Max Kailler Smith, Amelia R Kracinovich, Brandon J Schrom, Timothy L Dunn
{"title":"Dissociable effects of fatigue on performance and metacognition from automatic target cuing in undersea threat detection.","authors":"Max Kailler Smith, Amelia R Kracinovich, Brandon J Schrom, Timothy L Dunn","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00638-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-025-00638-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As automation becomes increasingly integrated into complex military tasks, its role in supporting human performance under fatigue warrants careful evaluation. A specific military use case in which automatic target cuing (ATC) is integrated is undersea threat detection (UTD). These types of tasks demand sustained vigilance, accurate classification, and reliable metacognitive judgements. Fatigue, especially due to increased time awake, presents a significant challenge to sustaining high performance. This study investigated whether ATC enhances UTD performance under low fatigue conditions and protects against errors when operators are fatigued, as is common during fleet operations. Thirty-six active-duty service members completed four sessions of a simulated UTD task, with and without an imperfect ATC system, over a ~24-hour wakeful period. Results showed that ATC did not enhance performance when participants were alert, though detection accuracy maintained despite increased fatigue. However, fatigue led to decreased metacognitive sensitivity, reflected in greater confidence for false alarms and reduced trust in the ATC system. These findings suggest that while automation assistance can potentially protect basic task performance under fatigue, it does not prevent the degradation of higher-level cognitive processes, such as metacognitive accuracy and trust in the automation. This study highlights the importance of understanding how automation interacts with cognitive states, especially under fatigue, to optimize its role in critical military operations.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"10 1","pages":"29"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12167736/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144303281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Listeners are biased towards voices of young speakers and female speakers when discriminating voices.","authors":"Valeriia Vyshnevetska, Nathalie Giroud, Meike Ramon, Volker Dellwo","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00636-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-025-00636-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In face processing, an own-age recognition advantage has frequently been reported whereby observers are better at recognizing faces of their own compared to other age groups. We wanted to know whether own-age effects exist in voice recognition. Two listener groups, younger adults (n = 42, 19-35 years, 21 males) and older adults (n = 32, 65-83 years, 14 males), completed a speaker discrimination task (same/different speakers), which included younger and older adult speakers of both sexes. Results revealed no interaction of the factors speaker and listener age and speaker and listener sex on listeners' sensitivity (d'). Main effects were significant for listener age (young adult listeners exhibited higher sensitivity than the older adult listeners) and speaker sex (listeners' sensitivity was higher for male compared to female voices). Crucially, response bias (c) revealed that listeners had a significantly higher 'same' bias when hearing younger speakers and female speakers. Our findings have implications for theories of voice identity processing and forensic contexts requiring discrimination of speakers' identity, e.g. earwitnesses telling apart younger and female speakers.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"10 1","pages":"28"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12145377/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144250245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Individual differences in navigation skill: towards reliable and valid measures.","authors":"Jacob L Lader, Kim V Nguyen, Nora S Newcombe","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00642-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-025-00642-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Even though successful navigation is vital for survival, individuals vary widely in their navigation skills. Researchers have examined the correlates of such variation using a wide variety of paradigms. However, we know little about the relation among the paradigms used, and their validity for real-world behaviors. In this study, we assessed 94 young adult participants' encoding of environmental features in one real-world and two virtual environments (or paradigms), using a within-subjects design. Each paradigm involved building a map from memory and pointing to the location of objects while standing at different locations in the environment. Two of the paradigms also used a route efficiency task in which participants aimed to take the shortest possible path to a target object. Factor analysis showed shared and unique variance in individual's performance associated with each paradigm. Mental rotation and perspective taking tasks correlated with navigation performance differently for different paradigms. The data suggest that (1) virtual measures correlate with real-world ones, (2) the specific tasks used (pointing, map building, shortest route finding) are less important than the paradigm, and (3) there is common variance (i.e., shared individual differences) across paradigms. However, there is also unique paradigm-specific variation. Future research should use multiple paradigms to achieve reliable and valid assessments, ideally with shorter tasks for each.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"10 1","pages":"27"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12145407/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144250244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Always in (partner) action? Working in teams may improve simulated flight performance-but only in the apt cognitive control state.","authors":"Sophie-Marie Stasch, Wolfgang Mack, Yannik Hilla","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00633-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-025-00633-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multitasking abilities are vital for conducting flight missions. Traditional theories of multitasking suggest that cognitive resources represent a determining factor of said performance. The current study takes a different approach by investigating how the stability-flexibility-dilemma of cognitive control influences multitasking performance in a simulated flight environment. Besides, we investigate how this dilemma interacts with performance and workload when an additional partner is present. For this purpose, 42 participants were recruited to perform the open-source version of the Multi-Attribute Task Battery (openMATB) in two different experimental conditions. Initially, participants performed the openMATB alone either in a stable or flexible control mode, which was manipulated via a gamification method (assessment 1). Afterward, two participants performed the openMATB together as a team - again in a stable and flexible control mode (assessment 2). Results indicate that the stability-flexibility-dilemma affected the participants' individual task performance. Furthermore, the participants' performance improved in teams. However, this effect depended on subtask characteristics and the operated cognitive control mode. Implications for the design of adaptive assistance systems and suggestions for future research are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"10 1","pages":"26"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12130370/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144209867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yannik Hilla, Maximilian Stefani, Elisabeth V C Friedrich, Wolfgang Mack
{"title":"Military experience predicts military multitasking better than laboratory measures in officer cadets.","authors":"Yannik Hilla, Maximilian Stefani, Elisabeth V C Friedrich, Wolfgang Mack","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00639-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-025-00639-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Whether or not it is possible to predict military performance using laboratory measures constitutes an important question. There are indications that humans possess a common multitasking ability enabling them to perform complex behaviors irrespective of task requirements. Working memory processing abilities likely illustrate cognitive substrates thereof. Thus, it should be possible to predict military performance by means of laboratory multitasking via working memory processing abilities. To investigate this, we recruited 40 officer cadets and assessed their laboratory multitasking proficiency using the Multi-Attribute Task Battery and their performance in a simulated military operation. We then tested if the laboratory measure predicted their military performance and if this relationship was mediated by working memory processing abilities using Bayesian procedures. We also controlled if demographics, military characteristics, media preferences, or social/personality traits affected any of these measures. In contrast to our expectations, the associations between laboratory and military multitasking and working memory were weak. Furthermore, the participants did not display multitasking decrements but improvements as a function of time on task in the military setting. Moreover, we found a positive association between the time officer cadets had already served in the military and military performance. We discuss the role of learned task representations in this regard and conclude that it might be more reasonable to investigate cognitive functions as co-variates of associations between military characteristics (e.g., military service duration) and military performance in future research than to focus on laboratory measures as predictors of military performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"10 1","pages":"24"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12130412/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144209869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jackie Wai Yi Wo, Weiyan Liao, Janet Hui-Wen Hsiao
{"title":"Impact of mask use on facial emotion recognition in individuals with subclinical social anxiety: an eye-tracking study.","authors":"Jackie Wai Yi Wo, Weiyan Liao, Janet Hui-Wen Hsiao","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00635-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-025-00635-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous studies suggested that social anxiety is associated with interpretation bias, theory of mind deficit, and eye gaze avoidance when identifying facial emotions. We tested the hypothesis that socially anxious individuals would be more affected by mask use during facial emotion recognition. 88 healthy undergraduates with various levels of social anxiety were invited. Participants judged the emotions of masked and unmasked facial expressions. Eye Movement Analysis with Hidden Markov Models was used to analyze participants' eye movement patterns during the task. Potential confounders including gender, depressive symptoms, stress, and executive planning ability were controlled for in the analyses. Results failed to support our hypothesis. Instead, higher social anxiety was associated with higher accuracy rates for angry and fearful faces and lower false alarm rates for sad faces. Eye movement patterns were similar across social anxiety levels. Interestingly, an exploratory moderation analysis revealed that an increase in using a more eye-centered strategy due to mask use was significantly associated with a larger drop in accuracy rate for fearful faces among individuals with higher social anxiety, while non-significantly associated with a smaller drop among individuals with lower social anxiety. Thus, our study indicates social anxiety, at least at subclinical levels, may be associated with a generally heightened sensitivity to negative emotions. However, such heightened sensitivity diminishes if they switch to a more eye-centered strategy when viewing masked facial emotions. Potential mechanisms and implications were discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"10 1","pages":"25"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12130428/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144209868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Scott Marriner, Julie Cantelon, Wade R Elmore, Seth Elkin-Frankston, Nathan Ward
{"title":"Investigating the relationship between media multitasking and executive function within a military population.","authors":"Scott Marriner, Julie Cantelon, Wade R Elmore, Seth Elkin-Frankston, Nathan Ward","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00634-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-025-00634-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The pervasive nature of media multitasking in the last fifteen years has sparked extensive research, revealing a nuanced but predominantly negative association with executive function. Given the cognitive demands and technological landscape of the modern battlefield, there is a critical interest in understanding how these findings may or may not extend to military members. To understand this relationship, we investigated the hypothesis that self-reported media multitasking behaviors would be negatively associated with performance-based measurements of executive function in a military population. Results found no significant relationship between overall media multitasking and any measures of executive function. However, average media multitaskers performed significantly better than heavy media multitaskers in a task-switching paradigm. Furthermore, we examined whether self-regulation moderated this relationship. Unlike previous research in non-military samples, we did not find that the impact of media multitasking on executive function was more pronounced among military members with lower self-regulation. By uncovering the nuanced interplay between these variables, this research contributes to a more thorough understanding of the cognitive implications of media multitasking both in general and within a military context.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"10 1","pages":"23"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12119449/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144175310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Processing of veracity cues: how processing difficulty affects the memory of event description and judgment of confidence.","authors":"Nicole Antes, Stephan Schwan, Markus Huff","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00629-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-025-00629-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In today's rapid dissemination of information, discerning truth from falsehood is crucial. We investigated how cues signaling information veracity influence memory accuracy and confidence in coherent narratives. Two studies manipulated perceptual difficulty in distinguishing true-labeled from false-labeled information in event descriptions using font color as a cue. Study 1 (N = 198) revealed that the presence of veracity cues reduces memory accuracy for the event description. Study 2 (N = 248) showed that when differentiating veracity cues became more challenging, false-labeled information was more frequently misidentified and less accurately remembered. Confidence ratings decreased with the presence of veracity cues (Study 1) but resulted in disproportionately high confidence for sentences labeled as false that were confused as true (Study 2). False-labeled information was less retained, yielding initially more accurate event representation. However, once stored, false-labeled information was recalled with confidence as true, leading to a false representation. Therefore, mechanisms such as highlighting the veracity of information within coherent news articles on social media should be used with consideration.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"10 1","pages":"22"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12119432/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144175311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Raoul Bell, Lena Nadarevic, Laura Mieth, Axel Buchner
{"title":"The illusory-truth effect and its absence under accuracy-focused processing are robust across contexts of low and high advertising exposure.","authors":"Raoul Bell, Lena Nadarevic, Laura Mieth, Axel Buchner","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00628-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-025-00628-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In present-day digital environments, people frequently encounter content from sources of questionable trustworthiness. Advertising is an untrustworthy source because its purpose is to persuade consumers rather than to provide impartial information. One factor known to enhance the perceived truth of advertising claims is repetition: Repeated advertising claims receive higher truth ratings than novel advertising claims. The phenomenon that repetition enhances processing fluency which enhances truth judgments is known as the illusory-truth effect. Does repetition always enhance truth judgments? For instance, does repetition enhance truth judgments even in contexts with extensive advertising exposure in which enhanced processing fluency could be used to classify a statement as likely coming from an untrustworthy source? In two experiments, we examined the illusory-truth effect by presenting participants with product statements in an exposure phase and collecting truth judgments for both repeated and new statements in a test phase. In a low-advertising-exposure condition, most of the statements were labeled as scientific studies while in the high-advertising-exposure condition, most of the statements were labeled as advertising. When participants read the product statements in the exposure phase, a typical illusory-truth effect was obtained: In the test phase, repeated statements received higher truth ratings than new statements. However, when participants were instructed to adopt an accuracy focus at encoding by judging the truth of the product statements, new statements were judged to be as true as repeated statements. Both the illusory-truth effect and its absence under accuracy-focus instructions were found to be robust across different levels of advertising exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"10 1","pages":"21"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12075062/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144045835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nicola Vasta, Margherita Andrao, Barbara Treccani, Denis Isaia, Claudio Mulatti
{"title":"The impact of wearing a heart rate monitoring wristband on museum visitors' memory and emotions: a randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Nicola Vasta, Margherita Andrao, Barbara Treccani, Denis Isaia, Claudio Mulatti","doi":"10.1186/s41235-025-00630-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s41235-025-00630-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Advances in technology have enabled museum curators to employ equipment that can measure visitors' physiological responses, offering a means to monitor these responses, while, at the same time, potentially engaging visitors. However, it is unclear whether these devices genuinely promote a positive experience or, conversely, are perceived as intrusive monitoring tools. Following traditional theories linking physiological responses, emotions and memory, we tested whether wearing a heart rate monitoring wristband during a temporary art exhibition could affect visitors' emotions and if emotional changes due to this manipulation could, in turn, affect the long-term memory of the artworks. Our findings show that using such a device heightened pleasant emotions experienced by visitors and improved their memory of the exhibit. These effects were still present even after six days from the visit. Moreover, we found that providing fake feedback concerning the emotions experienced in a specific room increased visitors' memory of artworks within that room. Our results are encouraging regarding the use of these technologies in museum exhibitions and bring evidence that they can enhance visitors' experiences, regardless of their accuracy.</p>","PeriodicalId":46827,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Research-Principles and Implications","volume":"10 1","pages":"20"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12075715/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144050565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}