Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications最新文献

{"title":"Warning people about the risk of AI error mitigates human acquisition of AI bias.","authors":"Lucía Vicente, Helena Matute","doi":"10.1186/s41235-026-00726-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-026-00726-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Empirical evidence has demonstrated the power of AI to influence human decisions and the risk of humans acquiring AI biases. Therefore, there is a clear need to develop strategies to mitigate such threat. In three experiments, set in a medical context, we tested whether warning individuals about AI biases and errors could mitigate the negative impact of AI biases on their decisions and reduce the transmission of AI biases to humans. In Experiment 1, participants received explicit information about the percentage of erroneous AI recommendations but with two different framings: in terms of AI accuracy or AI risk of error. Our results showed that emphasising the risk of AI errors, more than its accuracy, reduced people's tendency to follow incorrect AI suggestions and to acquire biases from AI. In Experiment 2, a more general warning message alerting of possible AI errors and biases was also effective in reducing bias acquisition. Experiment 3 showed that, although the warning message provided some protection against bias, participants who received AI support still made more errors than participants who completed the classification task without any assistance. Experiments 2 and 3 also investigated whether the type of error made by the AI, a false positive or a false negative, influenced participants' tendency to adhere to its suggestions, and the effect of the warning message. However, no significant effects were found. Overall, our results highlight the importance of informing users about the risk of AI error rather than focusing solely on accuracy.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13133307/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147785337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intuition and deliberation in elite expertise.","authors":"Michael A Vidulich, Pamela S Tsang","doi":"10.1186/s41235-026-00727-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-026-00727-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It has long been recognized that expert decision making entails both fast, intuitive and slower, deliberative processes. The enduring debate has to do with their relative roles. Some theories attribute the growth of expertise to the replacement of deliberative processes by intuitive perceptual recognition processes. Time pressure should have minimal effects on expert performance if intuitive processes are the primary basis for expertise. Two studies on archival data from the world's strongest chess experts participating in high-stakes time-critical international matches with different time controls were conducted. Chess moves from 20 grandmasters and seven world chess champions were examined in Studies 1 and 2, respectively. Using a within-subject design, analysis of quantifiable performance measures in both speed (move time) and decision quality (blunder propensity) provided a strong demonstration of adverse time pressure effects. Experts did not deliberate only when time pressure was low. Importantly, elite chess players were highly strategic and adaptive in their deployment of time usage that allowed them to intuit when feasible and to deliberate when necessary. The present findings demonstrate the key role of deliberative processes even at the highest levels of expertise and are inconsistent with the assertion that intuitive processes are the primary basis for expertise. Discounting the deliberate component in expert decision making in theory and in practice could have far-reaching real-world consequences.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13100097/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147785259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Capturing naturalistic thoughts using a precision experience sampling idiographic approach.","authors":"Julia W Y Kam, Sairamya Nanjappan Jothiraj, Emily Beauchemin, Nabil Al Nahin Ch, Laura K Allen, Jolie B Wormwood, Caitlin Mills","doi":"10.1186/s41235-026-00728-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-026-00728-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The existing literature on naturalistic thoughts has offered insights into the general patterns of thoughts common across large groups of participants. However, little is known about individual variability in thoughts. One approach to understanding variation within individuals is precision experience sampling, an idiographic approach that involves sampling inner experiences across multiple sessions and/or timepoints. This creates a comprehensive portrayal of an individual's thoughts across time and context, which in turn facilitates person-specific predictions of their thoughts. The current study therefore used precision experience sampling to examine individual variations in naturalistic thoughts as a function of ongoing task. We implemented 7 sessions per participant (n = 7, idiographic group), resulting in 49 datasets. We verified that the descriptives of thoughts and task-modulatory effects of thoughts in this group were comparable to a larger cohort of participants (n = 49, nomothetic group) who each completed one session. Both groups were asked to complete whatever task they wished on the laboratory computer and to occasionally report their current task and numerous thought dimensions. Our results revealed considerable individual differences in the modulatory effects of task on thought dimensions, such that individuals engaged in different types of thoughts under different task contexts, underscoring the importance of considering both individual and contextual factors. They also indicated that patterns observed at the group level did not always accurately represent individual level patterns. Furthermore, applying machine learning algorithms on reports of the task-at-hand reliably detected all thought dimensions, with superior classification performance in the idiographic compared to nomothetic group. Overall, our study demonstrates the idiosyncratic effects of task on naturalistic thoughts and highlights the value of precision experience sampling in improving person-specific predictions of thoughts, which has important methodological and clinical implications.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13083714/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147692303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The mosaic of experience: How individual differences in attention and working memory shape event segmentation.","authors":"Berna Güler, Eren Günseli","doi":"10.1186/s41235-026-00729-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-026-00729-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Episodic memories, although experienced as continuous, are structured into discrete events, a process supported by working memory (WM) and attentional control. Yet, the causal contributions of these mechanisms remain underspecified. This review synthesizes behavioral, cognitive, and neural findings from healthy aging and three cognitive profiles with known WM and attentional control impairments (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, dyslexia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder) to clarify how these mechanisms shape event segmentation. Drawing on converging findings across these groups, we outline theoretically grounded expectations: aging may show preserved segmentation when semantic structure is firm but disruptions under interference and higher control demands; ADHD may exhibit coarser segmentation and reduced agreement due to attentional lapses and self-referential intrusions; dyslexia may show reduced fine-grained segmentation specifically for rapidly changing verbal events due to temporal-processing limits; and OCD may demonstrate schema-driven, idiosyncratic boundary placement under threat-relevant contexts. Integrating these findings, we propose a mechanism-centered framework in which segmentation arises from the interaction of WM constraints, attentional control dynamics, and schema/contextual modulation. This framework refines prediction-error-based accounts and generates testable hypotheses for future experimental work.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13083691/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147692459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on vigilance, cognition, and mood during military exercise with acute sleep deprivation.","authors":"Tomi Passi, Johanna Närväinen, Kristian Lukander, Jari Laarni, Mikko Lindholm, Kati Pettersson, Saija Mauno, Satu Pakarinen","doi":"10.1186/s41235-026-00730-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-026-00730-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation provides a promising tool for supporting performance under demanding conditions, particularly during sleep deprivation. This study investigated the effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation and stimulation intensity on vigilance, sustained attention, response inhibition, self-reported mood, and sleepiness in military conscripts during a 24-h training period that included total sleep deprivation. Forty-eight male conscripts completed the study. Vigilance was assessed using the psychomotor vigilance task and sustained attention and response inhibition with the sustained attention to response task. Before the stimulation, participants adjusted the stimulation intensity individually. The stimulation duration was 4 min. For the stimulation group (n = 24), the intensity ranged from 12 to 26 mA. In the sham group (N = 24), stimulation was ramped down to 0 mA during the first minute. Vigilant attention decreased with prolonged wakefulness in both groups. However, during the early morning hours at 5 am and 7 am, this impairment showed modest attenuation with increasing stimulation intensities; higher intensities were associated with smaller decrements in vigilance. No effects of stimulation were found on response inhibition. The response inhibition task is more motivationally salient than the simple vigilance task, and the impact of sleep deprivation can be obscured by strategic slowing of responses to minimize errors. Also, higher stimulation intensity was associated with a smaller shift toward negative emotional valence measured after the response inhibition task. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation shows potential to support vigilance during sleep deprivation in monotonous tasks, such as radar monitoring and surveillance.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13076714/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147677311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design guidelines for animated data visualization based on perceptual capacity limits.","authors":"Ouxun Jiang, Camillia Matuk, Madhumitha Gopalakrishnan, Wen Xu, Jason Dykes, Anastasia Bezerianos, Fanny Chevalier, Petra Isenberg, Steven Franconeri","doi":"10.1186/s41235-026-00724-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-026-00724-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Data visualizations are used widely to help people see patterns in data across research, policy, education, and business. Computer screens allow these visualizations to become animated, which can effectively show processes of change. While animations can be engaging, ineffective design can also make them confusing or overwhelming. We develop new guidelines for designing effective animated data visualizations by reviewing 40 real-world visualization examples, and categorizing the visual tasks people perform when viewing them. These categories include tracking tasks, holistic judgments, and noticing objects added to or removed from a display. We then evaluate the known capacity limits of each task from human motion processing literature and use these to inform design techniques that enable visualizations to respect these capacity limits. Together, the tasks, limits, and corresponding techniques form new, broadly applicable guidelines that should help designers create effective animated visualizations informed by theory of human perception.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13038703/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147582417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"You sure about that? The effects of textual and image-based Skepticism on belief in dubious social-media claims.","authors":"Emily R Spearing, Juliana Garib Jankauskas, Eryn J Newman, Ullrich K H Ecker","doi":"10.1186/s41235-026-00725-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-026-00725-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>On social media, people often react to posts using both written comments and images. While prior work has shown that these reactions can influence belief in claims, it has often conflated signals of (dis)endorsement with justifications of dissent. It is therefore unclear whether skeptical comments that express doubt about a claim's veracity without providing informational content can reduce claim belief. We tested whether pure text- or image-based expressions of skepticism reduce belief in dubious claims, and how skepticism compares with non-evidence-supported rebuttals that explicitly declare a claim to be false, in the presence versus absence of supportive comments that express general acceptance or agreement with a claim. Participants (N = 200) rated their belief in true and false claims presented as social-media posts with varying combinations of supportive, skeptical (textual vs. image-based), or non-evidence-supported negational comments. Results showed that supportive comments were associated with greater claim belief, while skeptical comments reduced belief, with no difference between text and image formats. Direct negations had the strongest corrective effect despite not providing any evidence. Implications are discussed, including the risk of skepticism reducing belief in true claims, underscoring the need for oversight of community-based fact-checking tools on social media.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13035968/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147582472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Get the unbalance right: asymmetric transfer effects in cognitive offloading.","authors":"Irene Florean, Marta Stragà, Timo Mäntylä, Fabio Del Missier","doi":"10.1186/s41235-026-00722-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-026-00722-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Research has shown that cognitive offloading improves immediate performance in perception, short-term memory, and prospective memory, but also has negative side effects, such as poorer memory for offloaded information. However, the transfer-related consequences of cognitive offloading on subsequent performance are still largely unknown. In two experiments, we investigated these consequences in a planning task in which participants were asked to find the shortest route connecting locations on a map, given some constraints on the order of visit. Transfer designs were used to assess the effects of training with or without the opportunity to offload cognition on subsequent planning performance when this opportunity was removed or offered. In Experiment 1, participants were either allowed to use the pen while planning on the map and spontaneously devise offloading strategies or they were prevented from doing so. In Experiment 2, visual aids supporting the offloading strategies observed in Experiment 1 were embedded into the maps in some conditions and not in others. The results showed that the negative effect of offloading removal exceeded the positive effect of its introduction, supporting the hypothesis that the transition from a simpler and more intuitive visual planning strategy to a more demanding incremental planning strategy entails higher strategy switching costs and challenges reconfiguration processes more than the reverse transition. More generally, the results show that the opportunity to offload cognition in complex tasks can affect the strategies used by participants and this can have cognitive consequences for the subsequent adoption of different strategies when environmental conditions change.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13022156/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147515629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychophysiological markers of trust in automation: insights from ERP responses in a modified flanker task.","authors":"Mallory C Stites, Laura E Matzen, Breannan C Howell, Danielle S Dickson","doi":"10.1186/s41235-026-00716-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-026-00716-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the sensitivity of event-related potentials (ERP) to factors influencing trust in machine learning (ML) automation, specifically ML reliability, bias, and transparency, with the goal of identifying an electrophysiological marker of trust in automation. Participants performed a flanker task and observed a simulated ML algorithm perform a modified flanker task, while ERP data were collected. The performance flanker task showed canonical patterns in behavioral responses, including fewer errors and shorter response times to congruent trials. We also observed the expected ERP components, including the error-related negativity (ERN) and positivity (Pe), alongside a significant late positive component (LPC) associated with error processing. Contrary to predictions, no differences in oERN amplitudes were observed across model error conditions. The oPe component was elicited by model errors, yet was insensitive to model reliability or bias. Notably, an LPC was also observed to model errors and was larger for errors from the more reliable model (90% vs. 60%). LPC amplitude was negatively correlated with subjective trust ratings in the 60% reliable biased condition, indicating that reduced LPC effects were associated with higher trust levels. These implications of these results are discussed in the context of the P3b and P600 ERP components. Additionally, there were no effects of model transparency on ERP results or subjective trust ratings, suggesting that trust is primarily developed through direct observation of model performance. Our results contribute to understanding the neural mechanisms underlying trust in automation, highlighting the potential of ERP methodologies to advance our understanding in this domain.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13018513/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147515622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Split-screen distraction: the role of extraneous visual demands in learning from video.","authors":"Brendan A Schuetze","doi":"10.1186/s41235-026-00720-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-026-00720-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A genre of online videos known as \"sludge content\" has recently surged in popularity. These videos typically present two clips simultaneously, with one primary and one muted secondary video, creating an intentionally overstimulating viewing experience. Given the reliance on overstimulation and the inherent multitasking demands, these videos raise questions relevant to theories of multimedia learning and cognitive load. Inspired by this content format, a series of within-person studies was conducted to test whether simultaneous split-screen videos lead to changes in comprehension and memory. Two preregistered within-person studies (N_{Study 1} = 75, N_{Study 2} = 100) were employed to examine whether simultaneous split-screen presentations impaired comprehension or memory. Contrary to predictions, no strong evidence that simultaneous video presentation affected memory was found. Limited self-reported differences in interest with higher interest reported for non-split-screen videos were found in Study 2, but no differences in attention difficulty or cognitive load. These findings suggest that viewers may adapt to extraneous split-screen visual input more effectively than commonly assumed.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13018501/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147515589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}