Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology最新文献

{"title":"In-vitro Analysis of Solanum virginianum L. Extract and Melatonin: Synergistic Induction of Apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells.","authors":"Khushali Upadhyay, Foram Patel, Elizabeth Robin, A V Ramachandran, Darshee Baxi","doi":"10.1007/s12010-025-05335-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-025-05335-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Solanum virginianum (Sv) herb finds widespread usage in various medical systems, notably it is a component of the traditional herbal formulation \"Dashamula\". Melatonin is widely acknowledged as a chemical and a cell defender owing to its anti-oxidative and immunomodulatory properties. Despite extensive references in traditional medicine, systematic evaluations of Solanum virginianum anticancer properties are scarce. Combination therapy has emerged as a promising strategy for tackling drug-resistant cancers, inhibiting tumour progression, and enhancing therapeutic efficacy. This study aims to investigate the anticancer effects of Solanum virginianum plant extract and melatonin, individually and in combination, on breast cancer cells. The anticancer potential of individual treatments, as well as combinations of Solanum virginianum leaf extract and melatonin, was evaluated using cell migration inhibition, clonogenic assay, DNA fragmentation assay, nuclear morphology study, flow cytometry (FACS) analysis, and gene expression investigation. The methanolic leaf extracts of Solanum virginianum demonstrated significant anti-proliferative effects on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Furthermore, the combination of Solanum virginianum methanolic leaf extract and melatonin exhibited anti-migratory and anti-tumorigenic properties. This was further confirmed by gene expression studies related to both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. Notably, In combination groups, there was an increased expression of apoptotic genes (CASP3 (p < 0.001), CASP8 (p < 0.05), CASP9 (p < 0.05), BAX (p < 0.01) and anti-inflammatory genes (IL4, IL10), along with a decreased expression of the anti-apoptotic gene (BCL2) and metastatic genes (MMP2, MMP9). Overall, present study is the first comprehensive investigation into the potential of Solanum virginianum as an anticancer agent in conjunction with melatonin, highlighting the promising application of a combination approach for breast cancer treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144599030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"METTL3-Mediated N6-Methyladenosine Modification Regulates the Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy.","authors":"Huaiyan Jiang, Wenzhong Fu, Yunmin Cai, Hongxia Xu","doi":"10.1007/s12010-025-05302-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-025-05302-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a serious complication associated with diabetes, which may lead to diminished visual acuity or complete loss of sight. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is recognized as the predominant modification present in eukaryotic mRNAs. However, the role of methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3)-mediated m6A modification in DR still need further investigation. In our study, we constructed a DR cell model through the application of high glucose (HG) treatment on human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (hRMECs), and we found that METTL3 was downregulated for expression in the DR cell model. Mechanistically, we found that lncRNA MALAT1 was upregulated in hRMECs treated with HG due to the downregulation of METTL3 and subsequent reduction in m6A methylation. Functional experiments demonstrated that HG-induced upregulation of cell viability, endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), angiogenesis, and inflammatory factors were reversed by overexpressing METTL3, whereas these alleviating effects were neutralized by upregulation of MALAT1. Besides, inhibition of MALAT1 effectively attenuated retinal damage and inflammatory responses in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DR mice. Furthermore, MALAT1 could act as a microRNA (miR)-23a-3p sponge to increase vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) expression. Reversal experiments indicated that knockdown of MALAT1 mediated DR alleviation effects were reversed by miR-23a-3p inhibitor or overexpression of VEGFA. In summary, our research findings indicated that silencing METTL3 reduced m6A modification of lncRNA MALAT1 and stabilized MALAT1 expression, thus promoted the growth, EndMT, angiogenesis, and inflammatory response of HG-induced hRMECs through the miR-23a-3p/VEGFA axis.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144582744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mendelian Randomization-Based Discovery of Novel Protein Biomarkers and Drug Targets in Colorectal Cancer: Validation Through Prognostic Modeling, Single-Cell Analysis, and In Vitro Cell Experiments.","authors":"Xinyue Bao, Jun Yan, Wanting Bai, Hao Ru, Chengzhi Yao, Qi Gao, Ruimin Gong, Junzheya Zhu, Jiebin Pan, Qi Sun","doi":"10.1007/s12010-025-05306-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-025-05306-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>RNA modification plays a crucial role in biological processes. This study uses Mendelian randomization to investigate the relationship between RNAm-SNPs and CRC to identify potential protein markers and therapeutic targets. We analyzed RNAm-SNPs and CRC using RMVar and GWAS datasets. eQTL and pQTL analyses were performed to assess associations with gene expression and protein levels. Two-sample MR and summary-data-based MR identified candidate proteins. Single-cell expression analysis, prognostic model construction, protein-protein interaction studies, and druggability evaluations were conducted to identify cell-type enrichment and prioritize targets. Cell experiments further validated key genes in CRC. Six proteins (STX10, TBCA, GRIA4, PPT1, Sperm-associated antigen 2, and IL-21) were linked to CRC risk. These genes are primarily active in fibroblasts and epithelial cells in colon tumor tissue. Three proteins (GRIA4, IL-21, PPT1) are established targets for psychiatric and tumor disorders and may serve as therapeutic targets for CRC. Predictive modeling showed potential for clinical decision-making, and cell experiments confirmed TBCA as protective and GRIA4 as a risk factor in CRC. This study identified protein biomarkers associated with CRC risk, uncovering potential screening biomarkers and therapeutic targets, providing insight into the disease's molecular mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144582763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Au Nanoparticles, Green Synthesized by Plants of Bignoniaceae Family: Antioxidant Powerhouses with DNA Damage Mitigation Activity.","authors":"Zinnia Sultana, Tamanna Mallick, Abhishek Swarnakar, Siddik Sarkar, Naznin Ara Begum, Chowdhury Habibur Rahaman","doi":"10.1007/s12010-025-05303-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-025-05303-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts has become a green approach for developing modern drugs. This study focuses on synthesizing gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) using methanolic leaf (L) and bark (B) extracts from four Bignoniaceae species with a focus on their antioxidant properties. The formation of these nanoparticles was confirmed using UV-Vis spectroscopy, while their size, shape, and morphological characteristics were analyzed through multiple analytical methods. Among four plants, leaf and bark extracts of Kigelia africana (sausage tree) were found most effective in synthesizing the stable Au NPs (KA-Au NPs), which displayed unique hexagonal, rhomboid, and triangular shapes with an average size of 24-28 nm, as observed in TEM. In addition, the presence of plant-based phytochemicals bound to the nanoparticle surfaces was confirmed through FT-IR studies. Among the synthesized NPs, KA-Au NPs demonstrated higher antioxidant activity in both DPPH and nitric oxide radical scavenging assays, with the lowest IC₅₀ values. Cytotoxicity analysis using the MTT assay indicated that KA-Au NPs are non-toxic. Furthermore, the KA-Au NPs exhibited significant antioxidant properties by effectively mitigating H₂O₂-induced DNA damage, as evidenced by gel electrophoresis and comet assays. This study also illustrated the mechanistic insights into the DNA-protective effects of KA-Au NPs by evaluating binding interactions between NPs and calf-thymus DNA and confirmed the NPs' ability to scavenge intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Overall, the present research highlights the potential of K. africana-mediated Au NPs for developing safe and effective therapeutic agents, leveraging their unique chemical properties and biocompatibility for applications in nanomedicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144582761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Galactose Oxidase and Horseradish Peroxidase Hybrid Nanoflowers for Biosynthesis of 1-Tetralone.","authors":"Hui Wang, Ruichen Gao, Wenxia Liu, Jun Xiong, Wen-Yong Lou, Xiaoling Wu","doi":"10.1007/s12010-025-05304-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-025-05304-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Organic-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers as novel enzyme immobilization scaffolds have garnered increasing attention due to their high specific surface area and facile preparation conditions. Here, multiple enzyme hybrid nanoflower (GO&HRP-hNF) was obtained by using galactose oxidase (GO) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as the inner protein components and copper phosphates as the inorganic agents, which catalyzed the oxidation of 1-tetralol into 1-tetralone. The yield of 1-tetralone obtained from GO&HRP-hNF (49.96 ± 2.8%) was 1.4 times higher than that of the free enzyme system (35.75 ± 1.8%). GO&HRP-hNF displayed comparable kinetic parameters with free GO and remarkably enhanced stability under high temperature. Moreover, GO&HRP-hNF retained 80% of its initial activity even after 30 repeated catalytic cycles, demonstrating its satisfactory reusability. This study provides an avenue for the synthesis of 1-tetralone from 1-tetralol by using immobilized multi-enzyme composites in industrial applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144582762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Degrading Cutinases from Bacteria and Fungi: Structural Characterization and Molecular Docking Analysis.","authors":"Zeinab Rezaei, Hamid Moghimi, Andreas Kukol","doi":"10.1007/s12010-025-05308-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-025-05308-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the major plastics specified in the Plastics Identification System, which has been proven harmful to living organisms. The degradation of PET is made possible by microbial enzymes such as cutinases. Cutinase can be found in both bacteria and fungi, however, the degradation rate might be different. In this study, the known structures of fifteen fungal and bacterial cutinases were investigated using computational analysis. To compare the ability of these cutinases in PET degradation, a molecular docking analysis between the dimer unit of PET monomer (di-PET) and the enzymes was conducted using AutoDock Vina, resulting in predicted binding affinities and molecular interactions. Computational analysis of the enzymes identified a high aliphatic index indicative of high thermal stability. The analyses of the secondary and tertiary structures of cutinases showed their overall high stability and regions of flexibility. According to molecular docking analysis, Thermobifida genus cutinases showed the highest binding affinity for di-PET in comparison to other bacterial species and fungi. In particular, the calcium-bound cutinase Est119 from Thermobifida alba was predicted to bind di-PET with an affinity of - 6.4 kcal/mol at a position close to the Ser-residue of the catalytic triad that is involved in the first step of ester hydrolysis. Furthermore, among fungi, the strongest binding affinities between the cutinases and di-PET were observed in the Fusarium genus and Humicola insolens with - 5.7 kcal/mol. This study indicates the possibilities for further engineering of these enzymes for more efficient PET degradation, industrial recycling and upcycling, and improved waste management.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144574603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bifunctional Phyto-Synthesized Nano Silver for Mitigating Salinity-Induced Dormancy and Associated Fungal Infections During Seed Germination in Brassica juncea with Integration of Machine Learning-Based Predictive Modeling.","authors":"Krish Thakkar, Vaibhav Singh, Prashant Sharma, Prince Jain, Anupam Jyoti, Ashwani Kumar, Saurabhkumar Mehta, Abhijeet Singh, Manish Singh, Juhi Saxena","doi":"10.1007/s12010-025-05301-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-025-05301-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Salinity-induced dormancy associated with fungal infection during germination in plants is the major contributor to abiotic and biotic stress, leading to a loss in crop productivity. The present study has been designed to evaluate the dual functions of Cymbopogon citratus-derived silver nanoparticles (CC-AgNPs) for enhancing the germination and prevention of Aspergillus niger (ATCC 6275) infection in seeds of Brassica juncea. AgNPs were synthesized using the cell-free aqueous extract of C. citratus followed by their characterization using LC-MS at variable voltage for trace level detection of compounds responsible for bio-reduction. The extract contained metabolites belonging to alkaloids, flavonoids, amino acid, and saponins. UV-Vis spectra revealed AgNP synthesis with a peak at 430 nm and stability for up to 180 days. Additionally, FTIR peaks demonstrated the presence of capped bioactive as reducing and stabilizing agents. TEM analysis depicted an AgNP size of 33 nm and spherical. Salt-stressed B. juncea seeds were primed with 100 ppm of CC-AgNPs, which significantly increased the germination rates and total seedling growth. This has been mainly favored by the restoration of proteins involved in germination, the antioxidant potential of green nano-silver, along with ameliorating amylase activity (15.53 ± 0.3 mg g^-1 fresh weight min^-1) for increasing soluble sugars (15.37 ± 0.3 mg g^-1 fresh weight) to support the germination process. Furthermore, CC-AgNPs showed antifungal activity against A. niger as demonstrated by radial growth inhibition assay. Machine learning models, including Extra Trees, CatBoost, XGBoost, and Ensemble Averaging, have also been employed to predict seedling growth performance under AgNP treatment, enhancing the predictive and analytical strength of the study. Molecular docking results revealed that Ag in CC-AgNPs collectively mediate the antifungal activity by interacting with specific domains of fungal protein chitin deacetylase. Also, these CC-AgNPs are safe to use, as examined by biocompatibility assays on soil microbiota, human RBCs, and human skin fibroblast cell lines. The results herein prospect the employment of phyto-synthesized AgNPs for nanospray applications in the field, mitigating not only the salt-induced seed dormancy but also battling fungal infections during seed germination.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144574602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Combination of UPLC MS and Derivatization Method for Analysis of Purslane for Ulcerative Colitis In Vivo.","authors":"Xudong Li, Mingxuan Cui, Lijie Zhu, Haoqian Zhang, Yunhui Guan, Xiangjia Song, MengLin Zhao, Zhiguo Li, Fei Liao, Liqiang Shi, Ningning Zhao","doi":"10.1007/s12010-025-05320-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-025-05320-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Portulaca oleracea L. (PL) has significant clinical efficacy in treating ulcerative colitis (UC), which significantly affects patients' daily life. However, the absorption and metabolism of PL in vivo remain unclear due to the difficulty in detecting organic acids. This study focused on analyzing the pharmacogenetic composition of PL extract in 24 rats (n = 6) and its targeted network pharmacology. Using UPLC MS with derivatization techniques, plasma, and faeces were collected from healthy and UC rats gavaged with PL extracts. Subsequently, in vitro derivatization of the above biological samples and PL extracts was performed before and after derivatization to qualitatively analyze to ensure biosafety. A total of 61 active constituents and 21 constituents in vivo were detected. After derivatization, the sensitivity for detecting non-acid compositions increased in the negative mode, and the sensitivity for detecting acids also increased in the positive mode. For plasma and intestinal analysis, the detective sensitivity of organic acid was effectively increased for 1-3 times, and healthy rats with PL were detected with higher levels of the active constituents than that of UC rats with PL. Combined with the pharmacological analysis of the targeting network, it might act through the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) signaling pathway and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K-Akt) signaling pathway. However, individual differences in the samples may limit the generalizability of the results, and further validation with larger sample sizes is needed. This study not only provides a scientific basis for the material basis of the medicinal effects but also provides new ideas and methods for the study of traditional Chinese medicines.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144566925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Galangin Mitigates PM_2.5-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Senescence in HaCaT Keratinocytes.","authors":"Herath Mudiyanselage Udari Lakmini Herath, Mei Jing Piao, Kyoung Ah Kang, Pincha Devage Sameera Madushan Fernando, Herath Mudiyanselage Maheshika Madhuwanthi Senavirathna, Eui Tae Kim, Mee-Hyun Lee, Sungwook Chae, Jin Won Hyun","doi":"10.1007/s12010-025-05327-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-025-05327-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exposure to particulate matter 2.5 (PM_2.5) can negatively impact human skin, leading to issues such as wrinkle formation, skin aging, atopic dermatitis, and pigment spots. Galangin, a flavonoid known for its antioxidant property, was investigated for its protective effects on human HaCaT keratinocytes against PM_2.5-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and cellular senescence via the activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-mediated signaling pathway. In this study, cells were pretreated with galangin before exposure to PM_2.5. Galangin mitigated the PM_2.5-induced increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS), intracellular calcium, and ER stress-associated proteins. Additionally, galangin counteracted PM_2.5-induced cell cycle arrest in the G₀/G₁ phase and restored the levels of cell cycle regulators, matrix metalloproteinases, and inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, the p38 MAPK inhibitor, along with galangin, reversed cell cycle arrest, reduced cell proliferation, and alleviated cellular senescence triggered by PM_2.5. Overall, galangin protected cells against PM_2.5-induced ER stress and senescence via the ROS-p38 MAPK pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144566923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synzymes: The Future of Modern Enzyme Engineering.","authors":"Ahmet Alperen Palabiyik","doi":"10.1007/s12010-025-05305-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-025-05305-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Synzymes, synthetic mimics of natural enzymes, have emerged as a promising frontier in modern biocatalysis due to their enhanced stability, adaptability, and catalytic performance. Unlike natural enzymes, synzymes are engineered to function under extreme physicochemical conditions, making them suitable for a broad range of applications in biomedicine, industrial biotechnology, and environmental remediation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the structural principles, functional mechanisms, and real-world applications of synzymes. Particular attention is given to their role in targeted drug delivery, biosensing, green manufacturing, and pollutant degradation. Furthermore, the integration of artificial intelligence and high-throughput screening technologies has accelerated synzyme design, enabling more efficient and cost-effective development pipelines. By evaluating both the innovations and current limitations in synzyme research, this article outlines the growing potential of synthetic enzymes as next-generation tools for sustainable and precision-driven solutions.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144566924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}