Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology最新文献

{"title":"WTAP Promotes Atherosclerosis by Inducing Macrophage Pyroptosis and M1 Polarization through Upregulating NLRP3.","authors":"Xing Luo, Chaogui He, Bo Yang, Shuheng Yin, Ke Li","doi":"10.1007/s12010-024-05106-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-024-05106-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study was designed to investigate the impact of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) writer Wilms tumor 1-associated protein (WTAP) on the progression of atherosclerosis (AS) and to further elucidate its possible regulatory mechanism. The m6A levels and WTAP expressions were initially assessed through RIP, qRT-PCR, and western blotting. An in vitro model of AS was constructed by ox-LDL treatment in RAW264.7 cells. Next, the impact of WTAP on macrophage pyroptosis and M1 polarization was evaluated. The relationship between WTAP and NLRP3 was then investigated using m6A modification quantification and RIP-qPCR assay. To investigate the effect of WTAP on AS development in vivo, we created an ApoE^-/-mouse model of AS by feeding high-fat diet (HFD). Furthermore, the influence of WTAP on macrophage pyroptosis and M1 polarization through NLRP3 was explored by NLRP3 overexpression AAV injection. Here, we found that WTAP was significantly upregulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from AS patients, accompanied by increased total m6A methylation levels. The silencing of WTAP suppressed macrophage pyroptosis and M1 polarization induced by ox-LDL and also ameliorated aortic root lesion damage in AS mice. Mechanistically, m6A modification mediated by WTAP enhanced NLRP3 mRNA stabilization, thereby upregulating NLRP3 expression. Overexpression of NLRP3 was found to enhance macrophage pyroptosis and M1 polarization, contributing to the progression of AS. In conclusion, our findings suggest that WTAP knockdown mitigated AS progression by modulating NLRP3 in an m6A-dependent manner. Our study proposes that targeting WTAP could be a potential preventive and therapeutic strategy for AS patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142918991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation, Identification, and Fermentation Optimization of Phytase-Producing Bacteria and Their Effects on Soybean Seedlings.","authors":"Limin Zhang, Ziwei Song, Jingyuan Guo, Wenjia Liu, Jie Li, Qingxin Meng, Jixian Mo","doi":"10.1007/s12010-024-05154-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-024-05154-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Phosphorus in soil mostly exists in complex compounds such as phytic acid, which reduces the effectiveness of phosphorus and limits agricultural production. Phytase has the activity of hydrolyzing phytate into phosphate. The mineralization of phytate in soil by phytase secreted by microorganisms is an effective way to improve the utilization rate of phytate. This study isolated a high-yield phytase strain, identified as Pseudomonas by 16S rDNA and named Pseudomonas sp. S3-10. The fermentation medium composition and conditions were optimized using the single-factor method, Plackett-Burman design (PBD), and response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that cane molasses, MgCl₂, and temperature significantly affected the fermentation biomass of the bacterium. The optimal fermentation conditions were cane molasses and MgCl₂ concentrations of 61.80 g/L and 5.94 g/L, respectively, at 34.4 °C. Compared with the unoptimized fermentation conditions, the maximum biomass increased by 160.17 ± 6.26% under the optimized fermentation conditions, reaching 9.13 ± 0.09 × 10⁹ CFU/mL. The pot experiment results showed that Pseudomonas sp. S3-10 has a significant promoting effect on soybean growth. The strain increased the fresh weight and length of soybean seedlings by 112.92 ± 28.41% and 74.02 ± 3.24%, respectively, and increased the phytase activity in the soil and available phosphorus concentration in the plant rhizosphere by 388.15 ± 24.24% and 365.05 ± 91.96%, respectively. This study provided a high-yield phytase strain and its optimal fermentation conditions. The bacterium has significant plant growth-promoting effects and can be used as a new type of biological fertilizer, which is of great significance for reducing phosphorus fertilizer usage, improving phosphorus utilization efficiency, and protecting the ecological environment in agricultural production.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142918985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening of Plant UDP-Glycosyltransferases for Betanin Production in Yeast.","authors":"Christiane Glitz, Jane Dannow Dyekjær, Dovydas Vaitkus, Mahsa Babaei, Ditte Hededam Welner, Irina Borodina","doi":"10.1007/s12010-024-05100-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-024-05100-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To cover the rising demand for natural food dyes, new sources and production methods are needed. Microbial fermentation of nature-identical colours, such as the red pigment betanin, has the potential to be a cost-efficient alternative to plant extraction. The last step of betanin production is catalysed by a UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT). To find a high-performing UGT, we screened 27 UGTs from different plant species and tested their ability to produce betanin in vivo in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We identified two new UGTs likely involved in the betanin synthesis in the plant they derive from: CqGT2 (UGT73A37) from Chenopodium quinoa and BgGT2 (UGT92X1) from Bougainvillea glabra. The betanin-producing UGTs were also tested in Yarrowia lipolytica, where CqGT2 was the best-performing glycosyltransferase for betanin production. While it has previously been shown that the UGTs can glycosylate either betanidin or cyclo-DOPA to ultimately form betanin, the molecular mechanism behind the preference for the acceptor molecule has not been elucidated. Therefore, we performed in silico structural analysis to characterise the betanin-producing UGTs further, particularly by looking into their binding mechanism. The docking model suggested that a smaller binding site found in some UGTs only allows glycosylation of cDOPA, while a wider binding site allows glycosylation of both cyclo-DOPA and betanidin.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142918988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ReV as a Novel S. cerevisiae-Derived Drug Carrier to Enhance Anticancer Therapy through Daunorubicin Delivery.","authors":"Yunyoung Cho, Jiwoo Lim, Yang-Hoon Kim, Jiho Min","doi":"10.1007/s12010-024-05177-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-024-05177-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study explores the potential of vacuoles derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) as a novel form of drug carrier, specifically focusing on their application in enhancing the delivery of the chemotherapeutic agent Daunorubicin (DNR). We isolated and reassembled these vacuoles, referred to as Reassembled Vacuoles (ReV), aiming to overcome the challenges of drug degradation caused by hydrolytic enzymes within traditional vacuoles. ReV encapsulating DNR were tested against HL-60 cells, a model for acute myeloid leukemia, to evaluate their therapeutic impact. Through various analyses, including Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and Field-emission electron scanning microscope (FE-SEM), we characterized the properties of ReV. Our findings revealed that ReV exhibited superior stability, drug release rate, and cytotoxic efficacy compared to normal vacuoles (NorV). Notably, ReV demonstrated a higher apoptosis rate in HL-60 cells, efficient and complete release of DNR within 24 h, and reduced cytotoxic side effects. These results suggest that ReV could represent a new and effective drug delivery system in anticancer therapy, paving the way for more targeted and safer cancer treatment modalities.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142908675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cetyltrimethylammonium Chloride (CTAC) and Its Formulated Mouthwash Reduce the Infectivity of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans in Mono and Dual State.","authors":"Ravichellam Sangavi, Ravi Jothi, Nambiraman Malligarjunan, Veerapandian Raja, Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian, Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar","doi":"10.1007/s12010-024-05119-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-024-05119-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Early childhood caries (ECC), a severe form of dental caries, is exacerbated by the synergistic interaction between Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans, leading to greater disease severity than their individual effects. This underscores the need for more targeted and potent therapeutic alternatives. Given the promising anti-infective properties of quaternary ammonium surfactants (QAS), this study explores the microbicidal properties of one such QAS, cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC), against both individual- and dual-species cultures of S. mutans and C. albicans for effective ECC treatment. Initially, the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of CTAC were determined to range from 4 to 8 µg/mL against S. mutans, C. albicans, and dual-species cultures. Time-kill kinetics, assessed via spot assays and spectrometry, demonstrated that CTAC completely eradicated both individual- and dual-species cultures within 30 min of exposure. Furthermore, at sub-MIC concentrations, CTAC effectively reduced biofilm formation and virulence traits in S. mutans (including acidogenicity and aciduricity) and C. albicans (including yeast-to-hyphal transition and filamentation). To explore therapeutic application, a mouthwash containing CTAC was formulated. The results showed that the formulated CTAC mouthwash was as effective at eradicating pathogens as a commercially available mouthwash containing 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). Moreover, the CTAC mouthwash maintained stable physicochemical characteristics and antimicrobial activity over 4 weeks. It exhibited rapid killing activity against pathogens, achieving efficacy within just 2 min of exposure. Fluorescence microscopy and SEM micrographs confirmed the strong biofilm eradication potential of the CTAC mouthwash. The non-toxic nature of the formulated mouthwash was validated using human buccal epithelial cells, and in vivo studies further demonstrated that CTAC mouthwash significantly reduced bacterial and fungal loads in Galleria mellonella. Overall, the findings of this study highlight the potential application of QAS-CTAC in the treatment of ECC.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142891297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrosion Characteristics of Typical Gangue Minerals in Biometallurgical Systems.","authors":"Jiafeng Li, Linlin Tong, Jianing Xu, Qiao Chen, Hongying Yang","doi":"10.1007/s12010-024-05128-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-024-05128-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Electrochemical and shake flask tests were used to examine the corrosion characteristics of typical gangue minerals in biometallurgical systems and their impact on microbial communities. The results show that the solubility order of the three gangue minerals is feldspar, mica, and quartz in descending order. Their corrosion processes are mainly controlled by cathodic electron-donating processes. They are subjected to triple resistance, which is defined as solution-resistant, colloidal silica passivation, and iron precipitation (ferric hydroxide or jarosite passivation). Fe³⁺ and microorganisms both greatly improve the corrosion capacity of the system for the three gangue minerals. The community diversity may rise to 9.3, 8.6, and 4.4 times that of the initial HQ0211 strain, respectively, in the presence of feldspar, mica, and quartz.. The proportions of autotrophic microorganisms Leptospirillum, Sulfobacillus, and Acidiplasma decreased significantly, and the mixed trophic archaeon Ferroplasma and heterotrophic archaeon Cuniculiplasma became the dominant microorganisms in the system. Finally, the dissolution mechanism of gangue minerals in biometallurgical systems is discussed. The results enrich the theory of the gangue mineral corrosion process, which can lay a foundation for the effective regulation of biometallurgical processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142891300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overexpression of miR-328-3p Inhibits Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Prostate Cancer by Downregulating PFN1.","authors":"ZhenHua Gu, JianZhong Li, YuCheng Yang, Rui Ding, MeiLi Wang, Jian Chen","doi":"10.1007/s12010-024-05103-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-024-05103-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>MicroRNA (miR)-328-3p is believed to have anti-tumor impacts in various human cancers. However, its role in prostate cancer (PCa) is uncertain. In this research, miR-328-3p expression in PCa was reduced. Meanwhile, it was discovered that miR-328-3p directly targeted profilin-1 (PFN1) 3'-untranslated region to negatively modulate PFN1. Elevating miR-328-3p or reducing PFN1 suppressed cell growth, migration, and invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition; overexpression of miR-328-3p or inhibition of PFN1 delayed tumor growth in vivo. Further studies found that PCa patients with advanced T stage or high Gleason score had significantly lower miR-328-3p compared to PCa patients with early stage or low score. In addition, PCa patients with high miR-328-3p had a better prognosis than those with low miR-328-3p. Briefly, this study highlights the clinical and biological role of miR-328-3p as a tumor suppressor miRNA in PCa and explores the downstream mechanisms of miR-328-3p.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142880713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-silico and In-vitro Evaluation of Novel Carboxamide Analogue on the Metastasis of Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells Utilizing Novel PCPTC-loaded PEGylated-PLGA Nanocarriers.","authors":"Ankur Sharma, Amka Nagar, Susan Hawthorne, Mohini Singh","doi":"10.1007/s12010-024-05135-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-024-05135-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to determine the effects of novel N-{3-[(pyridin-4-yl)carbamoyl] phenyl} thiophene-2-carboxamide or PCPTC chemical moiety loaded Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-Poly (Ethylene glycol) or (PLGA-PEGylated) NP as an anti-metastatic Ran GTPase therapeutic agent on MDA-MB231 triple-negative human breast cancer cells. Molecular docking and MD simulation was done to determine the binding potential of novel carboxamide PCPTC with Ran GTPase. PLGA and PLGA-PEG based NP encapsulating PCPTC were fabricated using the Modified Double Emulsion Solvent Evaporation Technique and characterized for size, zeta potential, polydispersity and morphology. In vitro evaluation of loaded nanoparticles such as cellular localization study, cell proliferation, cell migration, cell invasion and Ran Pull Down assay were carried out on MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells. Ran downregulation was determined by pull down assay. PCPTC with Ran GTPase exhibited strong structural stability based on in silico analysis. The average sizes of PCPTC loaded NP ranged between 166.3 nm to 257.5 nm and were all negatively charged. Scanning electron microscopy data showed that loaded NP were smooth and spherical. Fluorescence microscopy data confirmed the intracellular localization of loaded nanoparticles inside the MDA-MB231 cells. Cell proliferation assay (MTT assay) confirmed the cytotoxic effect of the loaded-NP when compared to blank nanoparticles. PCPTC-loaded NP inhibited metastasis and invasion of MDA-MB231 cells. This anti-metastatic and the anti-invasive effect was due to the Ran GTPase cycle blockage, which was confirmed by performing Ran Pull down assay. we propose that PCPTC is a promising compound to inhibit Ran GTPase and may act as a potential therapeutic agent against breast cancer. PCPTC-loaded NP successfully stopped the metastasis of MDA-MB231 cells by disrupting the Ran cycle.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142875978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation and Characterization of Probiotic Bacteria from Traditional Foods.","authors":"MubarakAli Davoodbasha, Abinaya Mani, Kannappan Arunachalam, Arunkumar Jagadeesan, Majid Rasool Kamli, Jung-Wan Kim, Nooruddin Thajuddin","doi":"10.1007/s12010-024-05125-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-024-05125-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A probiotic is a live bacterium that, when given in sufficient proportions, helps to improve the host's gut health. Kimchi and pearl millet, two traditional foods, were used to isolate probiotic bacterial strains. This study's primary goals were to isolate, identify and analyse the microorganisms for potential probiotic traits, tolerance to gastrointestinal environments, and antimicrobial activity, and produce probiotic capsule. The present investigation resulted with identification of two probiotic strains (KAC1 and PAC1) from conventional foods, such as kimchi and pearl millet porridge. The isolated probiotics were identified as Enterobacteriaceae family by 16S rRNA sequencing and are deposited in GenBank (NCBI), accession numbers OQ629827 (KAC1) and OQ629828 (PAC1), respectively. These strains exhibited the characteristics of possible probiotic traits, such as the ability to tolerate simulated gastric juice, inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria, auto-aggregation, co-aggregation, and hydrophobicity. Furthermore, spectroscopic analysis divulges some critical findings which corroborate the results obtained. Finally, capsules containing freeze-dried  probiotics was successfully produced.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142875981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction and Expression of Fc-FGF21 by Different Expression Systems and Comparison of Their Similarity and Difference with Efruxifermin by In Vitro and In Vivo Studies.","authors":"Xujia Wang, Qin Meng, Aijuan Jia, Yuehua Zhou, Dandan Song, Shaokang Ma, Wei Li, Zhuobing Zhang, Christopher Goldring, Hui Feng, Mu Wang","doi":"10.1007/s12010-024-05107-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-024-05107-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a potential serious disease, which almost has no available medicine for effective treatment today. Efruxifermin is a bivalent Fc-FGF21 candidate drug developed by Akero Therapeutics that has shown promising results in preclinical and clinical trials for NASH and may be approved in future. However, it is produced by Escherichia coli (E. coli) expressing system, which has no glycosylation modifications and is hard to purify for inclusion body. Suspension mammalian cell expression systems, human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293), and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) are good choice for protein expression of biopharmaceutical use. In this report, the objective was to produce Fc-FGF21 by mammalian cell expression systems, which enabled necessary glycosylation modifications to occur on the Fc-FGF21 protein and was relatively easy for future large-scale production. We observed that the target protein Fc-FGF21 could be easily degraded in CHO system, such as CHOK1SV or CHOZN, and it was hard to purify, whereas it was more stable in the HEK293 expressing system. Then, similarity between Fc-FGF21 from E. coli and Fc-FGF21 from HEK293 was focused by in vitro and in vivo studies, and we observed no significant difference between the proteins expressed from the two different expressing systems, indicating that a biosimilar of Efruxifermin has been developed successfully. Proteomics analysis from in vivo study samples further identified some potential biomarkers or FGF21 related signaling pathways. Taken together, this study demonstrates a good example of how to develop and validate a biosimilar for therapeutic purposes. In future, more efforts, such as mutation to FGF21 or linking FGF21 with effective antibody to form dual targets, could be done to obtain more effective FGF21 analogs.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142852038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}