Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications最新文献

{"title":"Detecting expertise in decision making under pressure: a virtual reality assessment environment and empirical evaluation.","authors":"Matthew B Thompson, Varun Gandhi, Alexandra Richardson-Newton, Guillermo Campitelli","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00695-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-025-00695-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Professions such as military, aviation, submarine operation, and emergency response require individuals to navigate complex environments characterized by limited information, stringent time constraints, and significant pressures. Effective decision making under pressure is crucial in safety-critical professions, yet measuring this expertise remains challenging. Inspired by the military context, this article introduces the virtual reality decision-making expertise (VR-DMX) environment, designed to evaluate decision-making expertise under time constraints within a virtual reality scenario. VR-DMX simulates an amusement arcade where users must decide how to allocate time across various games to maximize ticket earnings. Through two validation studies (N = 60 and N = 76), we examined two metrics: Total Tickets (measuring overall performance) and DMX score (isolating decision-making quality). Both metrics demonstrated symmetrical distributions without floor or ceiling effects, with coefficients of variation comparable to established individual difference measures (32.4-37.4% for Total Tickets; 20.8-27.6% for DMX score). The moderate correlation between metrics (meta-analysis r = 0.771, 95% CI [0.599, 0.943]) indicates they measure related but distinct constructs. Our findings indicate that VR-DMX effectively differentiates individual performance levels and captures a distinct decision-making component that is separate from general cognitive abilities. Comparing decision-making expertise between professionals in safety-critical fields with those without such experience would be a sensible next step to help validate the potential for selection and training applications. VR-DMX was designed to measure decision-making expertise in safety-critical contexts, and initial validation data demonstrating effective differentiation of individual performance levels suggest that continued development could fulfill this design intention for applications in selection, training, and performance prediction.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"11 1","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12783459/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145935407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is this real? Susceptibility to deepfakes in machines and humans.","authors":"Didem Pehlivanoglu, Mengdi Zhu, Jialong Zhen, Aude A Gagnon-Roberge, Rebecca K Kern, Damon Woodard, Brian S Cahill, Natalie C Ebner","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00700-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-025-00700-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Deepfakes are synthetic media created by deep-generative methods to fake a person's audio-visual representation. Growing sophistication of deepfake technology poses significant challenges for both machine learning (ML) algorithms and humans. Here we used real and deepfake static face images (Study 1) and dynamic videos (Study 2) to (i) investigate sources of misclassification errors in machines, (ii) identify psychological mechanisms underlying detection performance in humans, and (iii) compare humans and machines in their classification decision accuracy and confidence. Study 1 found that machines achieved excellent performance in classifying real and deepfake images, with good accuracy in feature classification. Humans, in contrast, experienced challenges in distinguishing between real and deepfake static images. Their classification accuracy was at chance level, and this underperformance relative to machines was accompanied by a truth bias and low confidence for the detection of deepfake images. Using dynamic video stimuli, Study 2 found that performance of machines was near chance level, with poor feature classification. Further, machines showed greater lie bias and reduced decision confidence relative to humans who outperformed machines in the detection of video deepfakes. Finally, Study 2 revealed that higher analytical thinking, lower positive affect, and greater internet skills were associated with better video deepfake detection in humans. Combined, the findings across these two studies advance understanding of factors contributing to deepfake detection in both machines and humans; and can inform intervention toward tackling the growing threat from deepfakes by identifying areas of particular benefit from human-AI collaboration to optimize the detection of deepfakes.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"11 1","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12779810/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145919131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the influence of design-related factors on human-AI teaming in a face matching task.","authors":"Eesha Kokje, Eva Lermer, Christopher Donkin, Susanne Gaube","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00701-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-025-00701-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There has been a steep rise in the use of decision aids enabled by artificial intelligence (AI) for facial identity verification. The use of such systems and the impact of their implementation on human decision-making is still not well understood. The current study aimed to explore factors associated with the design of the paradigm and of the presentation of AI-enabled predictions. Across three pre-registered experiments, we examined the impact of (a) stated AI accuracy, (b) mismatch frequency (i.e. proportion of match and mismatch pairs), and (c) advice type (binary only vs. binary + similarity rating) on performance in a one-to-one face matching task. Participants' performance generally improved when aided by AI compared to a baseline without decision support. The largest improvement was observed when no information on the AI's overall accuracy was provided. Further, the frequency of mismatches did not influence performance, but biased responses. Finally, similarity ratings marginally improved overall performance and increased users' certainty in their decisions, but did not help to dismiss inaccurate predictions. Additionally, two findings were consistent across all experiments. First, participants often failed to dismiss inaccurate AI predictions, resulting in significantly lower performance compared to accurate predictions. Second, on a group level, the human-AI team did not outperform the AI alone, though examination of individual performance showed that some participants were able to exceed the AI's accuracy. These findings contribute towards determining appropriate design formats for AI prediction in a human-in-the-loop system, so that the performance of the human-AI team can be maximised.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"11 1","pages":"4"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12779867/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145919050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the cognitive cost of multimedia learning: effects of visual load and language proficiency.","authors":"Cintia Bali, Buket Tasdelen, Szabolcs Bandi, András Zsidó","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00699-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-025-00699-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multimedia learning environments require learners to process and integrate information across visual and auditory modalities, often under conditions of limited cognitive capacity. In this study, we examined how visual load (defined as the number of images accompanying audio narration) and individual differences in language proficiency, sustained attention, and working memory influence learning outcomes in international university students. In two experiments (N = 61, M = 21.2 years), we examined how different visual loads affected memory recall. In Experiment 1, participants viewed narrated slides that included varying numbers of images, specifically from 0 to 3 images, and then completed an immediate recall task. In Experiment 2, we compared recall performance for audio-only vs. audio-and-picture information across two visual load conditions (1 vs. 3 images). Results showed that increasing visual support enhanced the learning of audio-and-picture information but had no benefit for audio-only content. Additionally, lower English proficiency and reduced attention were associated with poorer recall, especially under higher visual load. These findings support cognitive load theory and highlight how individual cognitive and language abilities can limit effective multimedia learning. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the design of digital instructional materials tailored for diverse learner populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"11 1","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12775221/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145913431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Political partisanship and perceived partisan threat relate to simple trust decisions.","authors":"Brittany S Cassidy, Junaid Rasool, Israel W Smitherman, BoKyung Park, Kendra L Seaman","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00698-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-025-00698-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Affective polarization in the USA is an ongoing and pervasive problem eroding cooperation and productive debate related to partisan and non-partisan topics. Such findings signal an inherent mistrust of opposing partisans that is likely related to the extent of threat people believe opposing partisans pose to them. Whereas past work has examined the mistrust and threat characteristic of affective polarization in complex social environments as well as in social perception, no work to date has examined their effects in the context of simple everyday decisions. The current work filled this gap in the literature by examining effects of political partisanship and perceived partisan threat on trust behavior indexed by a trust game widely used in decision-making research. Across two studies using college-aged adults (Study 1) and adults across the lifespan (Study 2), participant and target partisanship interacted to affect trust. Across studies, more liberal participants exhibited lower trust toward Republicans than Democrats. However, more conservative participants' trust either remained stable across party lines (Study 1) or exhibited lower trust toward Democrats than Republicans (Study 2). In Study 1, these patterns were paralleled when substituting perceived partisan threat toward Republicans and Democrats for political ideology. Study 2 manipulated partisan threat to show larger participant-based partisan differences in trust when partisan partners were more versus less threatening. These findings in part support threat-related affective polarization in trust decisions and have implications for intergroup interactions along partisan lines in everyday life.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"11 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12764723/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145893420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"Freely explore this environment\": individual differences in exploration behavior and survey knowledge.","authors":"Veronica Muffato, Laura Miola, Sara Errigo, Francesca Pazzaglia, Chiara Meneghetti","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00696-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-025-00696-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When navigating individuals form mental representations of their environment. Significant individual differences exist, particularly in the ability to develop survey knowledge-a map-like understanding of spatial relationships. While many studies have focused on navigation via predetermined routes, less is known about individual differences in learning environments from free exploration. This study investigated whether exploration behaviors, such as the tendency to revisit places or diffuse in the environment, are linked to mental representations and whether visuospatial factors, like visuospatial working memory and self-reported wayfinding inclinations (e.g., self-efficacy and pleasure in exploring, and spatial anxiety), contribute to these relationships. A sample of 234 participants (147 womencompleted a visuospatial working memory task and wayfinding questionnaires, then freely explored a virtual city in a CAVE environment. Revisiting (tendency to re-explore visited areas) and diffusion (extent of environmental coverage) were calculated. Their survey knowledge was assessed using a map drawing task. The results showed that exploration behaviors were related to individual differences: women exhibited less revisiting and diffusion than men; higher self-efficacy and pleasure in exploring were associated with reduced revisiting; and joystick familiarity favoured diffusion. Furthermore, exploration behaviors mediated the relationship between gender and self-efficacy and pleasure in exploring with map accuracy. Map drawing was also directly predicted by visuospatial working memory ability. These findings offer insights into the role of individual differences in exploration behaviors and their relationship to survey knowledge gained from free exploration, highlighting the importance of individual factors in how environments are experienced and processed.Significance statementSome people are better at understanding where landmarks are in a place and how they are connected, while others find it more difficult. This paper investigates whether the way we move through an environment (how we explore) relates to this ability, along with other personal factors. When exploring a city, some people move around a lot, while others stay closer to familiar areas. We found that this is related to how well people understand the layout of the place. Importantly, we also found that personal attitudes toward orientation matter: people who feel more confident and enjoy exploring tend to revisit places less. On the other hand, the ability to mentally handle visual and spatial information (visuospatial working memory) doesn't change how we explore, but it does help us build a better understanding of the environment. Gender and familiarity with using a joystick also related to how people explored and what they learned. By studying how people move and how this relates to their individual characteristics, we can better understand how we learn about the environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"10 1","pages":"86"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12717347/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145795102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using live-action 360-degree video to assess the impact of exposure duration on eyewitness identification accuracy at high confidence in children and adults.","authors":"Kara N Moore, Dara U Zwemer, James Michael Lampinen, Pia Pennekamp, Thomas J Nyman, Pekka Santtila, Julia Korkman, Jan Antfolk, Chenxin Yu","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00692-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-025-00692-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The pristine conditions hypothesis postulates that highly confident witnesses will be highly accurate, even when witnessing conditions are poor. Recent research has extended this to children and concluded that, on average, child-eyewitnesses who are highly confident are rather accurate (i.e., 85-97%, Winsor et al., Journal of Experimental Psychology. General 150:2387-2407, 2021). However, this has only been tested in good witnessing conditions. Since then, research in adults has shown that, in some poor witnessing conditions, the high confidence-accuracy relationship breaks down. We sought to determine if highly confident child and adult eyewitnesses would be highly accurate even in poor witnessing conditions. We presented 1,055 participants (485 young children, 357 older children, and 213 adults) with a 360-degree live-action mock-crime video in a virtual reality headset. To test whether witnessing conditions impact children's confidence-accuracy relationship, we manipulated exposure duration (short-6 s, long-34 s) at encoding and the presence of the culprit in the lineup identification task. Surprisingly, memory strength was weak for all age groups under good and poor witnessing conditions. There were so few high confidence identifications in adults that the confidence-accuracy relationship could not be plotted. Importantly, we found that the pristine conditions hypothesis does not hold regardless of the state of the witnessing condition. This research suggests that there are boundary conditions to the pristine conditions hypothesis and that further research is needed to determine the boundary conditions of the pristine conditions hypothesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"10 1","pages":"85"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12708499/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145769498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reading numbers is hard, and the difficulty is a syntactic one: a descriptive analysis of number-reading patterns in readers with and without dysnumeria.","authors":"Noa Handelsman, Dror Dotan","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00694-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-025-00694-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Number transcoding, the ability to convert digits to words and vice versa, is a critical skill in mathematical literacy and in everyday life. While transcoding is known to be difficult for children, it is unclear whether it challenges adults too, and if so, what the source of that difficulty is. Here, we analyzed the number reading performance of 172 neurotypical adults. Their mean error rate was 6.5%, considerably higher than that typically observed in word-reading tasks, indicating that transcoding is a relatively challenging task even in adulthood. To investigate the cognitive origin of this difficulty, we examined the error types produced by these participants, as well as by a second group of 51 adults with a number-reading deficit (dysnumeria, mean error rate of 28.7%). In both groups, most errors reflected corruptions of the number's syntactic structure. Moreover, among adults with dysnumeria, the most common subtype was syntactic dysnumeria. These findings indicate that, as in children, the primary challenge in adult number reading lies in the processing of the number's syntactic structure.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"10 1","pages":"84"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12690019/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145716094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A closer look at students' knowledge of effective learning strategies, where they learn about them, and why they do not use them.","authors":"Shana K Carpenter, Christopher A Sanchez","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00693-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-025-00693-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The current survey measured students' knowledge, use, and perceived effectiveness of different learning strategies. Whereas a common assumption from previous research is that students forego using effective strategies because they lack awareness of them, the current results demonstrate that students are quite aware of certain strategies such as retrieval practice, spacing, and explaining, but are less aware of other strategies like pretesting and interleaving, and seem to overrate the effectiveness of highlighting and rereading notes. Even when students were aware of effective learning strategies, their primary reasons for not using them were the cognitive costs associated with them (time, effort, anxiety, and increased planning and preparation). Students reported teachers, friends, and self-discovery as the most common sources of learning about both effective and ineffective strategies, and published research as the least common source. We discuss the implications of these results for designing interventions aimed at improving students' self-regulated learning decisions.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"10 1","pages":"83"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12686233/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145702377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-stakes psychomotor ability assessment: a military selection case study of practice effects in airplane tracking tasks.","authors":"Christopher Draheim, Ciara Sibley, Nathan Herdener, Aaron Cochrane, S R Melick, Kaylin Strong, Joseph T Coyne","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00672-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-025-00672-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aviation selection tests are high-stakes assessments designed to identify candidates capable of succeeding in demanding flight environments. Most branches of the US military incorporate both content-based and process-based assessments to evaluate prior knowledge and reasoning ability, respectively. A challenge with high-stakes process tests is that their validity requires participant naivety, which is increasingly difficult to maintain in the modern internet era. As such, these high-stakes tests must be continuously evaluated to ensure the most valid, reliable, and cost-effective selection procedures are employed. To address this, we examined practice effects in the psychomotor airplane tracking tasks of the Navy's Aviation Selection Test Battery (ASTB). We had 146 Naval Flight Students and 119 enlisted Sailors perform the ASTB's psychomotor battery six times across two days. Results revealed large practice effects, shifting in rank ordering of individuals across attempts, and that psychomotor performance had not stabilized even by the sixth attempt. Prior action video gaming and flight simulator gaming experience correlated with psychomotor performance, with some evidence that improvements were related, albeit weakly, to either gaming experience or initial performance. Finally, correlations between psychomotor performance and eventual naval flight training scores were stable across the six attempts, but simulations indicated predictive validity can range widely if participants have differing levels of practice from one another. Overall, these findings indicate that the psychomotor component of the ASTB is a valuable inclusion to the Naval Flight School selection process but also could benefit from further refinement.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"10 1","pages":"82"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12673010/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145662341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}