Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications最新文献

{"title":"Probing mental representations of space through sketch mapping: a scoping review.","authors":"M Simonet, C Vater, C Abati, S Zhong, P Mavros, A Schwering, M Raubal, C Hölscher, J Krukar","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00667-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-025-00667-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cognitive maps are mental representations of space essential for guiding spatial behavior. To assess the properties of these cognitive maps, sketch mapping has been widely used as a research tool in spatial cognition research. This scoping review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the methodologies and the cognitive processes concerning the externalization of cognitive maps through sketch mapping. Following the PRISMA-ScR checklist (Tricco et al. in Ann Intern Med 169(7):467-473, 2018, https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850 ), a comprehensive search from five electronic databases was performed with predefined combinations of keywords. Twenty-four articles were selected and analyzed, covering a wide range of methods: traditional pen-and-paper sketching (n = 18 studies); combination of pen-and-paper and digital sketching (n = 1); exclusively digital sketching (n = 4); and digital VR sketching (n = 1). With regard to the formation of cognitive maps in environmental scale spaces, studies employed either direct experience or virtual experience of unfamiliar environments, videos, maps, or retrieval from own memory. This review highlights the inherent conflict between sketch maps' advantages in capturing knowledge in less structured experimental protocols and researchers' need for structured quantification of their quality, as well as the underused diversity of media through which sketch maps can be produced for appropriate scenarios. We encourage researchers to (a) increase the precision in reporting the cognitive processes being investigated with sketch maps (e.g., short-term vs. long-term memory), (b) rely on established data analysis methods instead of developing custom measures for each study, and (c) consider alternative media beyond pen and paper when more suitable to the experimental context.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"10 1","pages":"59"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12408434/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144973832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Position-invariant icon remapping facilities search performance in foldable smartphones through the contribution of contextual cueing.","authors":"Yuzhu Ji, Yubing Wang, Wenjing Jin, Haiyang Jin, Weidan Xu, Hongting Li","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00668-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-025-00668-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Enabling smartphones to be foldable provides an effective approach to achieving both portability and large screens. Notably, switches between closed and open states in using foldable smartphones are accompanied by icon remapping, which can decrease smartphone usability if it fails to match usage expectations. This study conducted two experiments to examine the usability of two popular icon remapping methods, position-invariant and order-invariant, as well as the specific roles of contextual cues in different icon remapping. Results revealed that position-invariant remapping is more effective in terms of usability with faster searching speed. Also, getting familiar with the spatial arrangement of icons on small screens reduced performance differences between the two remapping methods on large screens while improving search speed only on small screens. These results together suggest that position-invariant remapping is a more effective design, highlighting the significance of contextual cueing in optimizing icon remapping designs in foldable smartphones.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"10 1","pages":"57"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12401781/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144973815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How authority affects social evaluations of negotiation words.","authors":"Allison Nguyen, Jean E Fox Tree","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00669-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-025-00669-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding how authority affects social evaluation of written communication is crucial for understanding how online communication technologies can be effectively deployed. We examined how negotiation words affected perceived ratings of knowledgeableness, professionalism, politeness, and friendliness across three levels of authority (professor, teaching assistant, student) while asking and answering questions in a mock online forum. The greatest distinction across groups was in professionalism. For professors and TAs, most negotiation words lowered professionalism, but this was not the case for students. The greatest similarity across groups was for the words clearly and obviously. Both made people appear less friendly and less polite. Compared to the unmodified condition, hedges (e.g., kinda) decreased knowledgeableness but boosters (e.g., absolutely) did not increase knowledgeableness. One negotiation word, totally, had a surprising pattern-it helped higher authority speakers appear more friendly.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"10 1","pages":"58"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12401852/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144973755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of stress on prospective memory in robotic command and control.","authors":"Mollie R McGuire, Robert S Gutzwiller","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00665-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-025-00665-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Remembering to carry out an intention at the appropriate time (prospective memory-PM) requires attentional resources that may be limited in stressful circumstances. PM failures in high-risk/high stress environments, such as military operations, can have fatal consequences, and yet, the effect of stress on PM has received little attention. Prior studies that have examined stress and PM used a basic laboratory paradigm that is less applicable to high-risk/high stress environments and have not examined activity-based PM (PM that is elicited by a sequence of events), nor the combined effect of stress and divided attention. The current study examined the effects of stress and divided attention on event-based PM (PM that is elicited by environmental cues to signal the appropriate time to perform an intended action) and activity-based PM using an applied paradigm with participants remotely piloting robotic reconnaissance missions. Stress and divided attention were manipulated between subjects, and prospective memory was manipulated within subjects. The stress induction was administered prior to the execution of the tasks, with an additional noise stressor continuously on top of the tasks. Divided attention was an auditory odd-digit task during the experimental tasks. Event-based PM accuracy was unaffected by stress or divided attention. However, there was an increase in activity-based PM accuracy in the high stress condition, while no effect of divided attention was found. These results are the first to demonstrate that stress affects activity-based PM, and suggest along with prior literature that stress does not affect event-based PM.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"10 1","pages":"55"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12381336/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144973793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond evidence accumulation: shared-goal belief guides action generalization in social groups.","authors":"Jipeng Duan, Yinfeng Hu, Wenying Zhou, Qingqing Ye, Ting Zhao, Jun Yin","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00666-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-025-00666-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>People tend to generalize the actions of known group members to new ones when they are both members of the same group. This study was conducted to investigate how the prevalence of specific actions among multiple individuals determines action generalization within social groups. We propose that people rely on the belief that group members work toward a shared goal (i.e., shared-goal belief) to guide action generalization. Consequently, the extent of action generalization may not consistently increase with the sampled prevalence of group members performing the same goal-directed action, resulting in a deviation from graded action generalization (i.e., nongraded action generalization). Experiment 1 revealed that the more participants believed that group members pursued a shared goal, the greater the likelihood that nongraded action generalization would occur. In Experiment 2, experimental manipulation weakened the strength of the shared-goal belief and led to a graded pattern of action generalization with accumulated evidence of action prevalence. These findings suggest that a shared-goal belief within groups significantly shapes action generalization beyond the mere influence of sampled action prevalence. Social groups not only provide a framework for selecting evidence for action generalization but also shape prior beliefs that influence our expectations of others' actions.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"10 1","pages":"56"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12380659/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144973803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decoding target discriminability and time pressure using eye and head movement features in a foraging search task.","authors":"Anthony J Ries, Chloe Callahan-Flintoft, Anna Madison, Louis Dankovich, Jonathan Touryan","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00657-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-025-00657-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In military operations, rapid and accurate decision-making is crucial, especially in visually complex and high-pressure environments. This study investigates how eye and head movement metrics can infer changes in search behavior during a naturalistic shooting scenario in virtual reality (VR). Thirty-one participants performed a foraging search task using a head-mounted display (HMD) with integrated eye tracking. Participants searched for targets among distractors under varying levels of target discriminability (easy vs. hard) and time pressure (low vs. high). As expected, behavioral results indicated that increased discrimination difficulty and greater time pressure negatively impacted performance, leading to slower response times and reduced d-prime. Support vector classifiers assigned a search condition, discriminability and time pressure, to each trial based on eye and head movement features. Combined eye and head features produced the most accurate classification model for capturing tasked-induced changes in search behavior, with the combined model outperforming those based on eye or head features alone. While eye features demonstrated strong predictive power, the inclusion of head features significantly enhanced model performance. Across the ensemble of eye metrics, fixation-related features were the most robust for classifying target discriminability, while saccadic-related features played a similar role for time pressure. In contrast, models constrained to head metrics emphasized global movement (amplitude, velocity) for classifying discriminability but shifted toward kinematic intensity (acceleration, jerk) in time pressure condition. Together these results speak to the complementary role of eye and head movements in understanding search behavior under changing task parameters.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"10 1","pages":"53"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12373606/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144973841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A multi-item signal detection theory model for eyewitness identification.","authors":"Yueran Yang, Janice L Burke, Justice Healy","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00652-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-025-00652-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>How do witnesses make identification decisions when viewing a lineup? Understanding the witness decision-making process is essential for researchers to develop methods that can reduce mistaken identifications and improve lineup practices. Yet, the inclusion of fillers has posed a pivotal challenge to this task because the traditional signal detection theory is only applicable to binary decisions and cannot easily incorporate lineup fillers. This paper proposes a multi-item signal detection theory (mSDT) model to help understand the witness decision-making process. The mSDT model clarifies the importance of considering the joint distributions of suspect and filler signals. The model also visualizes the joint distributions in a multivariate decision space, which allows for the incorporation of all eyewitness responses, including suspect identifications, filler identifications, and rejections. The paper begins with a set of simple assumptions to develop the mSDT model and then explores alternative assumptions that can potentially accommodate more sophisticated considerations. The paper further discusses the implications of the mSDT model. With a mathematical modeling and visualization approach, the mSDT model provides a novel theoretical framework for understanding eyewitness identification decisions and addressing debates around eyewitness SDT and ROC applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"10 1","pages":"54"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12373971/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144973697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Auditory-tactile presentation accelerates target detection in a multitasking situation.","authors":"Angelo G Gaillet, Clara Suied, Gabriel Arnold, Marine Taffou","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00664-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-025-00664-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is ample evidence from cognitive sciences and neurosciences studies that multisensory stimuli are detected better and faster than their unisensory counterparts. Yet, most of this work has been conducted in settings and with protocols within which participants had the sole detection task to perform. In realistic and complex environments, such as military ones, detection of critical information has to be performed while the operator is concurrently managing several others tasks and processing a vast amount of sensory inputs. To date, it remains to determine whether multisensory benefits for detection hold true in complex multitasking situations. In the present study, we compared the detection performance of healthy participants when the target was only auditory, only tactile, or both auditory and tactile. Detection performance was measured in a simple detection task condition and in a multitasking condition. In the latter, participants had to detect the targets while concurrently performing the subtasks of the MATB-II environment, designed in the 90s by NASA to simulate piloting tasks. Multisensory acceleration of reaction times was larger during multitasking compared to single-task conditions. Crucially, participants detected auditory-tactile targets faster than their unisensory counterparts. While previous studies have reported such facilitation effects in single-task contexts, our results show that multisensory facilitation of detection speed does occur in a realistic multitasking environment and is larger than in simple task conditions. Auditory-tactile displays seem to have the potential to enhance information presentation and could be used in applied settings like military aviation.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"10 1","pages":"52"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12373581/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144973681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Process-based measures in high-stakes testing: practical implications for construct validity within military aviation selection.","authors":"Joseph T Coyne, Laura Jamison, Kaylin Strong, Ciara Sibley, Cyrus Foroughi, Sarah Melick","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00660-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-025-00660-3","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This paper looks at how process-based spatial ability and attention measures taken within a high-stakes battery used to select pilots in the US Navy compare to lab-based measures of the same constructs. Process-based measures typically function by having individuals perform either a novel task or perform a task with novel stimuli. However, applicants often spend time practicing the tasks prior to taking the battery. A group of 307 Naval Flight Students participated in the study, in which they took several spatial ability, attention and general processing measures. One of the spatial tasks used in the study was the same as the spatial task in the Navy's pilot selection battery, which all of the participants had taken. All of the lab spatial ability measures including the one used in the selection battery were highly correlated and loaded onto the same spatial ability factor. However, the high-stakes spatial subtest was not correlated with any of the lab spatial measures including the same test administered in the lab. The lab spatial ability data was also correlated with training outcomes whereas the high-stakes process spatial and attention measures were not. The high-stakes attention measure was weakly correlated with some of the general processing measures. The pattern of results suggest that familiarity with the spatial and attention tasks in the high-stakes environment may be negating those tests ability to measure the constructs they were designed to measure, and also reducing their effectiveness to predict training performance. Statement of significance: This paper addresses an increasingly difficult challenge the Navy is facing within aviation selection, in that applicants are highly motivated and have access to unofficial replicas of the Navy's test battery. The challenge is specific to the process-based measures such as spatial ability and attention that rely on some degree of novelty to work. When applicants practice these types of tests they can practice to the test, memorize items, and learn strategies which impact the test's ability to measure the cognitive construct it was designed to measure as well as reduces its ability to predict flight training outcomes. This is particularly problematic as the unofficial test preparation software can replicate a new test within days. While the data presented here are limited to spatial ability and attention within military pilot selection it applies to a much broader community of researchers. Anyone developing a high-stakes test with a large and motivated applicant pool may also see their process-based measures perform differently in a high-stakes environment than a low stakes laboratory one in which participants are naïve to the tasks they are taking. The extent to which practice can alter the effectiveness of high-stakes test performance is an important one. The results of the paper suggest that test developers should assume participants are practiced and assess the extent to which prac","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"10 1","pages":"51"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12364792/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144884100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of multi-refresh-rate method on user experience: sustained attention and inattentional blindness.","authors":"Jieun Cho, Jeunghwan Choi, Cheongil Kim, Jeong Hyeon Park, Sang Chul Chong","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00663-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-025-00663-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In today's digital world, understanding refresh-rate implications on visual perception and energy consumption is crucial. While high refresh rates enhance motion perception and user experience, they also increase energy usage, prompting the need for adaptive solutions like variable refresh rates. This study examines whether users notice or are affected by reduced refresh rates in task-irrelevant areas and examine whether variable refresh rates compromise a satisfactory display experience. Most participants failed to detect decreases in refresh rate in their peripheral view, and their task performance of the main task, which required sustained attention, remained unaffected. However, when informed of the possible change in the periphery, detection of it improved. In addition, during out-of-the-zone states, people with expectations about the phenomenon may be more likely to falsely report the change in the display. The findings suggest that centrally focused attention limits awareness of peripheral refresh-rate changes, supporting the potential of multi-refresh-rate strategies to optimize energy efficiency without compromising user experience.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"10 1","pages":"50"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12356812/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144856742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}