Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications最新文献

{"title":"Effects of prevalence and feedback in the identification of blast cells in peripheral blood: expert and novice observers.","authors":"Wanyi Lyu, Jennifer S Trueblood, Jeremy M Wolfe","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00632-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-025-00632-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Low target prevalence affects perceptual decisions on both simple and complex stimuli. Without prior knowledge of how often targets may appear, trial-by-trial accuracy feedback modulates the effects of low prevalence partially by providing observers with information about the target base rate. Using simple colored dots, Lyu (PBR 28:1906-1914, 2021) found that at low prevalence, observers demonstrate a classical low prevalence effect (LPE) when receiving feedback. This involves a conservative shift of the decision criterion where observers are less likely to call an ambiguous item a target. In the absence of feedback, observers adopted more liberal criteria and became more likely to classify an item as a target, producing a Prevalence-Induced Concept Change (PICC, Levari et al., Science 360:1465-1467, 2018). The present study examines whether the effects of low prevalence and feedback are modulated by expertise. Novice (n = 26) and expert (n = 24) observers performed a cancer cell discrimination task. The prevalence of cancerous \"blast cells\" and the presence or absence of trial-by-trial accuracy feedback were manipulated. Unsurprisingly, medical professionals performed better than trained novices. Importantly, both experts and novices showed an LPE with feedback, although that LPE was weaker in experts, suggesting expertise may modulate the size of the LPE. Low prevalence had little effect on the criterion in the absence of feedback in this setting. For both novices and experts, initial exposure to trials with feedback influenced criteria in subsequent no feedback conditions. Interestingly, experts showed a conservative criterion at the start of the experiment, even without having experienced a feedback block. This could reflect previous training or working in a low prevalence setting. Our study shows the interactions of the effects of low prevalence, feedback, and expertise on perceptual decisions and provides direct evidence for prevalence and feedback effects on expert decisions.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"10 1","pages":"30"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12167727/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144303219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerate people are less likely to be biased by regular science reporting: the critical roles of scientific reasoning and causal misunderstanding.","authors":"Olivia D Perrin, Jinhyo Cho, Edward T Cokely, Jinan N Allan, Adam Feltz, Rocio Garcia-Retamero","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00641-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-025-00641-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Numerate people tend to make more informed judgments and decisions because they are more risk literate (i.e., better able to evaluate and understand risk). Do numeracy skills also help people understand regular science reporting from mainstream news sources? To address this question, we investigated responses to regular science reports (e.g., excerpts from CNN Health), testing a cognitive model linking numeracy, scientific reasoning, judgment biases, and causal theory errors (i.e., interpreting correlational information as causal). In Study 1 (n = 200), structural equation modeling indicated that more numerate people were less likely to exhibit judgment biases because they were better at scientific reasoning, which helped them avoid causal misinterpretations. Study 2 (n = 342) cross-validated findings from Study 1, indicating that the link between numeracy and scientific reasoning was also associated with improved cognitive self-assessment (e.g., reduced overconfidence on comprehension judgments). Results indicate that more numerate people may generally be less likely to confuse correlation and causation in regular science reporting. Results also suggest that numerate people are more likely to have acquired scientific reasoning skills that more generally support risk literacy and knowledge acquisition, consistent with Skilled Decision Theory. Discussion focuses on implications for risk literacy research, and includes a Risk Literacy Difficulty Analysis indicating that more than half of the USA adult population may be likely to misunderstand common types of regular science reports.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"10 1","pages":"32"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12167740/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144303220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Presentation time shapes perceived room size in visual and auditory modalities.","authors":"Johanna Bogon, Cindy Jagorska, Ella Maria Heinz, Martin Riemer","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00644-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-025-00644-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cross-dimensional interference between spatial and temporal processing provides valuable insights into the neuronal representation of space and time. Previous research has frequently found asymmetric interference patterns, with temporal judgments being more affected by spatial information than vice versa. However, this asymmetry has been attributed to the predominant use of visual paradigms (e.g., participants judge the size or duration of visual stimuli), which might facilitate spatial over temporal processing. It has been suggested that the asymmetry vanishes or even reverses when auditory stimuli are used. To test this assumption, we took advantage of the fact that acoustic reverberation carries information about the physical size of rooms. Participants judged either room size or duration, with stimuli being presented either in the visual (rooms presented in virtual reality) or the auditory modality (reverberation-based sounds). For both modalities, we found that judgments about room size were influenced by irrelevant temporal information, while judgments about duration remained unaffected by irrelevant spatial information. As time judgments were consistently rated as more difficult relative to space judgments, this pattern of interference cannot be explained on the basis of task difficulty. These results demonstrate the flexibility of space-time interference and challenge the assumption that the representation of time is necessarily based on spatial representations.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"10 1","pages":"31"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12167731/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144303221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dissociable effects of fatigue on performance and metacognition from automatic target cuing in undersea threat detection.","authors":"Max Kailler Smith, Amelia R Kracinovich, Brandon J Schrom, Timothy L Dunn","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00638-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-025-00638-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As automation becomes increasingly integrated into complex military tasks, its role in supporting human performance under fatigue warrants careful evaluation. A specific military use case in which automatic target cuing (ATC) is integrated is undersea threat detection (UTD). These types of tasks demand sustained vigilance, accurate classification, and reliable metacognitive judgements. Fatigue, especially due to increased time awake, presents a significant challenge to sustaining high performance. This study investigated whether ATC enhances UTD performance under low fatigue conditions and protects against errors when operators are fatigued, as is common during fleet operations. Thirty-six active-duty service members completed four sessions of a simulated UTD task, with and without an imperfect ATC system, over a ~24-hour wakeful period. Results showed that ATC did not enhance performance when participants were alert, though detection accuracy maintained despite increased fatigue. However, fatigue led to decreased metacognitive sensitivity, reflected in greater confidence for false alarms and reduced trust in the ATC system. These findings suggest that while automation assistance can potentially protect basic task performance under fatigue, it does not prevent the degradation of higher-level cognitive processes, such as metacognitive accuracy and trust in the automation. This study highlights the importance of understanding how automation interacts with cognitive states, especially under fatigue, to optimize its role in critical military operations.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"10 1","pages":"29"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12167736/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144303281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Listeners are biased towards voices of young speakers and female speakers when discriminating voices.","authors":"Valeriia Vyshnevetska, Nathalie Giroud, Meike Ramon, Volker Dellwo","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00636-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-025-00636-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In face processing, an own-age recognition advantage has frequently been reported whereby observers are better at recognizing faces of their own compared to other age groups. We wanted to know whether own-age effects exist in voice recognition. Two listener groups, younger adults (n = 42, 19-35 years, 21 males) and older adults (n = 32, 65-83 years, 14 males), completed a speaker discrimination task (same/different speakers), which included younger and older adult speakers of both sexes. Results revealed no interaction of the factors speaker and listener age and speaker and listener sex on listeners' sensitivity (d'). Main effects were significant for listener age (young adult listeners exhibited higher sensitivity than the older adult listeners) and speaker sex (listeners' sensitivity was higher for male compared to female voices). Crucially, response bias (c) revealed that listeners had a significantly higher 'same' bias when hearing younger speakers and female speakers. Our findings have implications for theories of voice identity processing and forensic contexts requiring discrimination of speakers' identity, e.g. earwitnesses telling apart younger and female speakers.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"10 1","pages":"28"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12145377/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144250245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Individual differences in navigation skill: towards reliable and valid measures.","authors":"Jacob L Lader, Kim V Nguyen, Nora S Newcombe","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00642-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-025-00642-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Even though successful navigation is vital for survival, individuals vary widely in their navigation skills. Researchers have examined the correlates of such variation using a wide variety of paradigms. However, we know little about the relation among the paradigms used, and their validity for real-world behaviors. In this study, we assessed 94 young adult participants' encoding of environmental features in one real-world and two virtual environments (or paradigms), using a within-subjects design. Each paradigm involved building a map from memory and pointing to the location of objects while standing at different locations in the environment. Two of the paradigms also used a route efficiency task in which participants aimed to take the shortest possible path to a target object. Factor analysis showed shared and unique variance in individual's performance associated with each paradigm. Mental rotation and perspective taking tasks correlated with navigation performance differently for different paradigms. The data suggest that (1) virtual measures correlate with real-world ones, (2) the specific tasks used (pointing, map building, shortest route finding) are less important than the paradigm, and (3) there is common variance (i.e., shared individual differences) across paradigms. However, there is also unique paradigm-specific variation. Future research should use multiple paradigms to achieve reliable and valid assessments, ideally with shorter tasks for each.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"10 1","pages":"27"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12145407/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144250244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Always in (partner) action? Working in teams may improve simulated flight performance-but only in the apt cognitive control state.","authors":"Sophie-Marie Stasch, Wolfgang Mack, Yannik Hilla","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00633-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-025-00633-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multitasking abilities are vital for conducting flight missions. Traditional theories of multitasking suggest that cognitive resources represent a determining factor of said performance. The current study takes a different approach by investigating how the stability-flexibility-dilemma of cognitive control influences multitasking performance in a simulated flight environment. Besides, we investigate how this dilemma interacts with performance and workload when an additional partner is present. For this purpose, 42 participants were recruited to perform the open-source version of the Multi-Attribute Task Battery (openMATB) in two different experimental conditions. Initially, participants performed the openMATB alone either in a stable or flexible control mode, which was manipulated via a gamification method (assessment 1). Afterward, two participants performed the openMATB together as a team - again in a stable and flexible control mode (assessment 2). Results indicate that the stability-flexibility-dilemma affected the participants' individual task performance. Furthermore, the participants' performance improved in teams. However, this effect depended on subtask characteristics and the operated cognitive control mode. Implications for the design of adaptive assistance systems and suggestions for future research are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"10 1","pages":"26"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12130370/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144209867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Military experience predicts military multitasking better than laboratory measures in officer cadets.","authors":"Yannik Hilla, Maximilian Stefani, Elisabeth V C Friedrich, Wolfgang Mack","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00639-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-025-00639-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Whether or not it is possible to predict military performance using laboratory measures constitutes an important question. There are indications that humans possess a common multitasking ability enabling them to perform complex behaviors irrespective of task requirements. Working memory processing abilities likely illustrate cognitive substrates thereof. Thus, it should be possible to predict military performance by means of laboratory multitasking via working memory processing abilities. To investigate this, we recruited 40 officer cadets and assessed their laboratory multitasking proficiency using the Multi-Attribute Task Battery and their performance in a simulated military operation. We then tested if the laboratory measure predicted their military performance and if this relationship was mediated by working memory processing abilities using Bayesian procedures. We also controlled if demographics, military characteristics, media preferences, or social/personality traits affected any of these measures. In contrast to our expectations, the associations between laboratory and military multitasking and working memory were weak. Furthermore, the participants did not display multitasking decrements but improvements as a function of time on task in the military setting. Moreover, we found a positive association between the time officer cadets had already served in the military and military performance. We discuss the role of learned task representations in this regard and conclude that it might be more reasonable to investigate cognitive functions as co-variates of associations between military characteristics (e.g., military service duration) and military performance in future research than to focus on laboratory measures as predictors of military performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"10 1","pages":"24"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12130412/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144209869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of mask use on facial emotion recognition in individuals with subclinical social anxiety: an eye-tracking study.","authors":"Jackie Wai Yi Wo, Weiyan Liao, Janet Hui-Wen Hsiao","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00635-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-025-00635-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous studies suggested that social anxiety is associated with interpretation bias, theory of mind deficit, and eye gaze avoidance when identifying facial emotions. We tested the hypothesis that socially anxious individuals would be more affected by mask use during facial emotion recognition. 88 healthy undergraduates with various levels of social anxiety were invited. Participants judged the emotions of masked and unmasked facial expressions. Eye Movement Analysis with Hidden Markov Models was used to analyze participants' eye movement patterns during the task. Potential confounders including gender, depressive symptoms, stress, and executive planning ability were controlled for in the analyses. Results failed to support our hypothesis. Instead, higher social anxiety was associated with higher accuracy rates for angry and fearful faces and lower false alarm rates for sad faces. Eye movement patterns were similar across social anxiety levels. Interestingly, an exploratory moderation analysis revealed that an increase in using a more eye-centered strategy due to mask use was significantly associated with a larger drop in accuracy rate for fearful faces among individuals with higher social anxiety, while non-significantly associated with a smaller drop among individuals with lower social anxiety. Thus, our study indicates social anxiety, at least at subclinical levels, may be associated with a generally heightened sensitivity to negative emotions. However, such heightened sensitivity diminishes if they switch to a more eye-centered strategy when viewing masked facial emotions. Potential mechanisms and implications were discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"10 1","pages":"25"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12130428/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144209868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the relationship between media multitasking and executive function within a military population.","authors":"Scott Marriner, Julie Cantelon, Wade R Elmore, Seth Elkin-Frankston, Nathan Ward","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00634-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-025-00634-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The pervasive nature of media multitasking in the last fifteen years has sparked extensive research, revealing a nuanced but predominantly negative association with executive function. Given the cognitive demands and technological landscape of the modern battlefield, there is a critical interest in understanding how these findings may or may not extend to military members. To understand this relationship, we investigated the hypothesis that self-reported media multitasking behaviors would be negatively associated with performance-based measurements of executive function in a military population. Results found no significant relationship between overall media multitasking and any measures of executive function. However, average media multitaskers performed significantly better than heavy media multitaskers in a task-switching paradigm. Furthermore, we examined whether self-regulation moderated this relationship. Unlike previous research in non-military samples, we did not find that the impact of media multitasking on executive function was more pronounced among military members with lower self-regulation. By uncovering the nuanced interplay between these variables, this research contributes to a more thorough understanding of the cognitive implications of media multitasking both in general and within a military context.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"10 1","pages":"23"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12119449/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144175310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}