 101216"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889158322000259/pdfft?md5=5cc66bc94710afdcfb2c4c4def7a54d2&pid=1-s2.0-S0889158322000259-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88188480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assessing the impact of China shocks on intra-ASEAN trade","authors":"Kazunobu Hayakawa","doi":"10.1016/j.jjie.2022.101206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjie.2022.101206","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) have made significant efforts to increase intra-ASEAN trade by reducing or eliminating tariffs in the region. However, intra-ASEAN trade as a percentage of total trade in the region has not increased significantly; instead, ASEAN countries' imports from China have grown dramatically. In this study, we examine the causal impacts of imports from China on intra-ASEAN trade by estimating gravity-type equations for intra-ASEAN trade at a highly disaggregated product level for the period 2000–2019. In particular, we address the issues of including observations with zero-valued trade and endogeneity in a gravity equation with multiple high-dimensional fixed effects. As a result, we found that imports from China significantly increase, rather than decrease, intra-ASEAN trade.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japanese and International Economies","volume":"65 ","pages":"Article 101206"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136967870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of the utilization of non-reciprocal trade preferences offered by the QUAD countries on beneficiary countries' economic complexity","authors":"Sèna Kimm Gnangnon","doi":"10.1016/j.jjie.2022.101214","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jjie.2022.101214","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article aims to contribute to the nascent literature on the effect of non-reciprocal trade preferences (NRTPs) on economic complexity in beneficiary countries. It investigates the effect of NRTPs (Generalized Systems of Preferences - GSP - and other trade preferences) offered by the QUAD countries (Canada, the European Union, Japan, and the United States) on the beneficiary countries' levels of economic complexity. The analysis has used a panel dataset of 110 beneficiary countries over the period of 2002-2018, and the two-step system Generalized Method of Moments estimator. Results show that the utilization of NRTPs (either GSP programs or other trade preferences) influences positively economic complexity when beneficiary-countries' shares of exports under the relevant NRTP in total merchandise exports is very high. In addition, GSP programs and other trade preferences jointly promote economic complexity, if the utilization of either NRTP reaches high levels. The utilization of NRTPs also enhances economic complexity in countries that receive high shares of foreign direct investment flows in GDP. Finally, development aid flows are strongly complementary with the utilization of NRTPs in fostering economic complexity, especially when they reach very high amounts. One message conveyed by this analysis is that preference-granting countries (including QUAD countries) should offer both generous NRTPs and high amounts of development aid if NRTPs were to be effective in expanding the manufacturing base in the beneficiary countries, and in particular, in improving their economic complexity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japanese and International Economies","volume":"65 ","pages":"Article 101214"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85681494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effects of financial frictions on employment: Evidence from Japan during the Global Financial Crisis","authors":"Akira Fukuda","doi":"10.1016/j.jjie.2022.101213","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jjie.2022.101213","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study examines the impact of a large credit shock on employment in Japan during the Global Financial Crisis in 2008–2009. To identify which firms faced a serious credit shock, we used variations in the long-term debt that must be repaid in the crisis. Because long-term debt takes more than one year to mature, it was determined independently of employment adjustments during the crisis. Therefore, using long-term debt maturing in a crisis, it is possible to identify the impact of exogenous tightening of the borrowing constraint on employment. We found that companies with a higher ratio of long-term debt maturing during the crisis had a greater negative impact on employment. In particular, the impact increased as the period passed from the shock, and this feature was most conspicuous in the group with the highest proportion of long-term debt maturing in the crisis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":47082,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japanese and International Economies","volume":"65 ","pages":"Article 101213"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75798371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}