{"title":"The Effects of Medicaid Expansion Under the Affordable Care Act on Health Insurance Coverage, Health Care Access, and Health Care Use for People with Disabilities: A Scoping Review","authors":"Xiaobei Dong, N. Miller","doi":"10.1177/10442073221118124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10442073221118124","url":null,"abstract":"More than 27% of individuals in the United States experience a disability. We conducted a scoping review of the literature to examine what is known about the impact of the 2010 Affordable Care Act Medicaid expansion on individuals with disabilities’ health care insurance coverage, health care access, and health care use. We followed the approach of Arskey and O’Malley in conducting our review. Electronic journal databases, hand searching of key health and disability journals, and reference checking were used to identify potential articles for the review. Individuals with disabilities or with conditions that could be disabling were included. The intervention used was the 2010 Affordable Care Act Medicaid expansion. Study eligibility criteria were peer-reviewed studies published in 2014 or later that conducted multivariate analyses of the effect of the Medicaid expansion on people with disabilities’ health insurance coverage, health care access, and health care use. The most consistent finding across studies was that the Medicaid expansion had a positive effect on health insurance coverage. It was generally found to have increased Medicaid coverage and decreased the uninsured rate. Its effect on private or employer-sponsored insurance coverage was a mix of no and negative effects. Findings related to health care access and use of care were more mixed. On a scale of 0 to 8 (highest quality), the quality of individual studies ranged from 2 to 6, with an average across studies of 4.2, the low end of adequate quality. Future studies should develop a more consistent approach to measuring disability and develop a core set of health care access and use measures to facilitate comparisons across studies so as to systematically evaluate the evidence related to the Medicaid expansion.","PeriodicalId":46868,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disability Policy Studies","volume":"34 1","pages":"86 - 96"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45732813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hard LRE Choices in the Era of Inclusion: Rights and Their Implications","authors":"J. Kauffman, Mack D. Burke, D. Anastasiou","doi":"10.1177/10442073221113074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10442073221113074","url":null,"abstract":"Rights of students are often misunderstood. Civil rights of minorities granted by the U.S. Supreme Court are confused with human rights of individuals with disabilities granted by the U.S. Congress. Federal law applying to the education of individuals with disabilities requires that difficult decisions be made by families and schools regarding how to address four different and interrelated provisions of Public Law 94-142 of 1975 (now the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 or IDEA): (a) a free, appropriate public education (FAPE), (b) an Individualized Education Program (IEP), (c) placement in the least restrictive environment (LRE), and (d) a full continuum of alternative placements (CAP). Special attention is given to LRE because the full inclusion movement and other influences related to a portion of disability studies have made it the central issue in special education. Under the law, three hard-to-answer questions must be asked in all cases involving special education: (a) What is an appropriate special education for a particular student with a disability? (b) What is the LRE in which that most appropriate education can occur for that individual student? (c) What is the CAP related to that individualized appropriate education?","PeriodicalId":46868,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disability Policy Studies","volume":"34 1","pages":"61 - 72"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42679534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joan E. West, Virginia L. McLaughlin, K. Shepherd, Rebecca Cokley
{"title":"The Americans With Disabilities Act and the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act: Intersection, Divergence, and the Path Forward","authors":"Joan E. West, Virginia L. McLaughlin, K. Shepherd, Rebecca Cokley","doi":"10.1177/10442073221114113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10442073221114113","url":null,"abstract":"The 30th anniversary of the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) offered an opportunity for reflection on ways that ADA has influenced—and might further shape—the provision of special education under the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), now in its 47th year of implementation. After reviewing the purposes, provisions, and contexts of the two laws, the authors discuss the interplay between IDEA and ADA within several important areas, including the delivery of student services, creation of system-wide frameworks, focus on postsecondary outcomes, and programs in higher education. The authors then consider three factors that create tensions for the ways in which IDEA currently defines disability and addresses student needs: changing demographics in public schools, standards-based reform in education, and the growth of disability rights and activism. The article concludes with recommendations for moving ahead by deepening and expanding the dialogue between special education and the disability rights communities; amplifying the voices of graduates of IDEA; engaging leadership of independent federal advisory agencies to infuse ADA principles into IDEA; and exploring international thinking, scholarship, and practice related to serving all students effectively and inclusively.","PeriodicalId":46868,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disability Policy Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44532030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enduring Equity Questions: A Sequence Analysis of Citations in Response to Racial Inequity via the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act","authors":"Catherine Kramarczuk Voulgarides, A. Aylward","doi":"10.1177/10442073221114102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10442073221114102","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we document patterns of local education agency (LEA) disproportionality citations within one U.S. state spanning an 8-year time period immediately following the 2004 reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) to understand the following: (a) how patterns of disproportionality citations manifest over time in suburban locales, and (b) how often LEAs experience and subsequently are able to successfully address a citation for racial inequity in special education outcomes. We descriptively investigated sequence patterns across suburban locales within one state—New York State (NYS), which serves as a representative case for our analysis. We focus on suburban locales because prior research has documented that a school district’s location (e.g., suburban) relates to the time frame within which a school district was able to address a disproportionality citation. In addition, locale-specific characteristics such as segregation in schools and communities and sociodemographic conditions influence the occurrence of racial disproportionality. Our primary questions driving the descriptive inquiry were as follows: How does variation in sequence patterns for IDEA disproportionality citations manifest within and between suburban locales in NYS? What are the policy implications of these patterns? We conclude with specific recommendations for improving IDEA racial equity policy.","PeriodicalId":46868,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disability Policy Studies","volume":"34 1","pages":"73 - 85"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43687289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Americans Aging with Disabilities Are More Likely to Have Multiple Chronic Conditions","authors":"Debra L. Brucker, E. Lauer, S. Boege","doi":"10.1177/10442073221107079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10442073221107079","url":null,"abstract":"Using data from the 2010 to 2017 U.S. National Health Interview survey, the authors utilized bivariate and multivariate regression analyses to estimate the percentage and odds of having multiple chronic conditions (two or more, three or more) among U.S. adults ages 65 and over with and without disabilities, controlling for sociodemographic factors and presence of psychological distress. Older adults with and without disabilities in the United States most frequently reported having hypertension, arthritis, and diabetes. Regression results indicate that older adults with disabilities are significantly more likely to experience two or more and three or more chronic conditions than older adults without disabilities, controlling for sociodemographic factors and health behaviors. These findings highlight a need for improvement in coordinated care that considers both disability and multiple chronic conditions in the management of patient health to support well-being in aging.","PeriodicalId":46868,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disability Policy Studies","volume":"34 1","pages":"52 - 60"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42938494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Exploring the Truth of Michael Yudin’s Claim: The More Time Students With Disabilities Spend in General Classrooms, the Better They Do Academically","authors":"D. Fuchs, Hilary C. Mirowitz, Jennifer K Gilbert","doi":"10.1177/10442073221097713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10442073221097713","url":null,"abstract":"Many K–Grade 12 students with disabilities (SWDs) in the United States spend a large portion of their school day in general classrooms because of a prevailing view that they are more appropriately challenging and beneficial than other educational placements. We questioned this belief by exploring a “dosage” hypothesis: The more time SWD are in general classrooms the better they do academically. We assembled a database spanning 1998 to 2015, inclusive. For 9 of these years, we found both Office of Special Education Program’s placement data and National Center for Education Statistics’ reading data. We ran multilevel growth models to describe trends across time for the placement and reading data. Findings indicated a steadily increasing trend for general class placement and a positive but decelerating trend for reading performance, which together produced a widening placement–performance gap after 2007. Among 10 states/jurisdictions with the strongest positive trends for general class placement, there was no uniform pattern of reading performance across years. In short, we found little corroboration of a dosage hypothesis.","PeriodicalId":46868,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disability Policy Studies","volume":"33 1","pages":"236 - 252"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46893087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Issues of Confidentiality and Potential Disability Discrimination in Behavior Intervention Team Responses to College Student Suicidality","authors":"Emily M. Lund","doi":"10.1177/10442073221094808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10442073221094808","url":null,"abstract":"In response to concerns about liability and safety, many colleges and universities have instituted Behavior Intervention Teams (BITs) to help assess and intervene with students who may pose a risk of harm to self or others. Students, lawyers, and advocates have raised concerns about some aspects of the implementation of BITs and related institutional policies, particularly with regard to students who are suicidal and those who engage in self-injurious behavior. Specifically, BITs are on complicated legal ground regarding confidentiality, disability civil rights law, and potential discriminatory or disparate treatment of students with psychiatric disabilities. In addition to reviewing the nature and background of BITs, this article reviews the professional, ethical, and legal issues surrounding confidentiality in the context of university intervention with students who are at risk for harm to self and the potentially applicable of disability civil rights law to BIT intervention with students who are suicidal. Suggestions for alternative and supplemental interventions, especially widespread use of suicide gatekeeping, are provided. Finally, the need for advocates who are knowledgeable in disability civil rights law is highlighted.","PeriodicalId":46868,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disability Policy Studies","volume":"33 1","pages":"209 - 219"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45718853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Shogren, Jesse R. Pace, D. Wittenburg, Sheida K. Raley, Tyler A. Hicks, Graham G. Rifenbark, K. Lane, Mark H. Anderson
{"title":"Self-Report and Administrative Data on Disability and IEP Status: Examining Differences and Impacts on Intervention Outcomes","authors":"K. Shogren, Jesse R. Pace, D. Wittenburg, Sheida K. Raley, Tyler A. Hicks, Graham G. Rifenbark, K. Lane, Mark H. Anderson","doi":"10.1177/10442073221094811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10442073221094811","url":null,"abstract":"Differences in perceptions of disability between students and administrators can play a role in youth’s educational experience. This study used data from a cluster randomized controlled trial (C-RCT) of the Self-Determined Learning Model of Instruction (SDLMI) to first compare student self-report of disability status to matched administrative data and second to examine the impact of the data source utilized on trial outcomes. The findings demonstrate substantive gaps between self-reports and administrative reports of disability. While some differences might be expected, the size of the differences is notable, especially given that many students identified as having an Individualized Education Program in administrative data did not self-identify as receiving services or having a disability. The findings advance understanding of discrepancies in self-reported disability and administrative data in secondary intervention research. We also found the interpretation of group differences (students with vs. without disabilities) on trial outcomes was sensitive to the source of the data (self vs. administrative) used to establish disability status. This finding can inform future research and policy, as the data source selected to define disability populations across research studies likely has substantive impacts on conclusions drawn about the impact of interventions on students with disabilities. We cannot identify all the factors driving these differences. Nonetheless, the findings underscore the importance of providing clarity about decisions made in defining disability populations in intervention research.","PeriodicalId":46868,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disability Policy Studies","volume":"33 1","pages":"253 - 266"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42764945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"School Shootings: Learning to Look for the Right Signals","authors":"H. Walker, Gary Brown","doi":"10.1177/10442073221094796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10442073221094796","url":null,"abstract":"This commentary addresses the justification provided by the Michigan school superintendent for returning Ethan Crumbley, of Oxford High School, to his classroom following some red flag warnings about him from two of his teachers prior to the school shootings. It suggests warning signs and prevention strategies that could be used to reduce school violence in the future. The commentary argues that extreme behavioral events rather than the frequency of disciplinary problems are more likely harbingers of school violence tragedies.","PeriodicalId":46868,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disability Policy Studies","volume":"33 1","pages":"223 - 224"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47476732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Implications of Physical Access Barriers for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment in Women with Mobility Disability.","authors":"Nicole Agaronnik, Areej El-Jawahri, Lisa Iezzoni","doi":"10.1177/10442073211010124","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10442073211010124","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>More than 30 years since enactment of the Americans with Disabilities Act, people with disability continue to face physical access barriers, notably inaccessible medical diagnostic equipment, in clinical settings. Access barriers affect breast cancer screening and treatment for women with disability.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used standard diagnosis codes and natural language processing to screen electronic health records (EHRs) in a digital data repository from a large healthcare delivery system for patients with pre-existing mobility disability diagnosed with breast cancer between 2005-2017. We reviewed EHRs of 20 patients, using conventional content analysis to examine breast cancer diagnosis and treatment experiences.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Clinicians noted challenges positioning patients for routine procedures including manual breast exam, screening mammography, and breast biopsies. Given challenges accommodating disability for adjuvant therapies, mastectomy was favored over breast-conserving options despite early stages of diagnosis. Notations contained little information about proactive problem-solving for arranging accommodations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Notations described physical access barriers for breast cancer detection and treatment, with limited planning for mitigating barriers. Despite 2017 promulgation of federal Standards for Accessible Medical Diagnostic Equipment, implementing these standards requires further rulemaking.</p>","PeriodicalId":46868,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Disability Policy Studies","volume":"33 1","pages":"46-54"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9307057/pdf/nihms-1764869.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9912751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}