Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology最新文献

{"title":"Inhibition of ATP Citrate Lyase by Hydroxycitrate-Loaded Exosomes Suppresses the Survival of Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells.","authors":"Kanika Phutela, Priyanca Ahlawat, Jyotdeep Kaur, Amanjit Bal, Navneet Singh, Harkant Singh, Sadhna Sharma","doi":"10.1007/s12010-025-05204-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-025-05204-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The metabolic enzyme ATP citrate lyase is overexpressed in several cancers and links glucose metabolism with de novo fatty acid synthesis pathway by catalyzing the conversion of citrate into acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate. Potassium hydroxycitrate, its natural inhibitor, exhibits anticancer activity; however, its use is limited due to low bioavailability. This study aims to improve the efficacy of hydroxycitrate by its encapsulation in bovine milk exosome surface conjugated with folate for targeting lung cancer cells. The mean particle size of potassium hydroxycitrate-loaded exosomes (Exo-KH) and paclitaxel exosomes (Exo-Pac) was 183 nm and 174 nm; they had spherical morphology and encapsulation efficiency of 16.87 ± 2.78% and 27.65 ± 3.23%, respectively. In the in vitro study, Exo-KH suppressed the proliferation of A549 cells and significantly reduced ACLY mRNA expression. In addition to ACLY, EXO-KH also downregulated the mRNA expression of other crucial metabolic enzymes such as fatty acid synthase and isocitrate dehydrogenase 1. EXO-KH formulation caused significant increase in apoptosis rate (< 75%) and reactive oxygen species production and reduced ACLY protein expression in A549 cells. Moreover, the pharmacokinetic study revealed the sustained release of hydroxycitrate (half-life 22.74 h and clearance 0.13 µg/ml) from the exoformulation. Altogether, the study findings highlight the beneficial role of EXO-KH formulation against lung cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143536305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One-Pot Synthesis and Characterization of Naringenin-Capped Silver Nanoparticles with Enhanced Biological Activities.","authors":"Neelima Sathianathan, Vipina Vinod Thazhenandayipurath, Aparna Vadakoot Mukundan, Aparna Raj, Vidya Latha, Radhakrishnan Edayileveetil Krishnankutty, Sudarsanakumar Chellappanpillai","doi":"10.1007/s12010-025-05181-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-025-05181-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Flavonoids are known to possess biological effects like anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic properties. Similarly, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been widely used in the biomedical industry for therapy and diagnostics for a long time. This study investigates the potential of naringenin functionalized silver nanoparticles (AgN NPs) as a potential wound healing agent. The synthesis of AgN NPs was carried out using the one-pot synthesis method in the alkaline pH. Naringenin is used as the capping and the reducing agent. The naringenin-capped AgNPs were synthesized in six different concentrations. The structural, morphological, and spectroscopic characterization for each sample was conducted. The size of the nanoparticles was studied using the dynamic light scattering (DLS) experiment and further confirmed using TEM. The crystalline structure was investigated using X-ray diffraction, and AgN NPs exhibited a fcc crystal structure. The FTIR confirmed the capping of naringenin on AgNPs. All samples were tested for antibacterial activity, and the results demonstrated zones of inhibition against both Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Also, AgN NPs exhibited dose-dependent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antidiabetic properties. The wound healing potential of AgN NPs was evaluated using a scratch wound assay in L929 cell lines. After 24 h, the scratch area was significantly reduced in the AgN NPs-treated sample, indicating enhanced cell migration compared to naringenin. Hence, these findings suggest that AgN NPs may serve as a more promising wound-healing agent than naringenin.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Integrative Approach Using Molecular and Metabolomic Studies Reveals the Connection of Glutamic Acid with Telomerase and Oxidative Stress in Berberine-Treated Colorectal Cancer Cell Line HCT 116.","authors":"Muhammad Azizan Samad, Arief Izzairy Zamani, Nazia Abdul Majid, Saiful Anuar Karsani, Syarul Nataqain Baharum, Jamilah Syafawati Yaacob, Mohd Zuwairi Saiman","doi":"10.1007/s12010-025-05200-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-025-05200-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the common deadliest cancers worldwide. In Malaysia, the numbers of new CRC cases were horrific and worrisome. Telomerase is both prognostic indicator and predictor of carcinogenesis in CRC patients. Berberine, a telomerase inhibitor, was used in clinical trials and metabolomic studies; however, the association of telomerase with metabolites and metabolic pathways was not fully understood. Colorectal cancer cell line HCT 116 was cultured and treated with 10.54 µg/mL berberine. The cells were harvested at different time points to conduct subsequent analyses. The methods used in this research were real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to assess RNA expressions; Western blot to determine protein levels; TELOTAGGG Telomerase PCR ELISA to determine relative telomerase activity (RTA); 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining to determine percentage of nuclei damage; fluorescence microscopy for cell area; spectrophotometric potassium iodide assay for intracellular hydrogen peroxide concentration [H₂O₂]; as well as liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) to investigate the intracellular metabolites. Partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) score plot exhibited an improved separation compared to principal component analysis (PCA) when metabolomic data analysis of HCT 116 at various berberine treatment durations was conducted. Time and berberine treatment had an impact on RTA in HCT 116. RTA was discovered to be positively and negatively correlated to 14 and 2 metabolites, respectively. Glutamic acid was consistently found correlated to RTA. Other four metabolites, i.e., MG(14:0), [3-[hydroxy(phosphonooxy)phosphoryl]oxyphenyl] phosphono hydrogen phosphate), (3S,6S)-6-[[(3S,6R)-6-[(2S,3S,5S)-2,5-diiodo-4-methoxy-6-methyloxan-3-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid, and 1-[5-O-(5'-adenylyloxyphosphonyl)-beta-D-ribofuranosyl]-5-amino-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide, were newly discovered to be connected to RTA in HCT 116. Four metabolic pathways that majorly affected shared glutamic acid and glutamine. Nitrogen metabolism, D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis have been identified to be associated with RTA. Network analyses hinted that glutamic acid was also associated with oxidative stress mechanism. The multiple roles glutamic acid acted in diverse metabolic pathways and interaction networks emphasized the importance of glutamic acid in HCT 116 regarding RTA. This research establishes the association between RTA and several chosen RNAs, proteins, metabolites, and oxidative stress mechanisms, consequential in morphological alteration in HCT 116, to expand the knowledge of the intricate biological relationships and telomerase mechanism in CRC.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of Subtypes and Diagnostic Markers Related to Necroptosis in Sepsis.","authors":"Sen Peng, Ning Meng, Xia Xie, Bing Zhu, Bing Wang","doi":"10.1007/s12010-025-05201-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-025-05201-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sepsis is a serious systemic infection with a high mortality rate. More and more evidence suggested that necroptosis plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis and progression of sepsis. This study aimed to elucidate the biological function and clinical significance of necroptosis in sepsis, and identify new potential biomarkers to improve the diagnosis and treatment of sepsis. Firstly, we identified 40 differentially expressed necroptosis related genes (DENRGs). Subsequently, a protein interaction (PPI) network of 40 DENRGs was constructed. Based on the key NRGs in the PPI network, the LASSO algorithm was used to screen eight diagnostic-related NRGs in sepsis, and a diagnostic model and risk score were constructed. The ROC analysis results indicated that the eight NRGs diagnostic model has good diagnostic performance (AUC = 0.955). There is a significant difference in risks core between normal samples and sepsis patients. The results of immune infiltration analysis showed that eight diagnostic-related NRGs were significantly correlated with multiple immune cells. Given the clinical significance of necroptosis in sepsis, we identified two molecular subtypes of sepsis based on eight NRGs. The necroptosis score of subtype 1 is significantly lower than that of subtype 2, while the immune score of subtype 1 is significantly higher than that of subtype 2. In summary, we developed and validated a diagnostic model and risk score based on eight NRGs, and identified two completely different subtypes associated with sepsis. Our research may provide new insights into the mechanisms of necroptosis in sepsis and the identification of potential biomarkers.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fermentation-Mediated Enhancement of Safety, Thermal Stability, Bioaccessibility, and Health-Promoting Potential of Watermelon Peel Polyphenol Extract.","authors":"Lam Vi Chau, Huyen Ngoc Nguyen, Thang Minh Le, Quynh Lan Ngo, Thuy Nguyen Huong Tran, Ngoc Thanh Vu","doi":"10.1007/s12010-025-05185-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-025-05185-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fruit wastes contain significant levels of polyphenols with various health-related effects. However, polyphenols have several limitations that hinder their industrial applications. In this study, solid-state fermentation was used as a pre-extraction treatment to not only increase the extraction efficiency of polyphenols from watermelon peel (WP), but also to overcome their drawbacks and improve other properties. Specifically, optimal conditions in the integrated process, fermentation and extraction, were determined by response surface methodology for the highest polyphenol recovery from WP. The post-process extract showed a dramatic improvement in polyphenol content with an increase in various phenolic compounds determined by UHPLC-MS/MS and a significant decrease in cytotoxicity. In addition, two limitations of polyphenols, low stability and bioaccessibility, were significantly improved. Various health potentials of WP were also enhanced: antioxidant (radical scavenging and ferric reduction), anti-inflammatory (inhibition of heat-induced hemolysis, protein denaturation and protease), selectively antibacterial (anti-growth, anti-survival and anti-biofilm for pathogenic bacteria), prebiotic (promotion of probiotic growth and biofilm formation), anti-diabetic (α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition), and anti-melanogenic (tyrosinase inhibition). The mechanisms of enzyme inhibition for anti-diabetic and anti-melanogenic capacity were further elucidated by enzyme kinetic studies. Overall, the study suggests an efficient process to convert WP into high-value products with prospects in the circular economy.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tanshinone IIA Suppresses the Proliferation of MGC803 Cells by Disrupting Glycolysis Under Anaerobic Conditions.","authors":"Zhe Liu, Yi Wang, Xia Gao, Jingwen Ma, Chan Hui, Chao Wang, Yanfei Liu, Yao Huang, Yuting Wen","doi":"10.1007/s12010-025-05205-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-025-05205-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to investigate how Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) affects gastric cancer cell (MGC803) proliferation under anaerobic conditions, which are linked to drug resistance and tumor growth. The proliferation of MGC803 cells under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions in response to Tan IIA was assessed using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects, proteomics analysis was performed following treatment with 50 µmol/L Tan IIA, focusing on alterations in Gene Ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. Additionally, in vitro evaluations such as glucose uptake, lactate production, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis were employed to validate the alterations in glycolytic activity observed in anaerobic cells treated with Tan IIA. Under anaerobic conditions, Tan IIA enhanced the inhibitory effect on the proliferation of MGC803 cells. Proteomics data revealed that a total of 6629 proteins were identified and quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), with 2604 proteins exhibiting significant changes (fold change > 2 or < 0.5, P < 0.05). KEGG analysis highlighted the perturbation of glycolytic pathway by Tan IIA under anaerobic conditions, accompanied by reduced glucose uptake, lactate production, and ATP synthesis. Additionally, a downregulation of glycolytic enzyme expression was observed at both the mRNA and protein levels, including glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), phosphofructokinase 2 (PFKP), and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH). Tan IIA inhibits the proliferation of MGC803 cells by disrupting the glycolysis under anaerobic conditions, offering a potential treatment for anaerobiosis-resistant solid tumors.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to: Evaluation and Optimization of the Different Process Parameters of Mild Acid Pretreatment of Waste Lignocellulosic Biomass for Enhanced Energy Procreation.","authors":"Uma Kumari, Pratibha Gupta","doi":"10.1007/s12010-025-05206-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-025-05206-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143490100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-dengue Viral Protein NS5 and Antibacterial Efficacy of Andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata: An In Silico Approach.","authors":"Kandasamy Selvam, Chinnappan Sudhakar, Arunagiri Ragu Prasath, Duraisamy Senbagam, Mohammed S Almuhayawi, Mohammed H Alruhaili, Mohammed K Nagshabandi, Samy Selim","doi":"10.1007/s12010-025-05191-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-025-05191-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The current study examines the anti-dengue and antibacterial potential and in silico drug development of the andrographolide against the pathogens Staphylococcus aureus (1JIJ) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6MVN) and the dengue viral protein NS5. The phytochemical analysis identified the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phenols, glycosides, and steroids in the Andrographis paniculata methanolic leaf extract. Based on the GC-MS analysis, andrographolide was identified as the primary chemical constituent of the medicinal plant A. paniculata and the compound with the largest peak area among other compounds. The agar well diffusion method was employed to observe the antibacterial potential of the methanolic leaf extract against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. The maximal inhibition zones were 15.6 ± 0.34 mm and 11.7 ± 0.42 mm, respectively. Additionally, andrographolide was docked with the NS5 viral protein and bacterial proteins, including S. aureus TyrRS (PDB: 1JIJ) and P. aeruginosa LasR PDB (ID: 6MVN), resulting in a docking score of - 20.7384 kJ/mol, - 15.0969 kJ/mol, and - 11.1171 kJ/mol, respectively. In summary, our molecular docking experiments with the identified andrographolide compound demonstrated its potential as a drug with anti-dengue viral and antibacterial properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143447798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolomic Insights into the Promotional Effect of Mulberry Leaf Flavonoids on Monascus Fermentation for the Production of Pigments.","authors":"Chun Liu, Xinyue Huang, Yanhao Huang, Biao Wang, Junqiang Jia, Qiongying Wu","doi":"10.1007/s12010-025-05183-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-025-05183-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, adding mulberry leaf flavonoids (MLFs) during the liquid-state fermentation of Monascus purpureus significantly improved the production of Monascus pigments (MPs). Compared with the control group, the red, yellow, and orange pigment levels increased by 1.69, 1.4, and 1.29 times, respectively. Metabolomic analysis suggested adding rutin, the primary component of MLFs, induced changes in 32 significantly different metabolites. These changes included a significant increase in (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2-carboxylate, D-4'-phosphopantothenate, cis-4-hydroxy-D-proline, and L-isoleucine. Enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomics (KEGG) metabolic pathways revealed valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis, and phenylalanine metabolism improvements. These improvements help to activate the pigment synthesis pathway and promote pigment synthesis. These findings offer crucial insights into the impact of MLFs on Monascus purpureus metabolic pathways and suggest potential methods for increasing MP production.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143439277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytochemical-Mediated Green Synthesis of Silver, Copper, and Ag-Cu Bimetallic Nanoparticles Using Peganum harmala Demonstrating Advanced Catalytic, Antioxidant, and Biomedical Applications.","authors":"Amjid Khan, Muhammad Anas, Fouzia Bibi, Muhammad Ali, Ali Talha Khalil, Khurram Shahzad Munawar, Hamza Elsayed Ahmed Mohamed, Khaoula Hkiri, Malik Maaza, Zabta Khan Shinwari","doi":"10.1007/s12010-025-05186-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-025-05186-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study explores the green synthesis of silver (Ag-NPs), copper (Cu-NPs), and silver-copper bimetallic nanoparticles (Ag-Cu Bimetallic NPs) using the leaf extract of Peganum harmala, a sustainable and renewable plant source. This eco-friendly synthesis method avoids hazardous chemicals and minimizes waste, advancing the principles of green nanotechnology. Characterization demonstrated distinct properties; Ag-NPs, Cu-NPs, and Ag-Cu bimetallic NPs exhibited surface plasmon resonance peaks at 425 nm, 555 nm, and 525 nm, respectively, and crystallite sizes of 21.42 nm, 21.40 nm, and 26.29 nm as confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Morphological analysis revealed spherical Ag-NPs, flake-like Cu-NPs, and a mix of cubic and spherical Ag-Cu NPs. Catalytic activity tests showed Ag-Cu bimetallic NPs achieved 95% degradation of methylene blue dye, highlighting their potential in environmental remediation. Antibacterial assays demonstrated that Ag-NPs exhibited the highest inhibition zones against Bacillus subtilis (27.0 mm) and Escherichia coli (27.67 mm), while Cu-NPs were effective against Klebsiella pneumoniae at higher concentrations. Ag-NPs also exhibited significant antifungal activity, particularly against Aspergillus niger (15.00 mm). Antioxidant assays revealed Ag-Cu bimetallic NPs displayed the highest free radical scavenging capacity (59.18%), followed by Ag-NPs (35.41%). Cytotoxicity tests indicated Ag-Cu bimetallic NPs had an IC₅₀ value of 6.13 µg/mL, reflecting high cytotoxicity, whereas Ag-NPs demonstrated better biocompatibility. Hemolysis assays showed P. harmala extract had the highest hemolytic activity (IC₅₀ = 4.49 µg/mL). This study provides a scalable, sustainable method for synthesizing multifunctional nanoparticles with promising applications in environmental remediation, antimicrobial resistance management, and biomedicine. Future studies should focus on scaling up this sustainable synthesis method, investigating the biological interactions of these nanoparticles, and optimizing their dosages to reduce potential environmental and health risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":465,"journal":{"name":"Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143439324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}