ArgumentationPub Date : 2024-12-04DOI: 10.1007/s10503-024-09644-x
Sung-Jun Pyon
{"title":"The Recursive Argument Structure","authors":"Sung-Jun Pyon","doi":"10.1007/s10503-024-09644-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10503-024-09644-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The aim of this paper is to critically review the traditional typology of argument macrostructures, particularly, the dichotomy between linked and convergent structure. We have found an argument structure that does not fall under one of those five traditional categories: <i>basic</i>, <i>serial</i>, <i>divergent</i>, <i>linked</i> and <i>convergent</i>. We show that the new argument structure, which we call the <i>recursive</i> structure, is not <i>rare-earth</i>, but <i>ubiquitous</i> in real argumentation. Then, we propose and justify a new approach to diagramming arguments of the structure. The new argument structure is <i>really</i> new because arguments of the new structure are analyzed and evaluated differently from those of the other structures, especially from <i>hybrid</i> arguments considered in the literature. In light of the new argument structure, we present a <i>hypothesis</i> why assumptions and exceptions of a defeasible argument play different roles in dialectical settings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46219,"journal":{"name":"Argumentation","volume":"39 3","pages":"419 - 449"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ArgumentationPub Date : 2024-11-29DOI: 10.1007/s10503-024-09640-1
Barteld Kooi
{"title":"Going Around in Circles","authors":"Barteld Kooi","doi":"10.1007/s10503-024-09640-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10503-024-09640-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper tries to reconcile the clash between argumentation theory and formal logic regarding circular arguments, which are regarded as the fallacy of <i>begging the question</i> by the former, and a benign and useful inference pattern by the latter. This paper provides a formal system which can represent circular arguments found in the literature. The formal system makes it possible to distinguish two ways in which arguments can be circular. The first type of circularity, which is vicious, is when an argument is based on an inference step which is (indirectly) supported by that inference step itself. The second kind of circularity, which is benign, occurs when one of the premises is the same proposition as the conclusion. The first type of circularity implies the second type of circularity, but not the other way round. This distinction is in line with other approaches to circular arguments. Analyzing selected examples from the literature shows the value of the formal system.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46219,"journal":{"name":"Argumentation","volume":"38 4","pages":"477 - 497"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10503-024-09640-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142778505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ArgumentationPub Date : 2024-11-28DOI: 10.1007/s10503-024-09639-8
Jan Albert van Laar
{"title":"Multimodal Argument as Dialogue","authors":"Jan Albert van Laar","doi":"10.1007/s10503-024-09639-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10503-024-09639-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>According to a dialectical approach to argumentation, a single argument can be seen as a dialogical \"Why? Because!\" sequence. Does this also apply to multimodal arguments? This paper focuses on multimodal arguments with a predominantly visual character and shows that dialogues are helpful for identifying and reconstructing arguments in multimodal communication. To include nonverbal arguments in dialectical argumentation theory, it is proposed to regard dialogue as mode-fluid. The account of multimodal argument as dialogue will be compared with Champagne and Pietarinen’s account of visual argument as movement.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46219,"journal":{"name":"Argumentation","volume":"38 4","pages":"457 - 476"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10503-024-09639-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142778447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ArgumentationPub Date : 2024-11-27DOI: 10.1007/s10503-024-09645-w
Kota Jodoi
{"title":"The Effects of Parliamentary Debate as a Pedagogy for Argumentation in L1 and L2 Contexts","authors":"Kota Jodoi","doi":"10.1007/s10503-024-09645-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10503-024-09645-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Debates have long been an effective educational method in various fields, including argumentation education. In debates in which participants are divided into affirmative and negative sides, engagement in argumentation is heightened. Numerous studies have attempted to demonstrate this, but the question of whether participation in debates leads to increased argumentativeness, or whether individuals who engage in debates inherently have a higher orientation towards argumentation, remains unresolved. In the present study, debates were conducted for 15 weeks, and argumentativeness was measured using pre-and post-tests. The results confirmed that debate participation increases argumentativeness. Furthermore, while previous research has mostly focused on argumentativeness in the first language, the present study deepens the relationship between argumentativeness in both first and second languages. Specifically, focusing on Japan, where the first language (Japanese) is high-context and the second language (English) is low-context, this research clarifies the relationship between argumentativeness in the first and second languages, as well as the impact of debate.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46219,"journal":{"name":"Argumentation","volume":"39 1","pages":"147 - 163"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10503-024-09645-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143716718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ArgumentationPub Date : 2024-10-23DOI: 10.1007/s10503-024-09643-y
David Zarefsky
{"title":"Frans H. Van Eemeren, Bart Garssen, Sara Greco, Ton Van Haaften, Nanon Labrie, Fernando Leal, and Peng Wu. Argumentative Style. A pragma-Dialectical Study of Functional Variety in Argumentative Discourse. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2022. 9789027211354","authors":"David Zarefsky","doi":"10.1007/s10503-024-09643-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10503-024-09643-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46219,"journal":{"name":"Argumentation","volume":"38 4","pages":"521 - 526"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142778606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ArgumentationPub Date : 2024-10-19DOI: 10.1007/s10503-024-09642-z
Álvaro Domínguez-Armas
{"title":"‘Argumentative Disobedience’ as a Strategy to Confront Hate Speech","authors":"Álvaro Domínguez-Armas","doi":"10.1007/s10503-024-09642-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10503-024-09642-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, I examine argumentative strategies that social movements can follow to counter hate speech. I begin by reconstructing the disagreement space of the abortion debate in Argentina as a polylogue, identifying the protests of the social movement Pañuelos verdes as argumentative contributions. I then describe two different forms of hate speech used in response to the movement’s protests. I argue that hate speech discredits the position of Pañuelos verdes in the abortion debate and depicts their protests as social threats. Subsequently, I discuss three argumentative strategies that social movements can implement to address hate speech: arguing with hate speakers; advocating for a dialogue with restrictions; and opting for argumentative disobedience. Arguing with hate speakers aims to make hate speakers retract hate speech by exposing the undesirability of using hateful messages in argumentative exchanges. Advocating for a dialogue with restrictions aims to impose limited bans on public speech in order to ensure equal participation of arguers in argumentation. Finally, I propose the notion of <i>argumentative disobedience</i> to describe communicative responses to hate speech that aim to bring bystanders in line with the position of social movements in public debates.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46219,"journal":{"name":"Argumentation","volume":"38 4","pages":"499 - 520"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10503-024-09642-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142778212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ArgumentationPub Date : 2024-10-18DOI: 10.1007/s10503-024-09637-w
Tomasz Zarębski
{"title":"Wittgenstein and Toulmin’s Model of Argument: The Riddle Explained Away","authors":"Tomasz Zarębski","doi":"10.1007/s10503-024-09637-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10503-024-09637-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The article undertakes the problem of a Wittgensteinian background of Toulmin’s model of argument. While appreciating the original character of the investigations set out by Toulmin in <i>The Uses of Argument</i>, Wittgenstein’s ideas taken to be forerunners of both Toulmin’s philosophical method and the particular elements of the model of substantial argument are traced backward, to Toulmin’s earlier books: <i>The Philosophy of Science</i> (Toulmin, The philosophy of science. An introduction, Hutchinson University Library, London, 1953) and <i>An Examination of the Place of Reason in Ethics</i> (Toulmin, An examination of the place of reason in ethics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1950). The technique of pinpointing the constituents of that model in the books preceding <i>The Uses of Argument</i> is superposing the layout of Toulmin’s model on the crucial arguments concerning the earlier books: the scientific one based on Newtonian optics and the moral one concerning keeping promises. Such a procedure allows identifying backing for warrants and argument fields with the methods of representation in <i>The Philosophy of Science</i> and with modes of reasoning in <i>An Examination of the Place of Reason in Ethics</i>. The former is traced to passages 6.3 ff of Wittgenstein’s <i>Tractatus</i>, while the latter—to the concept of word-games (the later Wittgenstein’s language games). The claim regarding Wittgenstein’s background is that in Toulmin’s view of Wittgenstein, some parts of <i>Tractatus</i> concerning representing are in line with Wittgenstein’s later reflections on language games; as well as that the overall method of <i>The Uses of Argument</i> goes along with Wittgenstein’s therapeutic approach to philosophical problems that have to be placed in the context of their ordinary use.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46219,"journal":{"name":"Argumentation","volume":"38 4","pages":"435 - 455"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10503-024-09637-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142778165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ArgumentationPub Date : 2024-07-19DOI: 10.1007/s10503-024-09636-x
Alina Landowska, Katarzyna Budzynska, He Zhang
{"title":"Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Moral Foundations in Argumentation","authors":"Alina Landowska, Katarzyna Budzynska, He Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s10503-024-09636-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10503-024-09636-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper introduces moral argument analytics, a technology that provides insights into the use of moral arguments in discourse. We analyse five socio-political corpora of argument annotated data from offline and online discussions, totalling 240k words with 9k arguments, with an average annotation accuracy of 78%. Using a lexicon-based method, we automatically annotate these arguments with moral foundations, achieving an estimated accuracy of 83%. Quantitative analysis allows us to observe statistical patterns and trends in the use of moral arguments, whereas qualitative analysis enables us to understand and explain the communication strategies in the use of moral arguments in different settings. For instance, supporting arguments often rely on <i>Loyalty</i> and <i>Authority</i>, while attacking arguments use <i>Care</i>. We find that online discussions exhibit a greater diversity of moral foundations and a higher negative valence of moral arguments. Online arguers often rely more on <i>Harm</i> rather than <i>Care</i>, <i>Degradation</i> rather than <i>Sanctity</i>. These insights have significant implications for AI applications, particularly in understanding and predicting human and machine moral behaviours. This work contributes to the construction of more convincing messages and the detection of harmful or biased AI-generated synthetic content.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46219,"journal":{"name":"Argumentation","volume":"38 3","pages":"405 - 434"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10503-024-09636-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141743006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ArgumentationPub Date : 2024-07-16DOI: 10.1007/s10503-024-09635-y
Hans V Hansen
{"title":"Remembering Tony Blair (1941–2024)","authors":"Hans V Hansen","doi":"10.1007/s10503-024-09635-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10503-024-09635-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46219,"journal":{"name":"Argumentation","volume":"38 2","pages":"265 - 268"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141641970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ArgumentationPub Date : 2024-06-21DOI: 10.1007/s10503-024-09631-2
Barbara Konat, Ewelina Gajewska, Wiktoria Rossa
{"title":"Pathos in Natural Language Argumentation: Emotional Appeals and Reactions","authors":"Barbara Konat, Ewelina Gajewska, Wiktoria Rossa","doi":"10.1007/s10503-024-09631-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10503-024-09631-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, we present a model of pathos, delineate its operationalisation, and demonstrate its utility through an analysis of natural language argumentation. We understand pathos as an interactional persuasive process in which speakers are performing pathos appeals and the audience experiences emotional reactions. We analyse two strategies of such appeals in pre-election debates: pathotic Argument Schemes based on the taxonomy proposed by Walton et al. (Argumentation schemes, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008), and emotion-eliciting language based on psychological lexicons of emotive words (Wierzba in Behav Res Methods 54:2146–2161, 2021). In order to match the appeals with possible reactions, we collect real-time social media reactions to the debates and apply sentiment analysis (Alswaidan and Menai in Knowl Inf Syst 62:2937–2987, 2020) method to observe emotion expressed in language. The results point to the importance of pathos analysis in modern discourse: speakers in political debates refer to emotions in most of their arguments, and the audience in social media reacts to those appeals using emotion-expressing language. Our results show that pathos is a common strategy in natural language argumentation which can be analysed with the support of computational methods.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46219,"journal":{"name":"Argumentation","volume":"38 3","pages":"369 - 403"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10503-024-09631-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141503290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}