{"title":"Does opinion shopping impair auditor independence? Evidence from tax avoidance","authors":"Heesun Chung , Eugenia Y. Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.jcae.2023.100398","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcae.2023.100398","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, we investigate whether a firm’s opportunistic switching of auditors for a favorable audit opinion, known as opinion shopping (OS), affects its tax avoidance activities. Using a sample of Korean firms over the 2006–2018 period, we find that firms that switch auditors for OS purposes engage in more aggressive tax avoidance than other firms. The association between OS-driven auditor switches and tax avoidance is more pronounced for switches to non-Big 4 auditors than to Big 4 auditors. The results are robust to various robustness tests that attempt to control for differences in the characteristics of OS and non-OS firms. Collectively, the findings suggest that auditors hired as a result of OS allow their clients to engage in more aggressive tax avoidance, which is consistent with impaired auditor independence. We contribute to the literature on OS by documenting evidence of the negative consequence of OS on corporate tax compliance. In addition, our findings suggest that firms’ tax and audit behaviors need to be monitored concurrently.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46693,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Accounting & Economics","volume":"20 1","pages":"Article 100398"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139051363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xin Chang , Yangyang Chen , Kangkang Fu , Endong Yang
{"title":"Institutional investor horizons, information environment, and firm financing decisions","authors":"Xin Chang , Yangyang Chen , Kangkang Fu , Endong Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jcae.2023.100397","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcae.2023.100397","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We provide evidence that the investment horizons of institutional shareholders affect firms’ financing decisions. We find that short-term institutional ownership positively affects firms’ likelihood of equity relative to debt issues, the size of equity issues, and the likelihood of long-term relative to short-term debt issues. Firms held more by short-term institutions have lower financial leverage and longer debt maturities. These results suggest that short-horizon institutions, backed by buy-side research, improve the transparency of the information environment, which allows firms to issue more information-sensitive securities. Our findings suggest that institutional investor horizons influence firms’ financing decisions by shaping their information environment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46693,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Accounting & Economics","volume":"20 1","pages":"Article 100397"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139051153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The impact of top management team incentive dispersion on Non-GAAP reporting","authors":"Hannah E. Richards , Yuan Shi , Hongkang Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.jcae.2023.100396","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcae.2023.100396","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We examine whether the dispersion of pay-performance sensitivity (PPS) amongst the top management team (TMT) impacts the likelihood of firms disclosing non-GAAP earnings and the quality of non-GAAP earnings. Management compensation contracts are designed to incentivize executive team members individually and in the aggregate. By structuring these contracts to have similar PPS, those charged with governance can increase collaboration amongst the TMT. However, this collaboration can turn into the TMT colluding to make firm decisions that result in the highest compensation for the TMT. Thus, a greater dispersion of PPS can lead to less collusion. We find that the likelihood of firms reporting non-GAAP earnings decreases and the quality of non-GAAP earnings disclosures increases when there is a higher dispersion of PPS. These findings are consistent with executives that are less incentivized by temporary stock price increases suppressing other executives from eliciting firm scrutiny by disclosing non-GAAP earnings and releasing low-quality non-GAAP earnings. Additionally, we find these effects on non-GAAP earnings are more likely to occur in firms with weaker governance and when the management team has a shorter tenure of working together. Overall, our research provides evidence of the association between the dispersion of TMT PPS and non-GAAP earnings decisions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46693,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Accounting & Economics","volume":"20 1","pages":"Article 100396"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138679928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Textual disclosure complexity and analysts’ weighting of information","authors":"Xiaoxiao Yu , Lei Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.jcae.2023.100395","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcae.2023.100395","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the influence of textual complexity in firms’ annual reports (Form 10-K) on financial analysts’ weighting of information. Drawing on a sample of U.S.-listed companies spanning from 1994 through 2020, we demonstrate that analysts tend to under-weight private information when 10-K reports are more readable, especially when the disclosed events indicate positive news, and when analysts face high workloads. Additionally, we find that analysts can identify managers’ opportunistic disclosure practices and rationally allocate weight between private and public information. Our findings suggest that analysts are affected by the underlying reporting and business complexity but not misled by the discretionary readability of 10-K reports when weighting information.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46693,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Accounting & Economics","volume":"20 1","pages":"Article 100395"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1815566923000450/pdfft?md5=baf0d74e82218c50c504a0b66720e360&pid=1-s2.0-S1815566923000450-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138679767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Proving their mettle: Managerial ability and firm performance in trying times","authors":"Barry Hettler , James Cordeiro , Arno Forst","doi":"10.1016/j.jcae.2023.100393","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcae.2023.100393","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>This study investigates the impact of trying economic times, i.e., periods of economic decline and uncertainty, on managerial ability. We find that trying economic times positively moderate the association between managerial ability and firm profitability. Consistent with these primary findings, we also find that the positive moderating </span>role of economic decline and uncertainty on the ability-performance relationship is most salient in procyclical </span>industries. Our results are robust across multiple measures of economically trying times and managerial ability. Further analyses indicate that in trying times more capable managers generate stronger performance through both improved asset turnover and profit margins.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46693,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Accounting & Economics","volume":"20 1","pages":"Article 100393"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138680124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"U.S. airline responses to mandated disclosure of non-financial performance","authors":"Xiaozhe Gu , Nandu J. Nagarajan , Akin Sayrak , Dhinu Srinivasan","doi":"10.1016/j.jcae.2023.100394","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcae.2023.100394","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper provides evidence on US airlines’ responses to the U.S. Department of Transportation’s (DOT) mandated disclosure of non-financial performance. We find that while all three DOT measures are associated with customer complaints, airlines are more likely to improve on-time performance rather than mishandled bags and ticket over-sales following poor prior period performance. We also find that on-time performance is the only DOT measure that is associated with future accounting performance and is significantly associated with CEO compensation after controlling for financial performance and load factor. We also provide preliminary results to show that airlines incorporate the more informative component of the on-time measure in CEO compensation. Overall, we provide new understanding of how organizations react to the disclosure of non-financial performance and use incentives to improve these measures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46693,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Accounting & Economics","volume":"20 1","pages":"Article 100394"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138679926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Carbon emission trading scheme and firm debt financing","authors":"Nan Huang , Rong He , Le Luo , Hongtao Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.jcae.2023.100384","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcae.2023.100384","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study examines the impact of firms’ participation in an emissions trading scheme (ETS) on their debt financing. Using a unique quasi-natural experimental setting in China, we find that the cost of debt increases and firm access to debt decreases when firms participate in an ETS, which indicates that lenders interpret firms’ participation in an ETS as a potential risk compared to nonparticipation. Further analyses show that the negative effect of participation in an ETS on firm debt financing is more significant for ETS participants that are less able to pass costs on, that operate in regions with less financial marketization, and that are less innovative. For firms that are covered by the national ETS, the restricted access to debt is alleviated for those with experience in a pilot ETS.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46693,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Accounting & Economics","volume":"20 1","pages":"Article 100384"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135509555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Historical institution and corporate Innovation: Evidence from China’s Civil-service Examination","authors":"Ruilin Liu , Zheyuan Zhang , Dan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jcae.2023.100385","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcae.2023.100385","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Previous research indicates that historical institutions are crucial to the functioning and development of an economy. However, little is known about whether and how a historical institution affects current entrepreneurial activities. In ancient China, the Civil-service Examination (CSE), also known as </span><em>keju</em>, was the most important institution for selecting scholar-officials and had long-lasting effects. Using the variation in the historical success in <em>keju</em> across prefectures, this paper empirically examines the impact of the CSE on local corporate innovation. We find that the density of <em>jinshi</em>, which is the highest achievement in <em>keju</em><span>, is positively correlated with the innovation productivity of local firms as measured by patent applications and citations. To determine causality, we employ an instrumental variable<span> and a quasi-experiment in early Qing period. Further tests suggest that the CSE promotes corporate innovation by fostering a forward-looking stance in firms, enhancing firms’ human capital level, and increasing local social capital. Overall, our results indicate that the CSE has a real and long-lasting impact on today’s firm innovation.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":46693,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Accounting & Economics","volume":"20 1","pages":"Article 100385"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135510630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Key audit matters and insider trading profitability: Evidence from China","authors":"Hui Liu , Yufan Chang , Man Zuo","doi":"10.1016/j.jcae.2023.100383","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcae.2023.100383","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The debate as to whether or not an expanded audit report is informative to the market persists, either from experimental and empirical study perspectives. With the utilization of 4,336 firm-year Chinese observations from 2016 to 2017, this study investigates whether the mandatory disclosure of key audit matters (KAMs) restricts insider trading profitability in China. The main test and robustness tests confirm the significant and negative relationship between KAM disclosure and insider trading profitability in the Chinese capital market. The study further explores the impact of KAMs’ textual characteristics using the KAM data from 2017 to 2020. The results suggest that firm-specific KAMs, longer KAMs, more readable KAMs, and more accurate KAMs reduce the insider trading profitability. Supplementary analysis shows that this effect only exists for opportunistic insider trading. In addition, the effect of KAM disclosure on insider trading profitability is further amplified by high institutional ownership, auditor industry specialization, and KAM with goodwill impairment matter. Overall, the study presents some evidence of the communicative value of KAM disclosure and provides a practical means to restrict insiders’ opportunistic behavior, highlighting the decision-making usefulness of KAMs for external investors.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46693,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Accounting & Economics","volume":"19 3","pages":"Article 100383"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135371617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Covenant violation concern and investors’ pricing of Level 3 fair value adjustments","authors":"Laura Mehnaz , Asheq Rahman , Humayun Kabir","doi":"10.1016/j.jcae.2023.100382","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcae.2023.100382","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We examine the influence of concerns relating to violation of the borrowing covenant on the investors’ valuation of Level 3 fair value adjustments. We reason that managerial bias in Level 3 fair value estimation is greater for firms approaching violation of the borrowing covenant. Based on a sample of Australian real estate firms, we find that managers report upward adjustments to Level 3 investment property values when they approach the threshold where the borrowing covenant is violated; and further find that this deliberate use of discretion is significant for firms closer to the interest coverage thresholds, but not for those approaching the gearing thresholds. We then find that, while fair value adjustments are priced positively, investors apply incremental discounts for firms closer to the violation threshold, or firms which are in technical default of borrowing covenants relative to those that are far from violation. Additionally, we show that the pricing discount on fair value adjustments attributable to the concern over covenant violation is significant only for the weaker governance sub-sample, indicating that effective monitoring mitigates faithful representation concerns about Level 3 fair value estimations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46693,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Accounting & Economics","volume":"19 3","pages":"Article 100382"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1815566923000322/pdfft?md5=27bb5cdc9551cc5868adce563af5539e&pid=1-s2.0-S1815566923000322-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135761073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}