Anthropologie最新文献

{"title":"Le Paléolithique Supérieur (« PS ») ou le crépuscule de l’humanité. Vue Synthétique","authors":"Marcel Otte","doi":"10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103283","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103283","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Human evolution is broken in two: that before and that after the appearance of the images. From this event, the influence of thought on the world was total. Once started, this process was global and endless until today where it is still active. From images, these processes were transposed to weapons and conquests. The animal is then reduced to a useful material, to an illusion, to a reference, contrasting with lifestyles several hundred thousand years old where nature was respected and considered as a partner. By imposing itself on Europe, modern man has gradually destroyed all relationships with nature, his own included.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46860,"journal":{"name":"Anthropologie","volume":"128 4","pages":"Article 103283"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142700160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hymnes à la Vie dans l’art pariétal du Paléolithique supérieur en Europe occidentale","authors":"Benoît de Seille ,&nbsp;Jean-Michel de Seille","doi":"10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103313","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103313","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>After having briefly revisited the path of the human thoughts initially conceptual then sequentially abstract, artistic, social, symbolic, spiritual and finally mythical, our work is focusing on three majors cave paintings discovered in France, namely the Chauvet, Combarelles and Lascaux caves. A specific tool used in this study is the relationship between personal and collective consciousness-unconsciousness revealed by Carl-Gustav JUNG. Located in deep in the human collective unconsciousness, the archetypes are generating various but specific human behaviours and particularly the archetype “Anima” physiologically in charge of both the basic impulse of life and the related myths painted on the cave walls. Numerous symbols are analysed such as the Divine embodied by the hierophany of the mammoth. Two epiphanies are also highlighted: the cervid for immortality (deer antlers growing back every year) and the ibex, incarnation of the rainbow, link between the High (the sky) and the Low (the earth). The use of the “image-number”, a new concept implemented in the analysis of the “Salle des taureaux” (Hall of the bulls) in the Lascaux cave, is revealing both the reproduction and the perpetuation of the life. In the Magdalenian Combarelles Cave, a trilogy of the Divine is disclosed along with several representations of the human being. Finally, a table recapitulating the various upper paleolithic epiphanies reviewed in this study is displayed, enlightening that life is sacred.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46860,"journal":{"name":"Anthropologie","volume":"128 5","pages":"Article 103313"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143165165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Œuvres d’art méconnues de la grotte du Mas d’Azil (Ariège). Les aurochs « mal définis » de la collection Marthe et Saint-Just Péquart. Musée d’Archéologie nationale","authors":"Audrey Rouquette ,&nbsp;Catherine Schwab ,&nbsp;Patrick Paillet","doi":"10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103307","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103307","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The left bank of the Arize has a particularly important place in the history of the Mas d’Azil cave, as it was on this hundred-meter-long terrace that Édouard Piette (1827–1906) first recognised the Azilian period (between 14,500 and 12,000<!--> <!-->cal BP) in 1889. Beneath this Azilian horizon, a flood silt nearly 6 centimeters thick yielded various lenses of Magdalenian artefacts, more or less disturbed, some evoking the Upper Magdalenian, others the Middle Magdalenian (between around 18,000 and 14,000 years ago). Between 1935 and 1937, following upheavals in the cave ten years earlier, Marthe and Saint-Just Péquart resumed the Piette excavations in order to identify the Azilian horizon on this left bank and study its stratigraphy. The two bone fragments from these excavations presented in this article, each engraved with a representation of an aurochs, have rarely been published, let alone studied. It is an analysis of the graphic conventions developed by the representations of these two bovids, which are quite different from the rest of the Magdalenian corpus that leads us to question their chrono-cultural attribution. Could these objects be the work of the last Magdalenians, or even the first Azilians in the Mas d’Azil cave? The archaeostratigraphically unsatisfactory conditions in which they were found provide an opportunity for renewed discussion of their stratigraphic origin, and in so doing of the cultural affiliations of their authors. H. Delporte attributes them to an ‘ill-defined Magdalenian’, without however specifying the origin or the reasons for this attribution. As the left bank of the site has been extensively disturbed by successive excavation campaigns (Piette between 1887 and 1894, Breuil in 1901 and 1902), it cannot be ruled out that these two pieces may come from levels other than those envisaged by H. Delporte, and why not from the Azilian. A certain degree of kinship seems to link them with other known works from the post-Magdalenian figurative corpus, within the Azilo-Laborian techno-complexes, at the Paleo-Mesolithic junction. Some of their other graphic characteristics reflect a gradual dilution of Magdalenian art towards new expressive repertoires. The formal singularities and graphic codes of these two representations show us the extreme porosity of styles at the end of the Tardiglacial period. The various analyses and interpretations proposed here are based on new discoveries relating to this Tardiglacial art. The results of the collective research program ‘Archives of a cave: from paleoenvironmental and paleolithic archaeological archives to excavation archives (Mas d’Azil cave, Ariège)’, led by Marc Jarry, Laurent Bruxelles, Céline Pallier (INRAP) and François Bon (UMR Traces–University of Toulouse) since 2018, may also help to confirm their location within the stratigraphy of the site.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46860,"journal":{"name":"Anthropologie","volume":"128 5","pages":"Article 103307"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143166367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zooarchaeological analysis of the Raşcov 7 Upper Palaeolithic site (Republic of Moldova)","authors":"Laëtitia Demay ,&nbsp;Roman Croitor ,&nbsp;Sergei Covalenco ,&nbsp;Theodor Obadă ,&nbsp;Viorica Pascari","doi":"10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103299","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103299","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Raşcov 7 is a site with a rich abundance of archaeological remains and is considered to be one of the earliest sites dating back to the beginning of the second part of the upper Pleniglacial period in the southeast region of the Carpathians. The lithic industry at the site exhibits epiaurignacian characteristics, with some epigravettian pieces also present. In order to gain a deeper understanding of human activities, butchering strategies and territory occupation, this study focuses on a comprehensive zooarchaeological analysis of the faunal remains, including a taphonomic approach. The faunal spectrum at the site is diverse, which could be attributed to the proximity of various environments such as steppe, riparian forest and plateau, all existing within a cold dominant climate. The site is believed to represent several short-term occupations between the end of the warm season and the beginning of the warm season. The primary exploited taxa found at the site are reindeer, horses, and mammoths. The utilization of reindeer and horses was a typical behavior during this period in the area, but it appears to be more intensive than in other sites. In addition, the site may have also seen the exploitation of woolly mammoths and possibly rhinos, suggesting the involvement of specific activities or ethnic groups within the Molodovian cultural area.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46860,"journal":{"name":"Anthropologie","volume":"128 4","pages":"Article 103299"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142700158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Géographie de la circulation et des campements au Paléolithique supérieur","authors":"Henry Baills,&nbsp;Marc Calvet","doi":"10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103298","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103298","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study concerns a depression located in the eastern part of the Corbières, drained by three divergent valleys: the Ravin d’en Saman-Cabrils, the Ravin du Rodonar, and the Rec del Fenoll. It extends over 5<!--> <!-->km on either side of the Coll del Boix, which actually forms the watershed of the various local streams. Systematic surveys of this valley were initiated in 1992, following the discovery of a first site: Jas d’en Biel 1 (<em>JB1</em>). Between this date and 2015, nearly ten sites were found as a result of surface collections. This contribution examines seven of them, which yielded the largest number of lithic artifacts. Only one belongs to the Mesolithic (Rec de La Redouna 2, <em>RDR2</em>), another to the Solutrean (Ruisseau de la Boulière 2, <em>RDB2</em>), the rest belong to the early Upper Paleolithic (Aurignacian, Gravettian) (Font d’en Marc, <em>FM</em>; Jas d’en Biel 1 and 2, <em>JB1</em> and <em>JB2</em>; Ravin d’en Saman 1-2, <em>RS1</em>-<em>RS2</em>; Ravin d’en Saman 4-5, <em>RS4</em>-<em>RS5</em>). Although, for taphonomic reasons, only lithic industries have been preserved, depriving us of paleoenvironmental data, the location of the sites in the heart of the valley, on the slopes of Coll del Boix, provides rich insights into anthropic choices. Hunting activity, targeting animals with gregarious behavior, appears to have been the main motivation. Other factors certainly played a significant role: proximity to water, solar exposure, shelter from prevailing winds, and the lightness of soils. The Ravin d’en Saman-Cabrils and Rec del Fenoll valley represents to date a fine example of a geomorphological and archaeological approach to interpret and understand the choices made by Paleolithic hunters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46860,"journal":{"name":"Anthropologie","volume":"128 4","pages":"Article 103298"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142700155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Schème, schéma et chaîne opératoire : des concepts à croiser en préhistoire — application à l’instrumentation des pêcheurs mésolithiques d’Europe du Nord","authors":"Albane Mazet ,&nbsp;Éva David ,&nbsp;Peter C. Woodman","doi":"10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103297","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103297","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The theoretical notions of scheme, conceptual schema and <em>chaîne opératoire</em> are at the foundation of the technical analysis of prehistoric material productions. Widely used to highlight technical intentions involved in the tool manufacturing processes, these notions lead to discussing the Being of Technology through the technical behaviour analysis, which appears through the manufacture and use of tools. The article explores these notions, used in Prehistory, in their fundamental complementarity, while taking into account the different levels of analysis involved. Based on two case studies attributed to recent phases of European prehistory (8th-6th millennia calBC), these notions are applied to two bone tools assemblages, one from the site of Skipshelleren (Norway) and the other one from dredging of the River Bann (Ireland). According to the analysis of these tools of the same utility – i.e. the acquisition of the fishery resource –, the raw material used – generally long and flat bones of large mammals – offered and, at the same time, conditioned the technical possibilities governing the making and use of this equipment. With comparable technical constraints, the study of technical and morphological recurrences indicates the way in which prehistoric artisans took advantage of the anatomical configuration of these raw materials and these results reveal distinct production and functional strategies, which meet specific objectives. In order to identify the technical intention underlying these strategies, the theoretical notions of schemes, schema and <em>chaîne opératoire</em> are applied as powerful conceptual tools. Starting from archaeological material, the inferences obtained by their cross-application make it possible to discuss the way in which material constraints and technical traditions intersect and structure the Technique which, over the long term, follows its own trajectories in specific environments. The article thus demonstrates the way in which we can, from the observation of technical manifestations – <em>chaîne opératoire</em> – understand the organization of technical practice – conceptual schema – and reflect on the underlying technical logic – schemes –, which are interpreted in the light of material constraints.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46860,"journal":{"name":"Anthropologie","volume":"128 4","pages":"Article 103297"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142700161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human behavior, space and activity. Methodological discussion on the spatial organization of camps by Mesolithic communities based on the Nieborowa I (Poland)","authors":"Tomasz Boroń ,&nbsp;Małgorzata Winiarska-Kabacińska","doi":"10.1016/j.anthro.2023.103150","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anthro.2023.103150","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The reconstruction of the spatial organization of the Mesolithic camp was presented using the example of a selected flint material from the Nieborowa site located in central eastern Poland. The results of the study discussed in this paper were compared with data obtained by archaeologists from other European research centers. In addition to the detailed interpretation of individual activity zones established based on refitted flint blocks and the dispersion of fictionally identified lithics, this paper also discusses the problem of dividing tasks into “male” and “female” jobs, drawing on the conclusions presented in ethnoarchaeological publications and the methodology of studying archaeological sources applied by the authors. The last issue discussed in the context of the spatial organization of activity zones is the role that the analyzed settlement episode played in the socio-cultural system of late Mesolithic communities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46860,"journal":{"name":"Anthropologie","volume":"128 4","pages":"Article 103150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44583244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nouvelles données sur le Paléolithique supérieur du Bassin de Minoussinsk, Sibérie du Sud (le site d’Irba 2)","authors":"Sergey A. Vasil’ev ,&nbsp;Andrey V. Polïakov ,&nbsp;Petr B. Amzarakov ,&nbsp;Yury V. Ryjov ,&nbsp;Tatiana V. Korneva ,&nbsp;Tatiana V. Sapelko ,&nbsp;Gennady F. Barychnikov ,&nbsp;Natalya D. Bourova ,&nbsp;Evgeniy Y. Girïa ,&nbsp;Galina Y. Yamskikh","doi":"10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103296","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103296","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The paper deals with the results of the realization a salvage archaeology project connected with the construction of the railway from Kyzyl to Kuragino (the Krasnoyarsk Region, South Siberia) in 2012 and 2015. During the exploration of the multicomponent habitation site of Irba 2 below the Holocene cultural strata Pleistocene remains have been unearthed. These include bones of bison (dominant), reindeer, red deer, wild horse, brown bear and the Don hare. It is interesting to note the discovery of an antler fragment belonging to a giant deer, probably <em>Megaloceros giganteus</em>. Radiocarbon dates indicate the Final Pleistocene age (<em>ca.</em> 13 to 11 kyr BP). Paleolithic remains are represented by concentrations of chipped stone and bones, round or oval-shaped in plain view separated by empty spaces. Spatial distribution of remains notably differs from well-known habitation of Final Paleolithic sites located in the Yenisei River valley. The spatial organization of these sites associated with laminated fluvial sediments forming low-lying terraces is structurally similar to the Magdalenian settlements of the Paris Basin while Irba 2 has resemblances with the Federmesser and Belloisian sites of Closeau type. The lithic industry of the site is characteristic of groups of sites belonging to the Afontova culture predominant in the upper reaches of Yenisei during the Final Upper Paleolithic. The rare finding, a unique engraved oval-shaped flat pebble of white marble is worth to mention. It has 37 lateral grooves, cross-shaped engravings in the central parts of both lateral surfaces and traces of unfinished hollows. The nearest analogs are agalmatolithic discs from the old excavations of the sites of Afontova Gora II and III located at Krasnoyarsk. These findings are rare in the Paleolithic and could be considered as amulets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46860,"journal":{"name":"Anthropologie","volume":"128 4","pages":"Article 103296"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142700159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A newly-discovered stone pendant from the Upper Palaeolithic of Poiana Cireșului-Piatra Neamț (Romania) and its wider context","authors":"Marin Cârciumaru ,&nbsp;Elena-Cristina Nițu ,&nbsp;Marcel Otte ,&nbsp;Paul Pettitt ,&nbsp;Ovidiu Cîrstina ,&nbsp;Marian Leu ,&nbsp;Florin-Ionuț Lupu ,&nbsp;Horia Ghiță","doi":"10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103282","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103282","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In 2022, a stone pendant was recovered from the Upper Palaeolithic (Gravettian I) level of Poiana Cireșului-Piatra Neamț, Romania. Dating to ∼24,096-22992<!--> <!-->cal. BP, it is made on an oval-shaped quartz/quartzite pebble of 29<!--> <!-->mm maximum dimensions. It bears 11 discrete incisions around its circumference, and a perforation to allow for suspension. Unlike other known Gravettian pendants from the Romanian sites of Mitoc-Malul Galben, the Cioarei-Boroșteni cave and additional items from Poiana Cireșului-Piatra Neamț, this pendant bears no decoration on either face, and the incisions on its circumference are superficial and hardly visible, adding to the picture of variability of Eastern European personal ornamentation. We present it here, discussing its significance as part of a chronologically and regionally constrained visual symbol in Eastern Europe during the 24^th millennium BP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46860,"journal":{"name":"Anthropologie","volume":"128 4","pages":"Article 103282"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142700157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The rock art of Tang-e Chek Chek in Rostaq, Iran","authors":"Morteza Khanipour","doi":"10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103308","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.anthro.2024.103308","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Archaeology studies rock art as folk art that expresses taste, art, and daily concerns. These rock arts and this opinion have not been discussed in Iran for two decades. According to some researchers, these motifs were created by shepherds who did not attach much cultural significance to them. Rock art is well understood by researchers, and ordinary people also like it. During the author's archaeological survey of Darab County, rock art of the pictogram type was identified in Teng-e Chek Chek. There were religious buildings present to some extent, according to researchers, but none mentioned the presence of these motifs. There is a variety of motifs above, including anthropomorphs, zoomorphs, plants, geometric shapes, and unspecified motifs. These motifs are drawn in red or black on natural rock, and comprise a high percentage of anthropomorphic motifs. Clearly, there is a need to preserve extraordinary artefacts, and rock art tourism in the south of Iran can continue to thrive thanks to these motifs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":46860,"journal":{"name":"Anthropologie","volume":"128 5","pages":"Article 103308"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143166371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}