Journal of Optometry最新文献

{"title":"Journal of Optometry Impact Factor: it's been a long way to here","authors":"José M. González-Méijome , David P. Piñero , César Villa-Collar","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2022.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2022.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"16 1","pages":"Pages 1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/26/bb/main.PMC9811365.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10839111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of an open view autorefractor with an open view aberrometer in determining peripheral refraction in children","authors":"Pelsin Demir ,&nbsp;Antonio Filipe Macedo ,&nbsp;Ranjay Chakraborty ,&nbsp;Karthikeyan Baskaran","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2021.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2021.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>The aim of this study was to compare central and peripheral refraction using an open view Shin-Nippon NVision-K 5001 autorefractor and an open view COAS-HD VR aberrometer in young children.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Cycloplegic central and peripheral autorefraction was measured in the right eye of 123 children aged 8 to 16 years. Three measurements each were obtained with both Shin-Nippon NVision-K 5001 autorefractor and COAS-HD VR aberrometer along the horizontal visual field up to 30° (nasal and temporal) in 10° steps. The refraction from the autorefractor was compared with aberrometer refraction for pupil analysis diameters of 2.5-mm and 5.0-mm.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The Shin-Nippon was 0.30 D more hyperopic than COAS-HD VR at 2.5-mm pupil and 0.50 D more hyperopic than COAS-HD VR at 5-mm pupil for central refraction. For both pupil sizes, the 95% limits of agreement were approximately 0.50 D for central refraction, and limits were wider in the nasal visual field compared to the temporal visual field. The mean difference for both J₀ and J₄₅ were within 0.15 D and the 95% limits of agreement within 0.90 D across the horizontal visual field.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Defocus components were similar between the Shin-Nippon autorefractor and the COAS-HD VR aberrometer with a 2.5-mm pupil for most visual field angles. However, there was a significant difference in defocus component between the Shin-Nippon autorefractor and the COAS-HD VR aberrometer with a 5.0-mm pupil, wherein the autorefractor measured more hyperopia. The astigmatic components J₀ and J₄₅ were similar between instruments for both central and peripheral refraction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"16 1","pages":"Pages 20-29"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9811364/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10484170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategies and attitudes on the management of myopia in clinical practice in Spain","authors":"Clara Martínez-Pérez ,&nbsp;César Villa-Collar ,&nbsp;Jacinto Santodomingo-Rubido ,&nbsp;James S. Wolffsohn","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2022.03.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2022.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>In 2019, an international survey was conducted to evaluate strategies and attitudes in the management of myopia in clinical practice worldwide. This study reports on the results found in Spain and how these results compare with those from other regions of the world.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A self-administrated, internet-based questionnaire was distributed to eye care professionals around the world through professional associations. The questions examined were based on the available strategies and their use.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>A total of 173 Spanish optometrists, of the 1,336 practitioners from the five different continents who participated in the study, responded to the online survey. Spain, Asia and South America were found among the regions with the highest concern regarding the increased incidence of myopia (<em>p</em> ≤ 0.001). However, in these regions, the prescription of single-vision spectacles and single-vision contact lenses continues to be the main methods of visual correction prescribed to young myopic patients (<em>p</em> ≤ 0.001). Spanish practitioners, like those from other regions, considered orthokeratology to be the most effective treatment to control myopia progression (<em>p</em> ≤ 0.001). The major reasons why Spanish practitioners were not prescribing myopia control strategies were increased cost, inadequate information and unpredictable outcomes (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The uptake of myopia control methods by Spanish practitioners is relatively low, despite the increase in the prevalence of paediatric myopia as well as increased concern and perceived clinical activity in the area in recent years.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"16 1","pages":"Pages 64-73"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/7d/cc/main.PMC9811371.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10484670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell (ipRGC) stimulation on axial length changes to imposed optical defocus in young adults","authors":"Ranjay Chakraborty ,&nbsp;Michael J. Collins ,&nbsp;Henry Kricancic ,&nbsp;Brett Davis ,&nbsp;David Alonso-Caneiro ,&nbsp;Fan Yi ,&nbsp;Karthikeyan Baskaran","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2022.04.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2022.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>The intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) regulate pupil size and circadian rhythms. Stimulation of the ipRGCs using short-wavelength blue light causes a sustained pupil constriction known as the post-illumination pupil response (PIPR). Here we examined the effects of ipRGC stimulation on axial length changes to imposed optical defocus in young adults.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><p>Nearly emmetropic young participants were given either myopic (+3 D, <em>n</em> = 16) or hyperopic (-3 D, <em>n</em> = 17) defocus in their right eye for 2 h. Before and after defocus, a series of axial length measurements for up to 180 s were performed in the right eye using the IOL Master following exposure to 5 s red (625 nm, 3.74 × 10¹⁴ photons/cm²/s) and blue (470 nm, 3.29 × 10¹⁴ photons/cm²/s) stimuli. The pupil measurements were collected from the left eye to track the ipRGC activity. The 6 s and 30 s PIPR, early and late area under the curve (AUC), and time to return to baseline were calculated.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The PIPR with blue light was significantly stronger after 2 h of hyperopic defocus as indicated by a lower 6 and 30 s PIPR and a larger early and late AUC (all <em>p</em>&lt;0.05). Short-wavelength ipRGC stimulation also significantly exaggerated the ocular response to hyperopic defocus, causing a significantly greater increase in axial length than that resulting from the hyperopic defocus alone (<em>p</em> = 0.017). Neither wavelength had any effect on axial length with myopic defocus.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>These findings suggest an interaction between myopiagenic hyperopic defocus and ipRGC signaling.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"16 1","pages":"Pages 53-63"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/68/56/main.PMC9811374.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10489197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of birth weight with corneal aberrations in adulthood – Results from a population-based study","authors":"Achim Fieß ,&nbsp;Michael S. Urschitz ,&nbsp;Markus Nagler ,&nbsp;Stefan Nickels ,&nbsp;Susanne Marx-Groß ,&nbsp;Thomas Münzel ,&nbsp;Philipp S. Wild ,&nbsp;Manfred E. Beutel ,&nbsp;Karl J. Lackner ,&nbsp;Norbert Pfeiffer ,&nbsp;Alexander K. Schuster","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2021.06.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2021.06.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>Low birth weight (BW) is associated with increased corneal aberrations in childhood and alterations of corneal geometry in adulthood. Increased corneal aberrations may be a factor contributing to decreased visual function in former low BW newborns in later life. Hence, the aim of this study was to analyze the long-term effect of low BW on corneal aberrations in adulthood.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>In the German population-based Gutenberg Health Study (GHS) participants (age: 40–80 years) were examined with Scheimpflug imaging (Pentacam HR, Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany). The relationship between self-reported BW and the different types of corneal aberrations was analyzed using linear regression analysis as uni- and multivariable analysis with adjustment for potential confounders. The main outcome measures were corneal aberrations defined as astigmatism (Z₂⁻²; Z₂²), coma (Z₃⁻¹; Z₃¹), trefoil (Z₃⁻³; Z₃³), spherical aberration (Z₄⁰) and root-mean square of higher order aberrations (HOA; 3rd up to 8th order; aperture size: 6 mm).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Overall, 5,628 participants were included in this analysis (3,004 women, aged 56.0 +/- 10.3 years). In a multivariable analysis lower BW was associated with decreased horizontal trefoil (<em>B</em> = 0.004 [0.001; 0.006] µm/500 g; <em>p</em>=.008); higher spherical aberrations (<em>B</em>=-0.006 [-0.008;-0.003] µm/500 g; <em>p</em>&lt;.001), higher RMS (<em>B</em>=-0.028 [-0.042;-0.014] µm/500 g; <em>p</em>&lt;.001), increased HOA (<em>B</em>=-0.007 [-0.010;-0.003] µm/500 g; <em>p</em>&lt;.001) and increased LOA (<em>B</em>=-0.027 [-0.041;-0.013] µm/500 g; <em>p</em>&lt;.001). No association was observed between birth weight and the other types of corneal aberrations in multivariable model.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Our results indicate an association between BW and spherical aberration in adults aged 40 to 80 years. This indicates that low BW may have an association with an altered corneal shape development which may affect optical image quality and, hence, visual function.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"16 1","pages":"Pages 42-52"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/36/c0/main.PMC9811361.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10489688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Twelve-month outcomes of a new refractive lenticular extraction procedure","authors":"Kishore Raj Pradhan ,&nbsp;Samuel Arba Mosquera PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2021.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2021.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>To evaluate the 12-month refractive and visual outcomes of Small Incision Guided Human-cornea Treatment (SmartSight®, SCHWIND eye-tech-solutions, Kleinostheim, Germany) in the treatment of myopia corrections with low to moderate astigmatism with the use of a new femtosecond laser system.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>221 eyes of 114 patients consecutively treated with SmartSight lenticule extraction were assessed. The mean age of the patients was 28±6 years at the time of treatment with a mean spherical equivalent refraction of -6.26±2.17D and mean astigmatism of 0.92±0.68D. Monocular corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) were assessed pre- and post-operatively. Refractive changes have been determined in terms of changes in refraction, as well as changes in keratometric readings. The changes in central epithelial thickness have been determined.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>At twelve months post-operatively, mean UDVA was 20/21±2. Spherical equivalent showed a residual refraction of +0.48±0.31D with refractive astigmatism of 0.13±0.18D postoperatively. There was a slight decrease of -0.1 Snellen lines at 12-months follow-up. The same correction was determined using changes in refraction, as well as changes in keratometric readings. The central epithelial thickness increased by +3±2µm. Spherical equivalent correction within ±0.50D was achieved in 199 eyes (90%), and cylindrical correction in 221 (100%). Preoperative corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) was 20/20 or better in 213 eyes (96%), and postoperative uncorrected (UDVA) was 20/20 or better in 205 eyes (93%). No eye had lost two or more Snellen lines of CDVA.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Myopic astigmatism correction with SmartSight provided good results for efficacy, safety, predictability, and visual outcomes at the twelve months of follow up. The central epithelial thickness barely increased by 3±2µm.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"16 1","pages":"Pages 30-41"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ab/4c/main.PMC9811368.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10482574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The ABCD grading system in assessment of corneal cross-linking effect in keratoconus with different cone locations","authors":"Iva Krolo ,&nbsp;Aida Kasumović ,&nbsp;Ines Matoc ,&nbsp;Ivan Sabol ,&nbsp;Ivana Radman ,&nbsp;Mirko Ratković","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2021.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2021.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>The aim of this study was to analyse the postoperative corneal cross-linking results of corneal parameters and the ABCD grading system, depending on the cone location.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Thirty eyes of 25 patients with keratoconus (KC), who received the corneal cross-linking (CXL) treatment, were included in this study. The exclusion criteria were: patients under 18 years of age, corneal pachymetry less than 400 μm, corneal scarring, history of ocular trauma, history of ocular surgery, and corneal pathology other than KC. Patients were examined at the baseline visit, and followed-up at three, six, and twelve months after the CXL. All patients underwent visual acuity and Scheimpflug tomography at all visits. Progression parameters, keratometries, and ABCD grading were compared between the visits. Patients were classified into two groups: central and paracentral cones group (within the central 5 mm corneal zone) and peripheral cones group (outside the central 5 mm corneal zone), based on X-Y coordinates of maximal keratometry (Kmax).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Parameter A remained relatively stable throughout the follow-up period in both groups. Parameter B and parameter C showed a significant increase in both groups postoperatively. Parameter D showed stability at the 6-month post-CXL visit in the peripheral KC group, while the central and paracentral KC group showed improvement at the 12-month post-CXL visit.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>There was no significant difference in the postoperative response between different cone locations in the ABCD grading system, when classifying according to the Kmax, except an earlier recovery of the parameter D in peripherally located cones.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"16 1","pages":"Pages 74-80"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d2/46/main.PMC9811369.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10484434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-reported driving difficulty in patients with bilateral cataract","authors":"Mohd Harimi Abd Rahman ,&nbsp;Haliza Abdul Mutalib ,&nbsp;Nurul Hafizah Mohd Norizan ,&nbsp;Md Mustafa Md-Muziman-Syah","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2021.09.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2021.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>The presence of cataract causes reduction in visual acuity (VA) and contrast sensitivity (CS) and thus can affect individual's daily activities. The aim of this study was to investigate self-reported driving difficulty in patients with bilateral cataract.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A total of 99 participants aged 50 and above, with bilateral cataract, who possessed a valid driving license and drove regularly were chosen for this cross-sectional study that looked into their visual functions (VA and CS) and driving difficulty using the self-reported Driving Difficulty Questionnaire.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The mean age of the participants was 65.04±7.22 years old. Results showed that the mean composite driving difficulty score was 83.18±11.74 and most of the participants were having difficulty for driving in the rain (73.7%) and at night (85.9%). Furthermore, the study found that there was a significant correlation between driving difficulty score and CS (rs = 0.40, <em>p</em> = 0.03). However, there was no significant correlation between driving difficulty score and VA (rs = -0.14, <em>p</em> = 0.17). A linear regression was calculated to predict driving difficulty score based on binocular CS and a significant regression equation was found (F (1,28) = 8.115, <em>p</em> = 0.008) with R² of 0.225. Drivers with bilateral cataract will most likely experience some forms of difficulty, especially when driving under low contrast conditions.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The findings of this study demand that a comprehensive eye examination should be made compulsory for older adult drivers when issuing or renewing their driving license for the safety of all road users.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"15 4","pages":"Pages 313-318"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/9f/67/main.PMC9537235.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39563675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visual performance with multifocal corneal gas-permeable contact lenses in young adults: A pilot study","authors":"Muteb Alanazi ,&nbsp;Patrick Caroline ,&nbsp;Matthew Lampa ,&nbsp;Maria Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2022.01.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2022.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>To evaluate the performance of four experimental multifocal gas permeable contact lens (MFGPCL) designs and their impact on visual function in young adults.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Seventeen young adults (age, 23.17 ± 4.48 years) enrolled in the study. Each participant was randomly assigned to wear two of four MFGPCL designs. They wore the first type of the assigned lens binocularly for one week and, after one week of washout period, wore another design on both eyes for another week. The four MFGPCL designs were as follows: design A (distance zone [DZ] 1.5 mm / add 3.0 D), B (DZ 1.5 mm / add 1.5 D), C (DZ 3.0 mm / add 3.0 D), and D (DZ 3.0 mm / add 1.5 D). Baseline visual acuity, contrast sensitivity function, and accommodation data were collected at baseline and repeated after one week of MFGPCL daily wear.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Distance and near visual acuities were not significant affected with the four MFGPCL designs. Contrast sensitivity was significantly lower in design A across all measured spatial frequencies (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05), with no significant impact from other designs on all frequencies. No significant effect was observed on accommodation measured at 33 cm (<em>p</em> &gt; 0.05).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Three of the investigated MFGPCL designs preserve satisfactory visual performance. Lens design A incorporated with higher add and smaller center zone diameter had a stronger impact on the visual performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"15 4","pages":"Pages 305-312"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/cf/5d/main.PMC9537242.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39889574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Convergence insufficiency: Review of clinical diagnostic signs","authors":"Liat Gantz ,&nbsp;Hadas Stiebel-Kalish","doi":"10.1016/j.optom.2021.11.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.optom.2021.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Convergence insufficiency (CI) is a common binocular vision (BV) disorder characterized by difficulty in maintaining motor fusion at near, which affects approximately 7.5 percent of the population. Diagnostic criteria for the disorder are inconsistent, ranging from one to many clinical signs. Methodology for clinical tests is inconsistent in measurement technique, visual targets, required repetitions, and normative values.</p><p>This manuscript demonstrates the inconsistencies amongst published studies, and highlights the importance of consistent clinical diagnostic signs, measurement techniques, visual targets, and cut-off criteria. For each clinical sign, the recommended methodology for the procedure is described. Several studies do not take age into account when diagnosing CI in their cohorts. As such, the review emphasizes changes in diagnostic signs with age.</p><p>This manuscript highlights the need for consistent and clear procedures and diagnostic criteria amongst clinicians and provides the basis for future studies in terms of diagnostic testing required for CI of varying age groups.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46407,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Optometry","volume":"15 4","pages":"Pages 256-270"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/fd/41/main.PMC9537264.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39858133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}